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Second epoch of the Neogene Period
The Pliocene ( /ˈplaɪ.əsiːn, ˈplaɪ.oʊ-/ PLY-ə-seen, PLY-oh-; also Pleiocene) is the epoch in the geologic time scale that extends from 5.33 to 2.58 million
Pliocene
Series of science/speculative fiction books by Julian May
The Saga of Pliocene Exile (or the Saga of the Exiles) is a series of science/speculative fiction books by Julian May, first published in the early 1980s
Saga_of_Pliocene_Exile
The Pliocene Ridge is a region of Sierra County, California, corresponding to the southwestern portion of the county, including the settlements of Alleghany
Pliocene_Ridge
Family of carnivoran mammals
Early Pliocene to Late Pliocene or Early Pleistocene of Africa, Late Pliocene to Early Pleistocene of North America) †Pachycrocuta (Pliocene and Pleistocene
Hyena
Part of the Pliocene Epoch
known as the Middle Pliocene Warm Period), or the Pliocene Thermal Maximum, was an interval of warm climate during the Pliocene epoch that lasted from
Mid-Piacenzian_Warm_Period
Second geologic period in the Cenozoic Era
Neogene is sub-divided into two epochs, the earlier Miocene and the later Pliocene. Some geologists assert that the Neogene cannot be clearly delineated from
Neogene
First epoch of the Neogene Period
modern marine invertebrates than the Pliocene has. The Miocene followed the Oligocene and preceded the Pliocene. As Earth went from the Oligocene through
Miocene
Genus of mountain-dwelling mammal
plicodenta (Asia, Pliocene) †Ochotona polonica (Europe: Poland, Germany, France, Pliocene) small-sized forms †Ochotona bazarovi (Asia, upper Pliocene) †Ochotona
Pika
First epoch of the Quaternary Period
of Geological Sciences, the cutoff of the Pleistocene and the preceding Pliocene was regarded as being 1.806 million years Before Present (BP). Publications
Pleistocene
Family of aquatic birds
Late Miocene/Early Pliocene of WC North America) – formerly Miocorax; Nannopterum? Phalacrocorax sp. (Late Miocene/Early Pliocene of Lee Creek Mine, US)
Cormorant
Birds of prey in the genus Falco
(Early Pliocene of Kansas) Falco sp. (Early Pliocene of Bulgaria – Early Pleistocene of Spain and Czech Republic) Falco oregonus (Early/Middle Pliocene of
Falcon
Genus of largest living birds
brachydactylus Burchak-Abramovich 1939 (Pliocene of Ukraine) †Struthio chersonensis (Brandt 1873) Lambrecht 1921 (Pliocene of SE Europe to WC Asia) – oospecies
Ostrich
Genus of carnivores
mid- to late Pliocene. The Vorohué Formation of Argentina has provided older fossils, dating to the Uquian to Ensenadan (Late Pliocene). The common English
South_American_fox
Extinct genus of sabertooth cat
America, Eurasia, and Africa, as well as possibly South America during the Pliocene and Pleistocene epochs from around 4 million to 12,000 years ago. A probable
Homotherium
Family of mammals
aethiopicus – Kenya & Ethiopia; Pliocene -Pleistocene †Hippopotamus afarensis – Ethiopia, formerly genus Trilobophorus; Pliocene †Hippopotamus behemoth – Israel
Hippopotamidae
Latest age of the Pliocene
international geologic time scale the upper stage or latest age of the Pliocene. It spans the time between 3.6 ± 0.005 Ma and 2.58 Ma (million years ago)
Piacenzian
Earliest age on the geologic time scale of the Pliocene era
is the lowest stage or earliest age on the geologic time scale of the Pliocene. It spans the time between 5.332 ± 0.005 Ma (million years ago) and 3.6
Zanclean
Genus of birds
Miocene – Late Pliocene of S Europe) Aquila sp. (Early Pliocene of Florida) Aquila bivia (Late Pliocene of S USA) Aquila kurochkini (Late Pliocene of Varshets
Aquila_(bird)
1866 archaeological forgery in California
The Calaveras Skull (also known as the Pliocene Skull) was a human skull found in 1866 by miners in Calaveras County, California, which was presented as
Calaveras_Skull
Genus of mammals
have been identified as belonging to the genus, extending back to the Pliocene or possibly the late Miocene. Species of Elephas have distinct bossing
Elephas
Third and current era of the Phanerozoic Eon
present by the end of the Miocene. The Pliocene Epoch lasted from 5.333 to 2.58 million years ago. The Pliocene featured dramatic climatic changes, which
Cenozoic
Extinct giant shark species
23 to 3.58 million years ago (Mya), from the Early Miocene to the Early Pliocene epochs. This prehistoric fish was once thought to be a member of the family
Megalodon
Extinct species of mammal
