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Earliest age on the geologic time scale of the Pliocene era
The Zanclean is the lowest stage or earliest age on the geologic time scale of the Pliocene. It spans the time between 5.332 ± 0.005 Ma (million years
Zanclean
Theoretical refilling of the Mediterranean Sea between the Miocene and Pliocene Epochs
The Zanclean flood, or Zanclean deluge, is theorized to have refilled the Mediterranean Sea 5.33 million years ago. This flooding ended the Messinian
Zanclean_flood
Second epoch of the Neogene Period
Piacenzian (3.60–2.58 Ma) Zanclean (5.33–3.60 Ma) The Piacenzian is sometimes referred to as the Late Pliocene, whereas the Zanclean is referred to as the
Pliocene
Drying-up of the Mediterranean Sea 5.96–5.33 million years ago
Miocene epoch, from 5.96 to 5.33 Ma (million years ago). It ended with the Zanclean flood, when the Atlantic reclaimed the basin. Sediment samples from below
Messinian_salinity_crisis
Sixth and last age of the Miocene Epoch, about 7 to 5 million years ago
Ma (million years ago). It follows the Tortonian and is followed by the Zanclean, the first age of the Pliocene. The Messinian overlaps the Turolian European
Messinian
Second geologic period in the Cenozoic Era
Pliocene Epoch is subdivided into two ages: Piacenzian Age, preceded by Zanclean Age The Miocene Epoch is subdivided into six ages: Messinian Age, preceded
Neogene
Common name for several species of the falcon genus, Falco
diverged from other Falco around the Miocene–Pliocene boundary (Messinian to Zanclean, or about 7–3.5 mya). Three species from Africa and its surroundings are
Kestrel
Extinct species of cartilaginous fish
was first described by Jim Bourdon in 1999, as a specimen dated to the Zanclean (early Pliocene). The species is known from its distinctive fossilized
Manta_hynei
Sea between Africa, Asia, and Europe
years during the Messinian salinity crisis before being refilled by the Zanclean flood about 5.3 million years ago. The history of the Mediterranean region
Mediterranean_Sea
Genus of flowering plants
Washington state. Paulownia macrofossils have been recovered from the late Zanclean stage of the Pliocene sites in Pocapaglia, Italy and Paulownia caucasica
Paulownia
First epoch of the Neogene Period
opened, and the Mediterranean refilled. That event is referred to as the "Zanclean flood". Also during the early Miocene (specifically the Aquitanian and
Miocene
Extinct genus of mammals
A mammoth is a member of the extinct elephantid genus Mammuthus. They lived from the late Miocene epoch (from around 6.2 million years ago) into the Holocene
Mammoth
Gelasian - Piacenzian - Zanclean MN 15 Perpignan (France) 4.2 Ma 3.2 Ma Zanclean MN 14 Podlesice (Poland) 4.9 Ma 4.2 Ma Zanclean MN 13 El Arquilla (Spain)
Mammal_Neogene_zones
Extinct North American migratory pigeon
Carolina in sediments belonging to the Yorktown Formation, dating to the Zanclean stage of the Pliocene, between 5.3 and 3.6 million years ago. Its closest
Passenger_pigeon
Extinct genus of bush baby
monotypic genus of galagid primate that lived in Ethiopia during the late Zanclean stage of the Pliocene epoch. The generic name Pliogalago refers to the
Pliogalago
Latest age of the Pliocene
0.005 Ma and 2.58 Ma (million years ago). The Piacenzian is after the Zanclean and is followed by the Gelasian (part of the Pleistocene). The Piacenzian
Piacenzian
Extinct genus of whales
Archaeobalaena is an extinct genus of balaenid whale that lived during the Zanclean stage of the Pliocene epoch. Archaeobalaena dosanko is known from fossils
Archaeobalaena
Extinct genus of monkey
Nanopithecus is an extinct genus of monkey that lived in Africa during the Zanclean stage of the Pliocene epoch. The diminutive size of Nanopithecus relative
Nanopithecus
Extinct genus of beremendiin soricid
that lived in Europe during the Pliocene and Pleistocene epochs, from the Zanclean to the Chibanian stages. The I1 of Beremendia fissidens possessed a small
Beremendia
Rocky cliff on the coast of Realmonte, southern Sicily, Italy
Formation, a marine sedimentary unit of Lower Pliocene (Zanclean) age, which were deposited after the Zanclean flood, in which the Mediterranean refilled after
