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Two ancient letters found in Egypt
The Phoenician papyrus letters are the only two in that language that have survived. Both papyrus letters were found in Egypt and first published by Noël
Phoenician_papyrus_letters
The Turin Aramaic Papyrus, also known as Papyrus Taurinensis, is a fragment of an Aramaic papyrus found by Bernardino Drovetti in 1823–24. It is known
Turin_Aramaic_Papyrus
Aramaic papyrus
The Adon Papyrus, also known as the Aramaic Saqqara Papyrus, is an Aramaic papyrus found in 1942 at Saqqara. It was first published in 1948 by André Dupont-Sommer
Adon_Papyrus
5th- to 4th-century BCE Egyptian texts
corresponds to 407 BCE. From Eduard Sachau's 1907 publication Phoenician-Aramaic papyrus CIS II 149 and Cowley 69; Cowley suggested they came from Elephantine
Elephantine papyri and ostraca
Elephantine_papyri_and_ostraca
Writing system used c. 1050 to 146 BC
Herodotus, the Phoenician prince Cadmus was accredited with the introduction of the Phoenician alphabet—phoinikeia grammata 'Phoenician letters'—to the Greeks
Phoenician_alphabet
Late Biblical Hebrew (c. 590 BCE) inscriptions on clay sherds
Lachish Letters are a series of letters written in carbon ink containing ancient Israelite inscriptions in Ancient Hebrew on clay ostraca. The letters were
Lachish_letters
Ancient Semitic maritime civilization
Temple of Eshmun Phoenician prayer to Isis on papyrus with illustration, from Rabat, Malta. Maronites Names of the Levant Phoenicianism Punic people Theory
Phoenicia
Phoenician inscriptions found in Athens, Greece
The Athenian Greek-Phoenician inscriptions are 18 ancient Phoenician inscriptions found in the region of Athens, Greece (also known as Attica). They represent
Athenian Greek-Phoenician inscriptions
Athenian_Greek-Phoenician_inscriptions
Sundial discovered in Lebanon
The Phoenician sundial is a 2,000 year old scaphe sundial discovered in Umm al-Amad, Lebanon. It was found in two fragments, 80 meters apart. The first
Phoenician_sundial
Phoenician inscriptions
Saulcy described them as follows: These inscriptions are designed in Phoenician letters of a large size, but which were altered at a probably very distant
Abu Simbel Phoenician graffiti
Abu_Simbel_Phoenician_graffiti
Aramaic papyrus found in Egypt
Library as Oriental Papyrus 106* A and B. It was initially published in 1827 by Italian scholar Michelangelo Lanci as a "Phoenician-Assyrian text". Lanci
Blacas_papyrus
Ancient Hebrew seal stamped on Judahite jars
LMLK—lamedh, mem, lamedh, kaph—is vocalized in the Hebrew language as lamelekh (Phoenician: 𐤋𐤌𐤋𐤊 lāmed-mēm-lāmed-kāp), which can be translated as: "[belonging]
LMLK_seal
The Phoenician Harpocrates statues are two copper alloy statues of the Greco-Egyptian god Harpocrates, with Phoenician inscriptions on their bases. The
Phoenician Harpocrates statues
Phoenician_Harpocrates_statues
Script used to write the Greek language
the late 9th or early 8th century BC. It was derived from the earlier Phoenician alphabet, and is the earliest known alphabetic script to systematically
Greek_alphabet
10th-century BC Phoenician inscription
The Yehimilk inscription is a Phoenician inscription (KAI 4 or TSSI III 6) published in 1930, currently in the museum of Byblos Castle. It was published
Yehimilk_inscription
Ancient inscription found at Nora on the south coast of Sardinia in 1773
The Nora Stone or Nora Inscription is an ancient Phoenician inscribed stone found at Nora on the south coast of Sardinia in 1773. Though it was not discovered