on fossils from the Pliocene of Morocco. Acinonyx aicha was discovered in the Ahl al Oughlam site in Morocco, from the late Pliocene. It is known from the
Acinonyx_aicha
Country in the Caribbean
shoulder of this uplift. The Southern Lowlands consist of Miocene and Pliocene sands, clays, and gravels. These overlie oil and natural gas deposits,
Trinidad_and_Tobago
Extinct genus of saber-toothed cat from North America, Eurasia and Africa
that lived in Eurasia, Africa and possibly North America from the late Pliocene to the Middle Pleistocene, first described by George Cuvier in 1824. It
Megantereon
Extinct species of mammutid proboscidean
"Mammut" obliquelophus, which has molars essentially identical to the Pliocene "Mammut" borsoni; however, the mandibular symphysis (the fused front-most
"Mammut"_borsoni
Family of birds
(Early Pliocene of Empoli, Italy) Gavia sp. (Early Pliocene of Kerč Peninsula, Ukraine) Gavia cf. concinna (San Diego Middle/Late Pliocene of San Diego
Loon
Theoretical refilling of the Mediterranean Sea between the Miocene and Pliocene Epochs
of the Zanclean age, the earliest age on the geologic time scale of the Pliocene. According to this model, water from the Atlantic Ocean refilled the dried-up
Zanclean_flood
Extinct genus of bears
short-faced bear endemic to North America from the Late Miocene to the Pliocene. Described by Childs Frick in 1926, Plionarctos is the oldest known genus
Plionarctos
Extinct genus of sharks (fossil)
cosmopolitan genus of mackerel shark which lived from the Paleocene to the Pliocene epochs. All species are known from their fossilized teeth, and four of
Otodus
Extinct genus of mammals
Formation in Peru. Although initially thought to correlate with the earliest Pliocene, later studies have found that these sediments were deposited during the
Odobenocetops
Extinct genus of marsupials
genus of carnivorous marsupials that lived in Australia from the late Pliocene to the Late Pleistocene (until around 40,000 years ago), often known as
Thylacoleo
Family of hoofed mammals
appeared around the transition from Miocene to Pliocene (4.2–6 Mya) in Eurasia; cervine fossils from early Pliocene to as late as the Pleistocene have been excavated
Deer
Family of mammals
reach Eurasia until the Late Miocene or to South America until the Late Pliocene. This cladogram shows the phylogenetic position of canids within Caniformia:
Canidae
Genus of extinct proboscidean
migrating into Africa. While the genus became extinct in Africa during the Pliocene, Stegodon persisted in South, Southeast and Eastern Asia into the Late
Stegodon
Order of birds
spanning across the Northern Hemisphere, from the Early Eocene to the early Pliocene, including a variety of flightless forms like the Palaeotididae, Geranoididae
Struthioniformes
Genus of carnivores
fox, Urocyon progressus, have been found in Kansas and date to the Upper Pliocene, with some undescribed specimens dating even older. The Cozumel fox is
Urocyon
Biological family of water birds
Afrocygnus (Late Miocene – Early Pliocene of EC Africa) Paracygnus (Kimball Late Pliocene of Nebraska, US) Eremochen (Pliocene) Tadorninae Australotadorna
Anatidae
Genus of mammals
Gazella parasinensis - Pliocene Asia Gazella praegaudryi - Pleistocene Africa Gazella sinensis - Pliocene Asia Gazella brianus - Pliocene Asia Subgenus Gazella
Gazelle
Genus of birds (Bubo)
remains, have also been recorded: Bubo sp. (Late Pliocene of Senèze, France) Bubo sp. (Late Pliocene of Rębielice Królewskie, Poland; tentatively placed
Horned_owl
Extinct genus of rodents
Josephoartigasia is an extinct genus of enormous dinomyid rodent from the Early Pliocene to Early Pleistocene of Uruguay. Its closest living relative is the pacarana
Josephoartigasia
Mass extinction event about 66 million years ago
or Tithonian Aptian Cenomanian-Turonian Eocene–Oligocene Middle Miocene Pliocene–Pleistocene Quaternary Extinct species Lists of extinct species IUCN Red
Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event
Cretaceous–Paleogene_extinction_event
Genus of carnivores
Clarendonian age of the Late Miocene to the late Hemphillian age of the Early Pliocene. E. haydeni is the largest known canid of all time, with the type species
Epicyon
Genus of diving seabirds
Miocene/Early Pliocene of Lee Creek Mine, US) Morus sp. 2 (Late Miocene/Early Pliocene of Lee Creek Mine, US) Morus peninsularis (Early Pliocene) Morus recentior
Gannet
Medium-sized mammal native to North America