Scala_dei_Turchi
Landmass consisting of Africa, Asia, and Europe
salinity crisis. Eurasia and Africa were then again separated with the Zanclean Flood around 5.33 million years ago refilling the Mediterranean Sea through
Afro-Eurasia
Long-form xkcd strip by Randall Munroe
the basin of the Mediterranean Sea during a supposed recurrence of the Zanclean flood, features two characters journeying uphill to discover where the
Time_(xkcd)
Genus of mammal
rank. Several fossil species are known as well, the oldest dated to the Zanclean (early Pliocene), including: †Procavia antiqua (syn. Procavia robertsi)
Procavia
Pliocene-Holocene Meadura Formation Quaternary Matabaietu Formation Zanclean-Pleistocene Hadar Formation Zanclean-Gelasian Sagantole Formation Miocene-Pleistocene Chorora
List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Ethiopia
List_of_fossiliferous_stratigraphic_units_in_Ethiopia
Subdivision of the Pleistocene Epoch
colder and drier than the late Miocene (Messinian) through early Pliocene (Zanclean) cold period. Originally the Calabrian was a European faunal stage primarily
Calabrian_stage
Extinct species of hyena
species of hyaenid in the genus Parahyaena that lived in Africa during the Zanclean stage of the Pliocene epoch. Parahyaena howelli, like modern carnivorous
Parahyaena_howelli
Spanish scientist (born 1968)
Mediterranean Sea in the recent geological past, an event known as the Zanclean flood. Other scientific contributions deal with the evolution of the Earth's
Daniel_Garcia-Castellanos
Species of duck
Mallard Temporal range: Zanclean–present PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N Female (left) and male (right) in Strasslach-Dingharting, Germany Conservation status
Mallard
Burrowing eusocial rodent
The naked mole-rat (Heterocephalus glaber), also known as the sand puppy, is a burrowing rodent native to the Horn of Africa and parts of Kenya, notably
Naked_mole-rat
Species of mammal
The wild yak (Bos mutus) is a large, wild bovine native to the Himalayas. It is the ancestor of the domestic yak (Bos grunniens). The ancestor of the wild
Wild_yak
High-magnitude, low-frequency catastrophic flood involving the sudden release of water
Bonneville). Ocean spilling over a dividing ridge into a landlocked basin (e.g., Zanclean flood and Black Sea flood). A smaller scale example would be the Pantai
Outburst_flood
System that relates geologic strata to time
Earliest humans appear. 3.6 * Zanclean Straits of Gibraltar form as Atlantic waters flood the Mediterranean Sea basin (Zanclean flood). Global climate continues
Geologic_time_scale
Genus of flowering plants
Poland. Several Aralia macrofossils have been recovered from the late Zanclean stage of Pliocene sites in Pocapaglia, Italy. Sunset Western Garden Book
Aralia
Birds of prey in the genus Falco
quite confidently placed from the Miocene-Pliocene boundary through the Zanclean and Piacenzian and just into the Gelasian, that is from 2.4 to 5.3 Mya
Falcon
Geologic formation in Panama
Shark Hole Point Formation Stratigraphic range: Zanclean-Piacenzian Type Formation Unit of Bocas del Toro Group Underlies Escudo de Veraguas Formation
Shark_Hole_Point_Formation
Extinct genus of birds
Khwenena is an extinct genus of psittacid that lived during the Zanclean stage of the Pliocene epoch. Khwenena leopoldinae is known from the Varswater
Khwenena
Extinct genus of mammals
Magnatalpa is an extinct genus of desmanin that lived during the Zanclean stage of the Pliocene epoch. Magnatalpa fumamons is known from fossils found
Magnatalpa
Burrowing mammal native to Africa
The aardvark (/ˈɑːrd.vɑːrk/ ; Orycteropus afer) is a medium-sized, burrowing, nocturnal mammal native to Africa. The aardvark is the only living member
Aardvark
Very large wave created by a large, sudden displacement of material into a body of water
Chile. Reservoir-induced seismicity at the end of or shortly after the Zanclean Flood (ca. 5.33 million years ago), which rapidly filled the Mediterranean
Megatsunami
Geologic age of the late Miocene