Nora_Stone
Ancient Semitic language of the Mediterranean, specifically present-day Lebanon
This article contains Phoenician characters. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, empty boxes, or other symbols instead of the
Phoenician_language
Stele inscribed in Aramaic referencing the House of David
is a fragmentary stele with an Old Aramaic inscription written in the Phoenician script. It is generally dated to the 9th-century BCE, though some scholars
Tel_Dan_stele
7th-century BCE Jerusalem amulets featuring a biblical text
and "protect" is typical of apotropaic amulets and find parallels among Phoenician and Punic amulets from the Iron Age. He theorizes that the custom of making
Ketef_Hinnom_scrolls
contains the Aramaic and Canaanite languages; the latter groups includes Phoenician—Punic, the Ammonite language, and Hebrew. Semitic inscriptions may occur
Canaanite and Aramaic inscriptions
Canaanite_and_Aramaic_inscriptions
Inscriptions of ancient Semitic civilization
The Cesnola Phoenician inscriptions are 28 Phoenician inscriptions from Cyprus (primarily Kition) in the Metropolitan Museum of Art's Cesnola Collection
Cesnola Phoenician inscriptions
Cesnola_Phoenician_inscriptions
refer to them as the Phoenician characters—as was only right, as the Phoenicians had introduced them. The Ionians also call papyrus 'skins'—a survival from
History_of_the_Greek_alphabet
Aramaic Egyptian papyri
The Abydos Aramaic papyrus, also known as the Madrid Papyrus, is an Aramaic papyrus purchased from an antiquities dealer by the National Archaeological
Abydos_Aramaic_papyrus
10th century BCE Paleo-Hebrew inscription
coastal (Phoenician) or highland (Hebrew) cultural sphere. Consequently, there has been debate on whether the letters should be described as "Phoenician", "Paleo-Hebrew"
Tel_Zayit_abecedary
Sarcophagus of a Phoenician royal
The Batnoam inscription is a Phoenician inscription (KAI 11 and TSSI III 26) on a sarcophagus. It is dated to c. 450-425 BCE. It was published in Maurice
Batnoam_sarcophagus
Ancient bronze artifacts found in Byblos
spatulas found in Byblos, two of which were inscribed. One contains a Phoenician inscription (known as the Azarba'al Spatula, KAI 3 or TSSI III 1) and
Byblos_bronze_spatulas
Aramaic inscriptions
inscription Agrigentum inscription Lachish letters Safatba'al inscription Hermopolis Aramaic papyri Phoenician papyrus letters Melqart stele Honeyman inscription
Sefire_steles
The Rhodes Phoenician-Greek bilingual inscriptions are three short bilingual inscriptions found between 1914 and 1968 in Rhodes. All three inscriptions
Rhodes Phoenician-Greek bilingual inscriptions
Rhodes_Phoenician-Greek_bilingual_inscriptions
Ammonite inscription
is already slightly open upwards (𐡏 instead of 𐤏), which occurs in Phoenician inscriptions only from the 5th century. It is understood to be a building
Amman_Citadel_Inscription
Phoenician inscribed bronze arrowheads
The Phoenician arrowheads or Phoenician javelin heads are a well-known group of almost 70 Phoenician inscribed bronze arrowheads from the 11th century
Phoenician_arrowheads
Group of Phoenician and Punic steles
The Phoenician Adoration steles are a number of Phoenician and Punic steles depicting the adoration gesture (orans). In Umm al-Amad, Lebanon, 23 such steles
Phoenician_Adoration_steles
Small limestone tablet with an early Canaanite inscription
divided as to whether the language is Phoenician or a northern dialect of Hebrew and whether the script is Phoenician, Paleo-Hebrew, or Proto-Canaanite.
