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Technique in game physics, motion graphics and computer graphics
positions with Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics. Particle systems code that can be included in game engines, digital content creation systems, and effects applications
Particle_system
British video game developer
(formerly Particle Systems Ltd.) was a British video game developer based in Sheffield, England. The company was founded as Particle Systems by Glyn Williams
Particle_Systems
Small localized object
the physical sciences, a particle (or corpuscle in older texts) is a separate part of a larger system. Depending on the system they vary greatly in size
Particle
List of particles in matter including fermions and bosons
atomic, and subatomic particles in particle physics, condensed matter physics and cosmology. Elementary particles are particles with no measurable internal
List_of_particles
Problem in physics and celestial mechanics
potential. It is a type of smoothed-particle hydrodynamics approximation suitable for large systems. In astrophysical systems with strong gravitational fields
N-body_problem
Problem in physics and quantum mechanics
of physical problems pertaining to deriving the behavior of multi-particle systems using fundamental quantum-mechanical principles. The goal of many-body
Many-body_problem
Converting classical mechanics to quantum mechanics
need not be true. When turning to N-particle systems, i.e., systems containing N identical particles i.e. particles characterized by the same physical
First_quantization
Type of Monte Carlo algorithms for signal processing and statistical inference
Fabri, S. G. (2002). "Particle filtering-based fault detection in non-linear stochastic systems". International Journal of Systems Science. 33 (4): 259–265
Particle_filter
Type of stochastic process
In probability theory, an interacting particle system (IPS) is a stochastic process ( X ( t ) ) t ∈ R + {\displaystyle (X(t))_{t\in \mathbb {R} ^{+}}}
Interacting_particle_system
Notion for comparing dimensions of particles in different states of matter
Particle size is a notion introduced for comparing dimensions of solid particles (flecks), liquid particles (droplets), or gaseous particles (bubbles)
Particle_size
Process in quantum mechanical theories
classical mechanics. When turning to many particle systems, i.e., systems containing N identical particles (particles characterized by the same quantum numbers
Canonical_quantization
Concept in quantum mechanics
Wave–particle duality is the concept in quantum mechanics that fundamental entities of the universe, like photons and electrons, exhibit particle or wave
Wave–particle_duality
Unique point where the weighted relative position of the distributed mass sums to zero
periodic systems is to treat each coordinate, x and y and/or z, as if it were on a circle instead of a line. The calculation takes every particle's x coordinate
Center_of_mass
Relativistic equation relating total energy to mass and momentum
bodies or systems with non-zero momentum. It can be formulated as This equation holds for a body or system, such as one or more particles, with total
Energy–momentum_relation
Simulated physics in video games
by the expanding gas. This is modelled by means of a particle system simulation. A particle system model allows a variety of other physical phenomena to
Game_physics
Area of interest within computer graphics
easily be implemented using spring-mesh systems. Spring mesh systems are composed of individually simulated particles that are attracted to each other by
Physically_based_animation
Concept in condensed matter physics
a single particle (electron, proton, or neutron) floating in space, a quasiparticle can only exist inside interacting many-particle systems such as solids
Quasiparticle
Node-based visual programming language
but co-incidentally it envelops other P’s - primitives, polygons, particle systems, point clouds and any form of data points for data visualizations.
TouchDesigner
General purpose toolkit for video
addition to traditional vector algebra, this allows programming of particle systems, as also rendering nodes and deal with arrays of values accordingly
Vvvv
Symmetry of spatially mirrored systems
parity of a many-particle system is the product of the parities of the one-particle states. It is −1 if an odd number of particles are in odd-parity
Parity_(physics)
Simulation of a dynamical system of particles
and astronomy, an N-body simulation is a simulation of a dynamical system of particles, usually under the influence of physical forces, such as gravity
N-body_simulation
Mathematical entity to describe the probability of each possible measurement on a system
state of a system of N particles, each potentially with spin, is described by a complex-valued function with four variables per particle, corresponding
Quantum_state
Computer graphics artist (born 1962)
computer graphics artist and researcher, who is best known for using particle systems and artificial life in computer animation. Sims received a B.S. in
Karl_Sims
Research apparatus for particle physics
their particle beams, at the cost of beam intensity. Electron systems in general can provide tightly collimated, reliable beams; laser systems may offer
Particle_accelerator
Simulation of light in computer graphics
2019-11-01. Shen, Han-Wei. "Environment Mapping" (PDF). Bailey, Mike. "Particle Systems" (PDF). "Particle Systems". web.cs.wpi.edu. Retrieved 2019-11-01.