Chattian Aquitanian Burdigalian Langhian Serravallian Tortonian Messinian Zanclean Piacenzian Gelasian ← Messinian salinity crisis ← North American
Tortonian
Region of lands around the Mediterranean Sea that have a Mediterranean climate
Mediterranean region Mediterranean wine climate Mistrals Ottoman Empire Phoenicia Zanclean flood magdy (2025-01-08). "Landscapes Across the Mediterranean: A Comprehensive
Mediterranean_basin
Extinct genus of artiodactyl
Xenocervulus is an extinct genus of cervine deer that lived in Europe during the Zanclean stage of the Pliocene epoch. The brachydont, small cheek teeth in the maxilla
Xenocervulus
formation or member in Florida. It preserves fossils dating back to the Zanclean Pliocene. Earth sciences portal Florida portal Paleontology portal List
Murdock_Station_Formation
Species of bird
tentatively placed to around the Miocene-Pliocene boundary (Messinian to Zanclean, or about 7–3.5 mya). The morphological similarity with the common kestrel
Lesser_kestrel
Extinct genus of sabertooth cat
Homotherium is an extinct genus of scimitar-toothed cat belonging to the extinct subfamily Machairodontinae that inhabited North America, Eurasia, and
Homotherium
Geologic group in Florida, United States
were deposited when high tropical water started to return in the Late Zanclean Period. Earth sciences portal Florida portal Paleontology portal List of
Okeechobee_Group
Genus of flightless birds
Cassowaries (Indonesian: kasuari; Biak: man suar 'bird strong'; Tok Pisin: muruk) are flightless birds of the genus Casuarius, in the order Casuariiformes
Cassowary
Genus of plants
the late Zanclean stage of Pliocene sites in Pocapaglia, Italy. Macrofossils of Sinomenium cantalense have been recovered from the Zanclean stage of the
Sinomenium
Genus of birds
Tarantian stages of Florida, United States) †Podiceps howardae Storer, 2001 (Zanclean age of North Carolina, United States) †Podiceps miocenicus Kessler, 1984
Podiceps
Extinct genus of hominins
Ardipithecus is a genus of extinct hominine that lived during the Late Miocene and Early Pliocene epochs in the Afar Depression, Ethiopia. Originally described
Ardipithecus
Extinct genus of mammals
North America from the late Hemphillian stage of the Miocene through the Zanclean stage of the Pliocene (10.3—3.6 mya) and in existence for approximately
Dinohippus
Extinct species of bird
rexsularum is an extinct species of Phoebastria that lived during the Zanclean stage of the Pliocene epoch. Phoebastria rexsularum is known from the Yorktown
Phoebastria_rexsularum
Extinct family of rodents
The Mylagaulidae or mylagaulids are an extinct family of sciuromorph rodents nested within the superfamily Aplodontioidea. They are known from the Neogene
Mylagaulidae
Extinct genus of whale
Glaucabalaena Temporal range: Pliocene (Zanclean–Piacenzian), 3.8–3 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N Digital reconstruction of Glaucabalaena inopinata Scientific
Glaucabalaena
Archaic Greek expansion across the Mediterranean and Black Sea (750–550 BC)
Syracusans, who founded the city of Camarina in the south of Sicily; or the Zancleans, who led the founding of the colony of Himera. Likewise, Naxos, which
Greek_colonisation
Extinct genus of mammals
Astrohippus is an extinct member of the Equidae tribe Equini, the same tribe that contains the only living equid genus, Equus. Fossil remains have been
Astrohippus
Extinct genus of giant ground sloth
Eremotherium (from Greek for "steppe" or "desert" "beast": ἔρημος "steppe or desert" and θηρίον "beast") is an extinct genus of giant ground sloth in the
Eremotherium
Sub-epoch of the Miocene Epoch
Quaternary Pleistocene Gelasian younger Neogene Pliocene Piacenzian 2.58 3.600 Zanclean 3.600 5.333 Miocene Messinian 5.333 7.246 Tortonian 7.246 11.63 Serravallian
Late_Miocene
Extinct species of bird
an extinct species of Agapornis that inhabited South Africa during the Zanclean epoch. It is named after Sir David Attenborough. Manegold, Albrecht (6
Agapornis_attenboroughi
Genus of trees
Several Phellodendron macrofossils have been recovered from the late Zanclean stage of Pliocene sites in Pocapaglia, Italy. As an ornamental plant, Phellodendron