Gezer_calendar
Ancient graffiti engraved on the walls of the Temple of Seti I at Abydos, Egypt
The Abydos graffiti is Phoenician and Aramaic graffiti found on the walls of the Temple of Seti I at Abydos, Egypt. The inscriptions are known as KAI 49
Abydos_graffiti
Ancient bulla found in Jerusalem
inscription Agrigentum inscription Lachish letters Safatba'al inscription Hermopolis Aramaic papyri Phoenician papyrus letters Melqart stele Honeyman inscription
King_Hezekiah_bulla
Moabite stele commemorating Mesha's victory over Israel (c. 840 BCE)
describes his many building projects. It is written in a variant of the Phoenician alphabet, closely related to the Paleo-Hebrew script. The stone was discovered
Mesha_Stele
Ancient Greek and Palmyrene inscription
inscription Agrigentum inscription Lachish letters Safatba'al inscription Hermopolis Aramaic papyri Phoenician papyrus letters Melqart stele Honeyman inscription
Palmyra_Tariff
Source for Canaanite and Aramaic inscriptions
Greek-Phoenician bilingual KAI 48: Memphis inscription (RES 1, 235) KAI 49: Abydos inscription (CIS I 99-110) KAI 50-51: Phoenician papyrus letters KAI
Kanaanäische und Aramäische Inschriften
Kanaanäische_und_Aramäische_Inschriften
Phoenician gravestone inscription
separators. But even then the interpretation is not easy. The Phoenician text reads (uncertain letters are underlined, a colon is the word separator): Honeyman
Honeyman_inscription
Seven inscriptions in Hebrew found in Israel
the name appears in a papyrus from the 7th century BCE. Frank Moore Cross disagreed with many of Naveh's readings of the letters, instead interpreting
Khirbet_Beit_Lei_graffiti
Eighteenth letter of the Semitic scripts
sadhe, tzaddik) is the eighteenth letter of the Semitic abjads, including Phoenician ṣādē 𐤑, Hebrew ṣāḏē צ, Aramaic ṣāḏē 𐡑, Syriac ṣāḏē ܨ, Ge'ez ṣädäy ጸ
Tsade
Canaanite inscription
been written in any number of languages, including Hebrew, Canaanite, Phoenician, or Moabite. He believes that it most likely consists of a list of names
Khirbet_Qeiyafa_ostracon
Bilingual inscription on stone slabs
inscription, is a bilingual inscription on stone slabs consisting of Phoenician and Luwian text each, which enabled the decipherment of the Anatolian
Karatepe_bilingual
5th-century BC Phoenician votive statue
Ba'al Sillem Temple Boy, is a votive statue of a "temple boy" with a Phoenician inscription known as KAI 281. It was found along with a number of other
Baalshillem_Temple_Boy
Ancient inscription containing name known from Hebrew Bible
the inscription was published in 1981. Today, the text in modern Hebrew letters is available online. The text is difficult to read and to interpret. Here
Deir_Alla_inscription
4th-century BC pedestals with Cypriot-Phoenician inscriptions
The Tamassos bilinguals are a pair of bilingual Cypriot–Phoenician inscriptions on stone pedestals found in 1885 in Tamassos, Cyprus. It has been dated
Tamassos_bilinguals
Archaeological site in Cyprus
The Kition Necropolis Phoenician inscriptions are four Phoenician inscriptions discovered in the necropolis of Tourapi at Kition in 1894 by British archaeologist
Kition Necropolis Phoenician inscriptions
Kition_Necropolis_Phoenician_inscriptions
9th century BC stele
Iron Age North Syria, quote: "The inscription is in the Phoenician language, while the letters themselves are in an Aramaic script. This stands in sharp
Kilamuwa_Stela
Sarcophagus of Phoenician king
The Ahiram sarcophagus (also spelled Ahirom; Phoenician: 𐤀𐤇𐤓𐤌) was the sarcophagus of a Phoenician King of Byblos (c. 1000 BC), discovered in 1923
Ahiram_sarcophagus
Ancient Lycian inscription in Anatolia
inscription Agrigentum inscription Lachish letters Safatba'al inscription Hermopolis Aramaic papyri Phoenician papyrus letters Melqart stele Honeyman inscription
Letoon_trilingual
Edict of the Mauryan emperor Ashoka in Afghanistan
inscription Agrigentum inscription Lachish letters Safatba'al inscription Hermopolis Aramaic papyri Phoenician papyrus letters Melqart stele Honeyman inscription
Kandahar Bilingual Rock Inscription
Kandahar_Bilingual_Rock_Inscription
inscription Agrigentum inscription Lachish letters Safatba'al inscription Hermopolis Aramaic papyri Phoenician papyrus letters Melqart stele Honeyman inscription
Tell Fekherya bilingual inscription
Tell_Fekherya_bilingual_inscription
Phoenician inscription from the 8th century BC