Computer_graphics_lighting
Model of movement
crowds is to use a particle system. Particle systems were first introduced in computer graphics by W. T. Reeves in 1983. A particle system is a collection
Crowd_simulation
Problem in applied mathematics
problems in the physics of many-particle systems. It often arises in calculations of the properties of a quantum mechanical system with large number of strongly
Numerical_sign_problem
Chinese mathematician (born 1989)
on probabilistic and combinatorial methods for nonlinear wave and particle systems. With Andrea Nahmod and Haitian Yue, he developed tools known as random
Yu_Deng
Energy quantum particles contribute to themselves
application in the calculation of particle transport through open quantum systems and the embedding of sub-regions into larger systems (for example the surface
Self-energy
American physicist (1929–2022)
relativistic many particle systems, through works on electron–positron plasmas, particle systems with scalar fields and astrophysical many-body systems. He was
Gabor_Kalman
automata over Z k {\displaystyle \mathbb {Z} ^{k}} or interacting particle systems when some randomness is included), as well as GDSs with infinite state
Graph_dynamical_system
Probabilistic problem-solving algorithm
field theories of simple particle and polymer systems. Quantum Monte Carlo methods solve the many-body problem for quantum systems. In radiation materials
Monte_Carlo_method
Mathematical model in quantum mechanics
illustrate the differences between classical and quantum systems. In classical systems, for example, a particle trapped inside a large box can move at any speed
Particle_in_a_box
Device used to detect, track, and/or identify ionising particles
In experimental and applied particle physics, nuclear physics, and nuclear engineering, a particle detector, also known as a radiation detector, is a device
Particle_detector
Interacting particle system
the asymmetric simple exclusion process (ASEP) is an interacting particle system introduced in 1970 by Frank Spitzer. Many articles have been published
Asymmetric simple exclusion process
Asymmetric_simple_exclusion_process
Elementary cellular automaton
ability to simultaneously describe several, seemingly quite different, particle systems: Rule 184 can be used as a simple model for traffic flow in a single
Rule_184
Formulation of classical mechanics
calculating the influence of the constraint on the particle at a given moment. For a wide variety of physical systems, if the size and shape of a massive object
Lagrangian_mechanics
Study of subatomic particles and forces
Particle physics or high-energy physics is the study of fundamental particles and forces that constitute matter and radiation. The field also studies
Particle_physics
Description of multiple particle in physics
Particle statistics is a particular description of multiple particles in statistical mechanics. A key prerequisite concept is that of a statistical ensemble
Particle_statistics
classical many-particle systems. It is named after chemist and physicist Joseph Edward Mayer. Consider a system of classical particles interacting through
Mayer_f-function
Canadian animator and technical director
motion blur algorithm and methods to simulate particle motion in CGI. Bill Reeves created particle systems allowing for the realistic articulation of random
William_Reeves_(animator)
Glued wood product
Particle board, also known as particleboard or chipboard, is an engineered wood product, belonging to the wood-based panels, manufactured from wood chips
Particle_board
visualise inter-particle forces, which is particularly informative for spherical particle systems. For non-spherical particle systems force chain networks
Force_chain
Type of autonomous agent
Natural systems which have inspired the study and design of these particles include walking, swimming or flying animals. Other biological systems include
Self-propelled_particles
Subfield of network science
In statistical physics, phase transitions can only appear in many particle systems. Though phase transitions are well known in network science, in single
Interdependent_networks
Iterative simulation method
In computational science, particle swarm optimization (PSO) is a computational method that optimizes a problem by iteratively trying to improve a population
Particle_swarm_optimization
American healthcare software company
against Epic Systems in May 2025 by another health care software company, CureIS Healthcare. Similar to the allegations made by Particle Health, CureIS
Epic_Systems
Statistical description for the behavior of fermions
statistics that applies to the physics of a system consisting of many non-interacting, identical particles that obey the Pauli exclusion principle. A result
Fermi–Dirac_statistics
Number of particles in a thermodynamic system
proportional to the size of the system under consideration and thus meaningful only for closed systems. A constituent particle is one that cannot be broken
Particle_number
Ultra-high-energy cosmic ray detected in 1991
The Oh-My-God particle (as physicists dubbed it) was an ultra-high-energy cosmic ray detected on 15 October 1991 by the Fly's Eye camera in Dugway Proving
Oh-My-God_particle
Characteristic values of a plasma
and neutral particles of various species (electrons and ions) that responds collectively to electromagnetic forces. Such particle systems can be studied