discovery of fossils in the Great Plains dating back to the middle of the Pliocene. Its most recent ancestor was likely Procyon rexroadensis, a large Blancan
Raccoon
Family of snakes
presumed Old World origins, suggests that they originated even earlier. The Pliocene (Blancan) fossil record in the Ringold Formation of Adams County, Washington
Colubridae
Extinct species of mammal
Hippopotamus gorgops is an extinct species of the genus Hippopotamus known from remains found in Northern Africa, Eastern Africa, and the Levant. One of
Hippopotamus_gorgops
Genus of birds
to Asia: †Pavo bravardi (Gervais, 1849) (Bravard's peafowl) (Early–Late Pliocene) – Gallus moldovicus, sometimes misspelt moldavicus, may be a junior synonym
Pavo_(bird)
report the first discovery of fossil material of Stegodon from the late Pliocene or early Pleistocene strata from the Shandong Province (China), referred
2026_in_paleomammalogy
Former term for the geologic period from 65 million to 2.58 million years ago
extended to the beginning of the Quaternary glaciation at the end of the Pliocene Epoch. The Tertiary has not been recognised by the International Commission
Tertiary_period
Extinct genus of carnivores
jackal-sized Eucyon existed in North America from 10 million YBP until the Early Pliocene. Wang and Tedford proposed that the genus Canis was the descendant of the
Eucyon
Extinct genus of mammals
on the Balearic Islands extends over 5 million years back to the early Pliocene on Mallorca, thought to have arrived from the European mainland after the
Myotragus
Extinct species of carnivore
Acinonyx, closely related to the cheetah, native to Eurasia from Late Pliocene to the early Middle Pleistocene epoch from around 3 million to around 500
Acinonyx_pardinensis
Family of mammals
(Miocene), Glaucabalaena and Eschrichtioides (Pliocene) from Italy, and Gricetoides from the Pliocene of North Carolina. Some phylogenetic studies have
Eschrichtiidae
Genus of conifer in the cypress family
of Georgia and from the Pliocene of Duab, Abkhazia. It has also been described from the Pliocene of Honshu, Japan, Late Pliocene of Osaka, Japan and from
Cryptomeria
Subfamily of bears
is last recorded in the early Blancan faunal stage (Pliocene, ~3Ma). Around the Miocene-Pliocene boundary (~5.3 Ma), tremarctines, along with other ursids
Tremarctinae
Extinct genus of elephantid
which is described from a partial skull from Russia, of probable Late Pliocene-Early Pleistocene age. The holotype of Phanagoroloxodon was found on the
Phanagoroloxodon
Family of birds
Late Pliocene of U.S.) Anhinga malagurala Mackness, 1995 (Allingham Early Pliocene of Charters Towers, Australia) Anhinga sp. (Early Pliocene of Bone
Darter
Geologically ancient precursor to the present day River Thames
significantly alter pre-existing drainage systems. At times during the Pliocene period (around 5-3 million years ago), the North Sea coastline extended
Ancestral_Thames
Genus of birds
Willis 1967 (Ogallala Early Pliocene of Trego County, Kansas, USA) Ortalis phengites Wetmore 1923 (Snake Creek Early Pliocene of Sioux County, Nebraska
Chachalaca
Genus of tortoises
latest Pliocene-earliest Pleistocene, c. 2.6 mya carapace length ~200 centimetres (6.6 ft). †“Centrochelys” punica Tunisia, North Africa, Early Pliocene carapace
Centrochelys
Extinct genus of carnivores
genus of large canid endemic to South and Central America from the Late Pliocene to the Late Pleistocene. Protocyon was a hypercarnivore, suggested by its
Protocyon
Family of rodents
Two fossil species are known from the Pliocene, with the oldest being Petromus antiquus of the Early Pliocene. Sénégas, F. (2004). "A New Species of
Petromus
Extinct species of felid
Puma known from fossils found in Europe and West Asia during the late Pliocene and Early Pleistocene epochs, spanning from around 3 million to 860,000
Puma_pardoides
(fossil: Early Pliocene of Perpignan, France; possibly a subspecies of C. corone/cornix) † Corvus simionescui – (fossil: Early Pliocene of Maluşteni-Bereşti
List_of_Corvus_species
Sediment formation in Washington, United States
thick in places. It preserves fossils dating back to the late Miocene and Pliocene epochs of the Neogene period. Exposures of the Ringold Formation can be
Ringold_Formation
Genus of carnivores
"Nyctereutes lockwoodi, n. sp., a new canid (Carnivora: Mammalia) from the middle Pliocene of Dikika, Lower Awash, Ethiopia". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology.