The Baal Lebanon inscription, known as KAI 31, is a Phoenician inscription found in Limassol, Cyprus in eight bronze fragments in the 1870s. At the time
Baal_Lebanon_inscription
Phoenician votive thrones
are approximately a dozen ex-voto "cherubim" thrones found in ancient Phoenician temples in Lebanon, in particular in areas around Sidon, Tyre and Umm
Thrones_of_Astarte
Greek-Phoenician inscription
The Anat Athena bilingual is a late fourth century BCE bilingual Greek-Phoenician inscription on a rock-cut stone found in the outskirts of the village
Anat_Athena_bilingual
Phoenician-Greek inscription found in Syria
Phoenician-Greek inscription from Arwad, Syria. It is the most recent dated inscription in the corpus of Phoenician inscriptions from the Phoenician homeland
Arwad_bilingual
Phoenician inscription
The Phoenician Sphinx inscription, also known as the Abdadoni inscription, is an inscription found at Umm al-Amad, Lebanon. The inscription is written
Phoenician_Sphinx_inscription
Alphabet of the Arabic language
derives from that used by the Phoenician alphabet and therefore resembles the sequence of letters in Hebrew and Greek. Letters are also assigned numerical
Arabic_alphabet
Foundation bricks found at the Sumerian city of Girsu
Tello was a lot of bricks inscribed with a stamp of four lines in late Phoenician and Greek, two lines of each, the name apparently, as well as I could
Adadnadinakhe_bricks
Ancient jasper seal
inscription Agrigentum inscription Lachish letters Safatba'al inscription Hermopolis Aramaic papyri Phoenician papyrus letters Melqart stele Honeyman inscription
Shema_seal
Ancient city in Tunisia
Qarṭāj) was an ancient city in northern Africa founded by the legendary Phoenician queen Dido on the eastern side of the Lake of Tunis in what is now Tunisia
Carthage
Ancient Egyptian mathematical document
The Rhind Mathematical Papyrus (RMP; also designated as papyrus British Museum 10057, pBM 10058, and Brooklyn Museum 37.1784Ea-b) is one of the best known
Rhind_Mathematical_Papyrus
Punic inscription from the 5th century BC
). Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz. p. I, 73. Krahmalkov, Charles R. (2000). Phoenician-Punic Dictionary. Leuven: Peeters / Departement Oosterse Studies. ISBN 90-429-0770-3
Agrigentum_inscription
Ancient Samalian royal inscription
the Samalian language, considered to be on a dialect continuum between Phoenician and Aramaic. The inscription mentions Tiglath-Pileser III. The text of
Panamuwa_II_inscription
5th-century BC Phoenician sarcophagus
The Tabnit sarcophagus is the sarcophagus of the Phoenician King of Sidon Tabnit (ruled c. 549–539 BC), the father of King Eshmunazar II. It is decorated
Tabnit_sarcophagus
Phoenician inscriptions
The Byblos clay cones inscriptions are Phoenician inscriptions (TSSI III 2,3) on two clay cones discovered around 1950. They were first published in Maurice
Byblos_clay_cone_inscriptions
Phoenician inscription
The Eshmun inscription is a Phoenician inscription on a fragment of grey-blue limestone found at the Temple of Eshmun in 1901. It is also known as RES
Eshmun_inscription
Phoenician inscription found in Byblos
The Safatba'al inscription or the Shipitbaal inscription is a Phoenician inscription (KAI 7, TSSI III 9) found in Byblos in 1936, published in 1945. It
Safatba'al_inscription
Iron Age inscription found in Jordan
below is a transcription of the inscription, its transliteration in Hebrew letters, as well as an English translation. Words in brackets are not preserved
Kerak_Inscription
Philistine inscription
city states. Comprised of some seemingly Hebrew letters, some seemingly Phoenician letters, and some letters that seem to have been unique to Ekron" Byrne
Ekron Royal Dedicatory Inscription
Ekron_Royal_Dedicatory_Inscription
1950 book by Harold Innis
cuneiform script written on clay tablets to the Phoenician alphabet written on parchment and papyrus. Along the way, Innis comments on many aspects of
Empire_and_Communications
Online dictionary of Aramaic
inscription Agrigentum inscription Lachish letters Safatba'al inscription Hermopolis Aramaic papyri Phoenician papyrus letters Melqart stele Honeyman inscription
Comprehensive_Aramaic_Lexicon
or Kilamuwa sheath is a 9th-century BCE small gold object inscribed in Phoenician or Aramaic, which was found during the excavations of Samʾal in 1943.