Plasma_parameters
Probabilistic problem-solving algorithms
Mean-field particle methods are a broad class of interacting type Monte Carlo algorithms for simulating from a sequence of probability distributions satisfying
Mean-field_particle_methods
3D computer graphics program
ambient occlusion and subsurface scattering), dynamic simulation, particle systems, radiosity, normal map creation and rendering, global illumination
Autodesk_3ds_Max
Laboratory technique
Particle size analysis, particle size measurement, or simply particle sizing, is the collective name of the technical procedures, or laboratory techniques
Particle_size_analysis
Device for monitoring particle contamination
light-gathering detectors (a photo detector). Laser optical particle counters employ five major systems: Lasers and optics: A laser operates on a single wavelength
Particle_counter
applications are medical scanner data representation, real time rendering of particle systems, and more generally, rendering surfaces of volumetric data by first
Surfel
French mathematician (born 1975)
mathematically rigorous study of the connections between interacting particle systems, the Boltzmann equation, and fluid mechanics. In 2008 she was awarded
Laure_Saint-Raymond
Operators useful in quantum mechanics
oscillators and many-particle systems. An annihilation operator (usually denoted a ^ {\displaystyle {\hat {a}}} ) lowers the number of particles in a given state
Creation and annihilation operators
Creation_and_annihilation_operators
Stream of charged, or less frequently neutral particles
A particle beam is a stream of charged or neutral particles other than photons. In particle accelerators, these particles can move with a velocity close
Particle_beam
NEAT Particles is an interactive evolutionary computation program that enables users to evolve particle systems intended for use as special effects in
NEAT_Particles
1993 video game
2050 is a futuristic 3D submarine simulator video game developed by Particle Systems, designed by Michael Powell, and published by MicroProse in 1993. The
Subwar_2050
American mathematician
year 1995–1996. Bramson's research deals with models of interacting particle systems, stochastic networks, and branching processes. The models are motivated
Maury_Bramson
Concept in quantum mechanics of perfectly substitutable particles
quantum mechanics, indistinguishable particles (also called identical or indiscernible particles) are particles that cannot be distinguished from one
Indistinguishable_particles
Elementary particle involved with rest mass
Higgs boson, sometimes called the Higgs particle, is an elementary particle in the Standard Model of particle physics produced by the quantum excitation
Higgs_boson
Rules in computational chemistry
1103/PhysRev.36.1121. Löwdin, Per-Olov (1955). "Quantum Theory of Many-Particle Systems. I. Physical Interpretations by Means of Density Matrices, Natural
Slater–Condon_rules
Quantum mechanical statistic
, the two one-particle systems behave independently. More generally, the quantum potential of an n {\displaystyle n} -particle system with separable
Quantum_potential
Software framework
The framework offers a wide range of features, including physics, particle systems, skeletal animations, tile maps, and others. Cocos2d was first released
Cocos2d
Software packages using DDA
software applies to arbitrary-shaped inhomogeneous nonmagnetic particles and particle systems in free space or homogeneous dielectric host medium. The calculated
Discrete dipole approximation codes
Discrete_dipole_approximation_codes
German mathematician
stochastic particle systems, hydrodynamic limit, kinetics of growth processes, disordered systems, open quantum systems, dynamics of charged particles coupled
Herbert_Spohn
Description of physical properties at the atomic and subatomic scale
classical systems where these quantities can be measured continuously. Measurements of quantum systems show characteristics of both particles and waves
Quantum_mechanics
Non-destructive method used to detect defects in ferrous materials
Magnetic particle inspection (MPI) is a nondestructive testing process where a magnetic field is used for detecting surface, and shallow subsurface, discontinuities
Magnetic_particle_inspection
State similar to a liquid and a crystal
quasicrystals, and exotic amorphous states of matter. Quantitatively, a many-particle system is said to be hyperuniform if the variance of the number of points
Hyperuniformity
American mathematician (1944–2020)
Angeles. He worked in probability theory, specializing in interacting particle systems. Thomas Milton Liggett was born on March 29, 1944, in Danville, Kentucky
Thomas_M._Liggett
Probability distribution of energy states of a system
Maxwell–Boltzmann statistics of classical gases (systems of non-interacting particles) In particle systems, many particles share the same space and regularly change
Boltzmann_distribution
Type of computer animation
using predefined animations. Procedural animation is used to simulate particle systems (smoke, fire, water), cloth and clothing, rigid body dynamics, and
Procedural_animation
Portuguese mathematician
particularly the macroscopic properties of stochastic processes involving particle systems. Gonçalves is originally from Esposende, in Portugal. Her father owned