Nyctereutes
Continental flood basalt province in the Western United States
The Columbia River Basalt Group (CRBG) is the youngest, smallest and one of the best-preserved continental flood basalt provinces on Earth, covering over
Columbia_River_Basalt_Group
Climatological phenomenon
resulting in a net warming of the ocean. In climate simulations of the Pliocene, this net warming is then transported by ocean currents and part of it
Cyclonic_Niño
Subfamily of mammals
Genus †Hippohyus (Pliocene) Genus †Sinohyus (Pliocene) Genus †Sivahyus (Pliocene) Tribe Phacochoerini Genus †Metridiochoerus (Pliocene to Pleistocene) Genus
Suinae
Extinct genus of birds
Formation of Uruguay, Late Miocene (Huayquerian) Ituzaingó Formation, Early Pliocene (Montehermosan) of Argentina, and possibly the Early Pleistocene Raigón
Devincenzia
Family of land turtles
Bergounioux 1935:78 †Cheirogaster gymnesica Late Pliocene to Early Pleistocene †Cheirogaster schafferi Pliocene to Early Pleistocene Chersobius Fitzinger, 1835
Tortoise
Genus of birds
condor (Vultur gryphus) and the fossil species Vultur messii from the early Pliocene of Argentina. Degrange, F. J.; Bonini, R. A.; Georgieff, S. M.; Ibañez
Vultur
Genus of birds
C4 grasses about 6 to 8 million years ago during the Late Miocene and Pliocene. The genus Circus was introduced by the French naturalist Bernard Germain
Harrier_(bird)
Subfamily of mammals (Lutrinae)
– eastern Asia, Late Miocene to Early Pliocene Genus †Sivaonyx – Asia and Africa, Late Miocene to Early Pliocene Genus †Teruelictis – Spain, Late Miocene
Otter
Genus of mammals
The oldest fossils belonging to the genus Procapra date from the late Pliocene or early Pleistocene of central Asia, when the climate was wetter and milder
Procapra
Sedimentary basin in Central Europe
referring to the lowlands in the area occupied by the Pannonian Sea during the Pliocene. However, Hungarian geographers consider the term "Pannonian Plain" not
Pannonian_Basin
Pliocene-epoch assemblage of fossils
The Gray Fossil Site is an Early Pliocene assemblage of fossils dating between 4.5 and 4.9 million years old, located near the community of Gray in Washington
Gray_Fossil_Site
Genus of birds
(Early Pliocene of C Europe) †Tetrao rhodopensis Bojev, 1998 (Early Pliocene of Dorkovo, Bulgaria) †Tetrao partium Kretzoi, 1962 (Early Pliocene - Early
Tetrao
Genus of bears
monophyletic bear subfamily Tremarctinae, endemic to Americas from the Pliocene to recent. The northern species, the Florida short-faced bear (T. floridanus)
Tremarctos
Genus of conifers in the family Sciadopityaceae
until the Pliocene. Sciadopitys has one extant member, S. verticillata. The genus existed in the United States as recently as the Pliocene. Hofmann, Christa-Ch
Sciadopitys
Active volcanic belt that covers central-southern Mexico
the volcanic front of the central Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt during the Pliocene-Quaternary. It has been suggested that slab melting contributed to the
Trans-Mexican_Volcanic_Belt
form, filling with sediments between the Eocene, Oligocene, Miocene and Pliocene. For the most part, Eocene and Oligocene sedimentary rocks survive only
Geology_of_Venezuela
Genus of proboscideans
proposed for the Early Pliocene South African A. capensis. The East African late Miocene-early Pliocene A. kenyensis and Pliocene A. ultimus have individuals
Anancus
Extinct species of killer whale
Orcinus citoniensis is an extinct species of orca identified in the Late Pliocene of Italy and the Early Pleistocene of England. It was smaller than the
Orcinus_citoniensis
Extinct genus of rhinoceros
extinct genus of rhinoceros that lived in Eurasia from the Late Miocene to Pliocene. Species of Dihoplus were large rhinoceroses, with the body masses of Dihoplus
Dihoplus
Extinct family of flightless birds
Mesembriornis – Late Miocene to Late Pliocene (Montehermosan) Monte Hermoso Formation of Argentina Genus Llallawavis – Late Pliocene (Chapadmalalan) Playa Los Lobos
Phorusrhacidae
Extinct genus of mammals