Kilamuwa_scepter
Phoenician inscription found in Sardinia
The Bashamem inscription or Baalshamam inscription is a Phoenician language inscription found in Cagliari, Sardinia in 1877. It is currently in the Museo
Bashamem_inscription
Aramaic inscriptions from the ancient city of Hatra
inscription Agrigentum inscription Lachish letters Safatba'al inscription Hermopolis Aramaic papyri Phoenician papyrus letters Melqart stele Honeyman inscription
Hatran_inscriptions
7th-century BC Phoenician inscription
The Ur Box inscription is a 7th century BCE Phoenician inscription on the lid of an ivory box found in Ur in 1927 during the excavations of Leonard Woolley
Ur_Box_inscription
Group of 8th-century BC steles
inscriptions found at Samʾal were written in the "Samalian language" or the Phoenician language. Bar-Rakib silver ingot in the British Museum (BM 134918) Sachau
Bar-Rakib_inscriptions
Phoenician inscriptions
The Kition Resheph pillars are two Phoenician inscriptions discovered in Cyprus at Kition in 1860. They are notable for mentioning three cities - Kition
Kition_Resheph_pillars
Phoenician inscriptions
The Pierides Kition inscriptions are seven Phoenician inscriptions found in Kition by Demetrios Pierides in 1881 and acquired by the Louvre in 1885. Caquot
Pierides_Kition_inscriptions
Two important ancient inscriptions from Dougga, Tunisia
the building prior to the removal, although Catherwood described it as Phoenician. The Mausoleum of Ateban was built in the second century BC by the inhabitants
Punic-Libyan_bilinguals
Phoenician and Semitic inscriptions
The Pococke Kition inscriptions were a group of 31 Phoenician and 2 non-Phoenician inscriptions found in Cyprus and published by Richard Pococke in 1745
Pococke_Kition_inscriptions
5th-century BC Phoenician inscription
The Carchemish Phoenician inscription is a 5th-century BCE Phoenician inscription on glazed faience tile in Carchemish in the early 1950s during the excavations
Carchemish Phoenician inscription
Carchemish_Phoenician_inscription
Ancient stele
inscription Agrigentum inscription Lachish letters Safatba'al inscription Hermopolis Aramaic papyri Phoenician papyrus letters Melqart stele Honeyman inscription
Melqart_stele
Phoenician inscription found in Tyre, Lebanon
The Tyre Cistern inscription is a Phoenician inscription on a white marble block discovered in the castle-palace of the Old City of Tyre, Lebanon in 1885
Tyre_Cistern_inscription
Phoenician inscription from Cyprus
The Kellia inscription is a Phoenician inscription found in the church of St Anthony in Kellia, Cyprus (Greek: Άγιος Αντώνιος Κελλιά) by Ludwig Ross in
Kellia_inscription
3rd-century BC Phoenician inscription
pedestal inscription, also known as KAI 43 or RES 1211, is a sixteen-line Phoenician inscription on the pedestal of a now lost statue of a local Cypriote governor
Larnakas tis Lapithou pedestal inscription
Larnakas_tis_Lapithou_pedestal_inscription
). Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz. p. I, 20. Krahmalkov, Charles R. (2000). Phoenician-Punic Dictionary. Leuven: Peeters / Departement Oosterse Studies. ISBN 90-429-0770-3
Mitsri_genealogy_inscription
The Reade Punic Inscriptions refer to four Phoenician-language funerary inscriptions discovered in 1836-1837 by Sir Thomas Reade, who had recently been