Phellodendron
Geologic formation in Mexico
Almejas Formation Stratigraphic range: Messinian-Zanclean ~7.2–3.6 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N Type Formation Lithology Primary Sandstone Other Conglomerate
Almejas_Formation
Extinct clade of carnivores
America which lived during the Geringian stage of the Oligocene epoch to the Zanclean age of the Early Pliocene living 30.8—3.6 Mya existing approximately 27
Borophagini
Thrush native to Europe, western Asia and North Africa
Common blackbird Temporal range: Zanclean–Present PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N Male T. m. merula Female T. m. mauritanicus Common blackbird song in Bucharest
Common_blackbird
Genus of stork
actually belong in Jabiru. A fossil species of jabiru was found in the Zanclean (early Pliocene) Codore Formation near Urumaco, Venezuela, and named Jabiru
Jabiru
Order of birds
Tarantian stages of Florida, United States) †Podiceps howardae Storer, 2001 (Zanclean age of North Carolina, United States) †Podiceps miocenicus Kessler, 1984
Grebe
Genus of flowering plants in the borage family
Plain in northern Italy in two sites dated to the Zanclean and in three sites of supposed Zanclean age "Index Nominum Genericorum -- Ehretia". International
Ehretia
Flow rate Drop Width River Countries m3/s cu ft/s m ft m ft Gibraltar (Zanclean deluge hypothesis) 100,000,000 3.5×109 Strait of Gibraltar Spain Morocco
List of waterfalls by flow rate
List_of_waterfalls_by_flow_rate
Species of mammal
The giant anteater (Myrmecophaga tridactyla) is a large insectivorous mammal native to Central and South America. It is the largest of the four living
Giant_anteater
Extinct species of killer whale
; Bizzari, R. (2012). "The decapod community from the Early Pliocene (Zanclean) of "La Serra" quarry (San Miniato, Pisa, Toscana, central Italy): sedimentology
Orcinus_citoniensis
Series of science/speculative fiction books by Julian May
filling of the Mediterranean, based on the geological event known as the Zanclean Flood, form a Wagnerian climax to The Golden Torc, in which aliens and
Saga_of_Pliocene_Exile
Macropredatory species of Antarctic seal
The leopard seal (Hydrurga leptonyx), also referred to as the sea leopard, is a long and muscular seal native to the Southern Ocean of Antarctica and southern
Leopard_seal
Genus of ants
Paraponera is a genus of ants and the only genus in the subfamily Paraponerinae. The name means "near-Ponera". It consists of two species: the extant Paraponera
Paraponera
Extinct genus of balaenid baleen whale
extinct monotypic genus of balaenid baleen whale that lived during the Zanclean stage of the Pliocene epoch. The generic name Charadrobalaena derives from
Charadrobalaena
Extinct species of bird
lived during the Pliocene epoch. Fossils of A. boanoi are known from the Zanclean site of Langebaanweg in South Africa. Pavia, Marco; Louchart, Antoine;
Apus_boanoi
Piacenzian-Early Pleistocene Cayo Agua Formation Zanclean-Piacenzian Shark Hole Point Formation Zanclean-Piacenzian Nancy Point Formation Messinian Valiente
List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Central America
List_of_fossiliferous_stratigraphic_units_in_Central_America
Seafloor barrier between the Atlantic and Mediterranean
(Camarinal Sill), at a depth of 280 m. Its formation is linked to the Zanclean flood and the termination of the Messinian salinity crisis, when the Mediterranean
Camarinal_Sill
Species of birds
fragmentary remains have been found, which are dated between the Early Pliocene (Zanclean) and Late Pleistocene. First described as Teratornis incredibilis by Howard
Aiolornis
Extinct genus of elephants
kolleensis, known from an incomplete mandible. It was found in the early (Zanclean) Pliocene sediments of Kolle, Chad. Hassane Taïsso Mackaye, Michel Brunet
Selenetherium
Extinct genus of mammal
Palaeopanthera (lit. 'ancient Panthera') is an extinct genus of pantherine felid which lived during the Late Miocene to Early Pliocene of Asia (China and
Palaeopanthera
Extinct genus of carnivores
Simocyon ("short-snouted dog") is a genus of extinct carnivoran mammal in the family Ailuridae. Simocyon, which was about the size of a mountain lion,