ago during the late Miocene in southern and Eastern Africa. Later in the Pliocene, by about three million years ago, mammoths dispersed into Eurasia, eventually
Mammoth
Genus of rodents
African springhare (Pedetes surdaster) Pedetes laetoliensis (Davies, 1987) (Pliocene fossil) Throughout the 20th century, the living species (and occasionally
Pedetes
last 66 million years of the Cenozoic, particularly in the Miocene and Pliocene. The island is an example of hotspot volcanism, with mainly mafic volcanic
Geology_of_Madeira
List of extinct species
or Tithonian Aptian Cenomanian-Turonian Eocene–Oligocene Middle Miocene Pliocene–Pleistocene Quaternary Extinct species Lists of extinct species IUCN Red
Lists_of_extinct_species
Extinct family of mammals
Tubulidentata. The genus is known from fossils dating from Middle Miocene to Early Pliocene, found in Africa, Asia and Europe. Five species are recognized: Amphiorycteropus
Amphiorycteropus
Genus of birds
Suspanov and David 1996 (Late Pliocene/Early Pleistocene of Moldova) †Anas greeni (Brodkorb 1964) (Late Miocene?/Early Pliocene of South Dakota, USA) – Nettion
Anas
Genus of marine mammals
Pseudorca yuanliensis is found in Pliocene layers in Yuanli, Taiwan, while Pseudorca yokoyamai is found in both Pliocene and Pleistocene rocks in Japan.
Pseudorca
Biological phenomenon
larger-than-normal size. For example, on prehistoric Gargano Island in the Miocene-Pliocene Mediterranean, on islands in the Caribbean like Cuba, and on Madagascar
Island_gigantism
Genus of fishes
Omsk Oblast, Russia †Esox columbianus Smith, Morgan & Gustafson, 2000 - Pliocene of Washington, US (Ringold Formation) †Esox dispar Sytchevskaya, 1976 -
Esox
American writer (1931–2017)
also used several literary pseudonyms. She is best known for her Saga of Pliocene Exile (Saga of the Exiles in the United Kingdom) and Galactic Milieu Series
Julian_May
Species of bear
reveal an explosive radiation of extinct and extant bears near the Miocene-Pliocene boundary". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 8 (1) 220. Bibcode:2008BMCEE...8.
American_black_bear
Extinct genus of sabertooth cat
Eurasia, North America, and possibly Africa during the Late Miocene to Early Pliocene epoch. It was probably descended from Machairodus, and in turn ancestral
Amphimachairodus
Family of ray-finned fishes
the Pliocene (~5–6 mya), but also that rainbow and cutthroat trout, and Pacific salmon lineages had diverged before the beginning of the Pliocene. Consequently
Salmonidae
PLIOCENE
PLIOCENE
PLIOCENE
PLIOCENE
Male
African
God with us.
Female
English
Latin form of Greek Khloris, CHLORIS means "green buds." In mythology, this is the name of a goddess of flowers and vegetation.
Boy/Male
Arabic, Muslim
Father of Mankind; An Epithet of Adam who was also the First Prophet
Boy/Male
Indian
Wise, Learned, Happy
Boy/Male
Indian
Gandhari's Daughter
Boy/Male
Shakespearean
King John' Hubert De Burgh.
Girl/Female
Indian
True believer, Upright
Boy/Male
Hindu
Boy/Male
Tamil
One of the four spiritual son of Brahma
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian, Kannada, Oriya, Sanskrit, Telugu
Elevated; Prospered; Raised
PLIOCENE
PLIOCENE
PLIOCENE
PLIOCENE
PLIOCENE
a.
Of or pertaining to the period immediately following the Pliocene; Pleistocene. Also used as a noun. See Quaternary.
a.
Of, pertaining to, or characterizing, the most recent division of the Tertiary age.
n.
A genus of fossil horses from the Lower Pliocene. They had three toes on each foot, the lateral ones being small.
a.
Under, or at the foot of, the Apennine mountains; -- applied, in geology, to a series of Tertiary strata of the older Pliocene period.
n.
The Pliocene period or deposits.
a.
More recent than the Eocene, that is, including both the Miocene and Pliocene divisions of the Tertiary.
a.
See Pliocene.
n.
An extinct genus of gigantic herbivorous marsupials, found in the Pliocene formation of Australia.
n.
An extinct genus of horses from the Pliocene deposits. Each foot had a single toe (or hoof), as in the common horse.