Patricia Gonçalves (mathematician)
Patricia_Gonçalves_(mathematician)
Italian mathematician
theory and statistical mechanics of phase transitions in interacting particle systems, including bootstrap percolation, glass transitions, and jamming. She
Cristina_Toninelli
Computer graphics visual effects modeling and software development kit
time particle system technology to simulate visual effects or particle effects such as CGI explosions, fire, rain, smoke, dust, etc. Fork Particle is used
Fork_Particle
Scattering of light by tiny particles in a colloidal suspension
Computations by Non-axisymmetric Particles: Superellipsoids and Realistically Shaped Particles". Particle & Particle Systems Characterization. 19 (4): 256–268
Tyndall_effect
Utility software
editor, allowing for the creation of 2D and 3D wallpapers, including a particle system editor and a fork of JavaScript called SceneScript for additional wallpaper
Wallpaper_Engine
Method to measure velocities in fluid
Particle image velocimetry (PIV) is an optical method of flow visualization used in education and research. It is used to obtain instantaneous velocity
Particle_image_velocimetry
Expansion coefficients in statistical mechanics
as coefficients in the virial expansion of the pressure of a many-particle system in powers of the density, providing systematic corrections to the ideal
Virial_coefficient
1997 video game
Independence War in North America) is a space combat simulator developed by Particle Systems and published by Infogrames. The game was first published in November
I-War_(1997_video_game)
Ensemble of states at a constant temperature
mechanics to real systems, as it massively simplifies the study of systems that can be separated into independent parts (e.g., particles in a gas, electromagnetic
Canonical_ensemble
Physical process
repulsive particle systems. Whether the jamming surface diverges for high enough densities or low temperatures is uncertain. Simulations of jammed systems study
Jamming_(physics)
Clumping of particles in suspension
colloidal systems. During this process, particles dispersed in the liquid phase stick to each other, and spontaneously form irregular particle assemblages
Particle_aggregation
Particle with size less than 100 nm
nanoparticle or ultrafine particle is a particle of matter 1 to 100 nanometres (nm) in diameter. The term is sometimes used for larger particles, up to 500 nm, or
Nanoparticle
Motion-independent mass, equals total mass when at rest
massless particles in such system, which add invariant mass and also rest mass to systems, according to their energy. For an isolated massive system, the
Invariant_mass
Class of subatomic particle
In particle physics, a boson (/ˈboʊzɒn/ /ˈboʊsɒn/) is a subatomic particle whose spin quantum number has an integer value (0, 1, 2, ...). The class of
Boson
Set of equations describing the dynamics of a system of many interacting particles
equations describing the dynamics of a system of a large number of interacting particles. The equation for an s-particle distribution function (probability
BBGKY_hierarchy
Presence/absence of symmetry or correlation in a many-particle system
some symmetry or correlation in a many-particle system.[citation needed] In condensed matter physics, systems typically are ordered at low temperatures;
Order_and_disorder
Computation method named after Paul Peter Ewald
widespread use since the 1970s in computer simulations of particle systems, especially those whose particles interact via an inverse square force law such as gravity
Ewald_summation
2001 video game
game Independence War (also known as I-War in Europe). Developed by Particle Systems - the developers of the first game - and published by Infogrames, the
Independence War 2: Edge of Chaos
Independence_War_2:_Edge_of_Chaos
American mathematician
theory of branching processes and stochastic models of interacting particle systems such as the contact process. The Harris inequality in statistical physics
Ted_Harris_(mathematician)
Quantity in particle physics
The transverse mass is a useful quantity to define for use in particle physics as it is invariant under Lorentz boost along the z direction. In natural
Transverse_mass
American mathematician (born 1957)
his PhD. dissertation "The Rapid Evaluation of Potential Fields in Particle Systems" 1987, "Doctoral Dissertation Award", Series Winner from the Association
Leslie_Greengard
Unpredictable phenomenon in complex systems
Robert Laughlin, for many-particle systems, nothing can be calculated exactly from the microscopic equations, and macroscopic systems are characterised by
Emergence
Digital motion graphics and compositing software
functionality of After Effects, allowing for more advanced features such as particle systems, physics engines, 3D effects, and the ability to bridge the gap between
Adobe_After_Effects
German mathematician
mathematical physics, for example, for integrable systems, as well as mathematical theory of many-particle systems in statistical mechanics and solid state physics
Horst_Knörrer
Games (defunct) Ocean Software (defunct) Palace Software (defunct) Particle Systems (defunct) Personal Software Services (defunct) Pitbull Studio (defunct
List of game companies in the United Kingdom
List_of_game_companies_in_the_United_Kingdom
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