Reade_Punic_inscriptions
Ancient site in Tunisia
inscription Agrigentum inscription Lachish letters Safatba'al inscription Hermopolis Aramaic papyri Phoenician papyrus letters Melqart stele Honeyman inscription
El_Amrouni_mausoleum
Talisman excavated in Syria
some cases casts, the text on the plaque "AT1" was translated from the Phoenician by Dupont-Sommer (1939), Albright (1939), Gaster (1942) (1947) Torczyner
Arslan_Tash_amulets
Etruscan artifact
(dated c. 500 BC) are three golden plates inscribed with a bilingual Phoenician–Etruscan dedicatory text. They are the oldest historical source documents
Pyrgi_Tablets
Punic-language inscription from Carthage
Albert (1903). Text-book of North-Semitic Inscriptions: Moabite, Hebrew, Phoenician, Aramaic, Nabataean, Palmyrene, Jewish. London, Edinburgh, New York: Henry
Carthage_Festival_inscription
Administration Inscription is an inscription in the Punic language, using the Phoenician alphabet, discovered on the archaeological site of Carthage in the 1960s
Carthage Administration Inscription
Carthage_Administration_Inscription
Two separated inscriptions on a marble base found near Kition
Pumayyaton and Pnytarion's inscriptions are two separated inscriptions, Phoenician and Greek, engraved on the same marble base which was found in Gdhi or
Pumayyaton and Pnytarion's inscriptions
Pumayyaton_and_Pnytarion's_inscriptions
Ancient Jewish seal
inscription Agrigentum inscription Lachish letters Safatba'al inscription Hermopolis Aramaic papyri Phoenician papyrus letters Melqart stele Honeyman inscription
King_Ahaz's_seal
Sherd with Phoenician inscription
The Abda sherd graffito is a Phoenician inscription (KAI 8 and TSSI III 10) on a two small connecting fragment of a large vase, dating to c. 900 BC. It
Abda_sherd
7th or 6th century Punic language curse tablet
legible Tabella Defixionis (Latin for curse tablet) known in the Punic-Phoenician language. The inscription reads: (1) R[B?]T ḤWT ʾLT M[LK?]T Š[Y?]SK H[ʾ]
Punic_Tabella_Defixionis
Ancient Hebrew inscription
and a missing lower right section, Naveh states that there are too few letters available in line 13 to make an educated guess what it said. The same might
Yavne-Yam_ostracon
Funerary stele with inscriptions written in Greek and Armazic (150 AD)
inscription Agrigentum inscription Lachish letters Safatba'al inscription Hermopolis Aramaic papyri Phoenician papyrus letters Melqart stele Honeyman inscription
Stele_of_Serapeitis
Ancient Jerusalem seal
neo-Assyrian-styled image of a winged figure with an inscription in Paleo-Hebrew letters of the name of Yehoʼezer ben Hoshʼayahu. It is part of a larger group of
Yeho'ezer_ben_Hosh'ayahu_seal
Stele with Greek-Latin-Phoenician inscription
The Pauli Gerrei trilingual inscription is a trilingual Greek-Latin-Phoenician inscription on the base of a bronze column found in San Nicolò Gerrei (known
Pauli Gerrei trilingual inscription
Pauli_Gerrei_trilingual_inscription
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PHOENICIAN PAPYRUS-LETTERS
PHOENICIAN PAPYRUS-LETTERS
PHOENICIAN PAPYRUS-LETTERS
PHOENICIAN PAPYRUS-LETTERS
PHOENICIAN PAPYRUS-LETTERS
PHOENICIAN PAPYRUS-LETTERS
PHOENICIAN PAPYRUS-LETTERS
PHOENICIAN PAPYRUS-LETTERS
PHOENICIAN PAPYRUS-LETTERS
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