Simocyon
Species of snake
The common garter snake (Thamnophis sirtalis) is a species of snake in the subfamily Natricinae of the family Colubridae. The species is indigenous to
Common_garter_snake
Geologic formation in Belgium
Kattendijk Formation Stratigraphic range: Zanclean PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N Aqu. Burdig. Lan. Ser. Tortonian M Z P Type Geological formation Underlies
Kattendijk_Formation
Genus of rodents
The genus Mus or typical mice refers to a specific genus of muroid rodents, all typically called mice (the adjective "muroid" comes from the word "Muroidea"
Mus_(genus)
Chilomycterus dzonotensis Sp. nov Valid Cantalice et al. Neogene (Messinian/Zanclean) Carrillo Puerto Formation Mexico A species of Chilomycterus. Cryptograciles
2025_in_paleoichthyology
North American faunal stage according to the North American Land Mammal Ages chronology
usually considered to overlap the Tortonian age of the Late Miocene and Zanclean age of the Early Pliocene. The Hemphillian is preceded by the Clarendonian
Hemphillian
Lake in Lombardy, Italy
These canyons were subsequently partially filled with sediments during the Zanclean flood and Pliocene epoch, but the deeply incised valley system persisted
Lake_Como
Extinct genus of sperm whale from the Miocene epoch
however evidence for this hypothesis are largely unsupported. Basilosaurus Zanclean range is based on Livyatan-like fossils assigned open nomenclature as cf
Livyatan
Sub-epoch of the Miocene Epoch
Quaternary Pleistocene Gelasian younger Neogene Pliocene Piacenzian 2.58 3.600 Zanclean 3.600 5.333 Miocene Messinian 5.333 7.246 Tortonian 7.246 11.63 Serravallian
Early_Miocene
Largest living species of lizard
The Komodo dragon (Varanus komodoensis), also known as the Komodo monitor, is a large reptile of the monitor lizard family Varanidae that is endemic to
Komodo_dragon
Species of snake
The plains garter snake (Thamnophis radix) is a species of garter snake native to most of the central United States as far north as Canada and as far south
Plains_garter_snake
Extinct genus of giant rabbit
Peninsula, letting Nuralagus's ancestor colonize the area. The subsequent Zanclean flood 5.3 million years ago then returned the Mediterranean to its original
Nuralagus
Extinct species of fish
Rita grandiscutata is an extinct species of catfish of the family Bagridae. It is known from a very large partial dorsal spine recovered from the early
Rita_grandiscutata
Extinct genus of mammals
Chalicotherium (from Ancient Greek χάλιξ (khálix), meaning "gravel", and θηρίον (theríon), meaning "beast") is an extinct genus of perissodactyls in the
Chalicotherium
Subgenus of fishes
46: 8–10. Bourdon, Jim (1999). "A fossil Manta from the Early Pliocene (Zanclean) of North America". Tertiary Research. 19 (3–4): 79–84. Cicimurri, D. J
Manta_ray
Mediterranean undersea geological feature
until a catastrophic flood through the Strait of Gibraltar. Known as the Zanclean flood. After refilling of the western Mediterranean Sea basin, seawater
Malta_Escarpment
Extinct genus of carnivores
Werdelinus Temporal range: Late Miocene to Pliocene (Messinian to Zanclean) Scientific classification Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Mammalia
Werdelinus
posteroaltis. Neonesidea chapminuta Sp. nov McDonald, Weldon & Warne Pliocene (Zanclean) Jemmys Point Formation Australia A member of the family Bairdiidae. Oculocytheropteron
2024 in arthropod paleontology
2024_in_arthropod_paleontology
Genus of birds
Wagtails spread rapidly across Eurasia and dispersed to Africa in the Zanclean (Early Pliocene) where the sub-Saharan lineage was later isolated. The
Wagtail
Period of geologic time (3.5–1.0 Ma)
Plio Aquitanian Burdigalian Langhian Serravallian Tortonian Messinian Zanclean Piacenzian Gelasian Pleistocene Agenian Orleanian Astaracian Vallesian
Villafranchian
Extinct genus of salamander
is an extinct genus of plethodontid salamander known from the Pliocene (Zanclean stage) Gray Fossil Site of Tennessee, United States. Dynamognathus robertsoni
Dynamognathus
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