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Biological process occurring in plants
Self-pollination can occur within a closed flower, or between flowers on the same plant. Pollination often occurs within a species. When pollination occurs
Pollination
Animal that moves pollen from the male anther of a flower to the female stigma
carry out artificial pollination. A pollinator is different from a pollenizer, a plant that is a source of pollen for the pollination process. Plants fall
Pollinator
Reproductive structure in flowering plants
male and female parts of flowers in pollination. Pollination can occur between different plants, as in cross-pollination, or between flowers on the same plant
Flower
Technique used by bees to release pollen
primarily pollinated using buzz pollination. Plants that rely on buzz pollination have a unique anther shape compared to other flora. In buzz pollinated plants
Buzz_pollination
Mechanical pollination technique
Hand-pollination, also known as mechanical pollination, is a technique that can be used to pollinate plants when natural or open pollination is either
Hand-pollination
Pollination by natural agents, or true-breeding in plant varieties
"Open pollination" and "open pollinated" refer to a variety of concepts in the context of the sexual reproduction of plants. Generally speaking, the term
Open_pollination
Flower traits that attract pollinators
understanding of plant-pollinator interactions, sometimes the pollinator of a plant species cannot be accurately predicted from the pollination syndrome alone
Pollination_syndrome
Form of pollination
Self-pollination is a form of pollination in which pollen arrives at the stigma of a flower (in flowering plants) or at the ovule (in gymnosperms) of the
Self-pollination
Pollination control device
various different materials for the purpose of controlling pollination for plants. Pollination bags are designed to fit well over the inflorescence or individual
Pollination_bag
trees, do not produce fruit from self-pollination, so pollinizer trees are planted in orchards. The pollination process requires a carrier for the pollen
Fruit_tree_pollination
Horticultural practices to enhance pollination
Pollination management is the horticultural practice that accomplishes or enhances pollination of a crop, to improve yield or quality, by understanding
Pollination_management
Plant flower structures
mainly flies, so as to enhance their effectiveness in pollination. The structures of pollination traps can include deep tubular corollas with downward
Pollination_trap
Pachites. Pollination by flies, known as myophily, is the second most prevalent method of pollination among orchids, involving pollinators from twenty
Pollination_of_orchids
Form of pollination by insects
Entomophily or insect pollination is a form of pollination whereby pollen of plants, especially but not only of flowering plants, is distributed by insects
Entomophily
Type of garden
of plants grown together with the intention of attracting wild pollinators. Pollination is the reproductive process that enables plants to produce seeds
Pollinator_garden
Spice extracted from Vanilla orchids
in the Indian Ocean, discovered that the plant could be hand-pollinated. Hand-pollination allowed global cultivation of the plant. The noted French botanist
Vanilla
Wind pollination
Wind-pollination (anemophily) syndrome Anemophily or wind pollination is a form of pollination whereby pollen is distributed by wind. Almost all gymnosperms
Anemophily
though pollination may be required for the purpose of seed production or breeding. Fruit tree pollination Pollination management Pollinator Pollen source
List of crop plants pollinated by bees
List_of_crop_plants_pollinated_by_bees
A pollination network is a bipartite mutualistic network in which plants and pollinators are the nodes, and the pollination interactions form the links
Pollination_network
Clade of insects
earliest animal-pollinated flowers were shallow, cup-shaped blooms pollinated by insects such as beetles, so the syndrome of insect pollination was well established
Bee
Family of flowering plants in the order Asparagales
living on trees. The flowers and their pollination mechanisms are highly specialized, attracting insect pollinators by colour, pattern, scent, pheromones
Orchid
Type of cross pollination
released inside the water. Surface pollination is more frequent, and appears to be a transitional phase between wind pollination and true hydrophily. In these
Hydrophily
Process in which pollinators effects a plant's evolution
shifts in pollination syndromes and to some genera having a high diversity of pollination syndromes among species, suggesting that pollinators are a primary
Pollinator-mediated_selection
Genus of orchids
orchids, fertilisation occurs within days or months after the pollination event. After pollination occurs, the stigmatic cavity is often closed through swelling
Phalaenopsis
Flowering plant reproduction system
The pollination syndromes of monocots can be quite distinct; they include having flower parts in multiples of three, adaptations to pollination by water
Monocotyledon_reproduction
Reduction in abundance of insect and other animal pollinators
International Symposium on Pollination; Pollination: Integrator of Crops and Native Plant Systems The Economic Impacts of Pollinator Declines: An Approach
Pollinator_decline
Part of most types of flower
flower self-pollinates or is involved in wind pollination). Petals play a major role in competing to attract pollinators. Henceforth pollination dispersal
Petal
2017 studio album by Blondie
Pollinator is the eleventh studio album by the American rock band Blondie, released on May 5, 2017, by BMG Rights Management. In contrast to previous Blondie
Pollinator_(album)
Group of mostly pollinating insects whose larvae live in figs
her eggs and follows through with pollination, she dies. After pollination, there are several species of non-pollinating wasps that deposit their eggs before
Fig_wasp
Group of insects
vast majority of wasps play no role in pollination, a few species can effectively transport pollen and pollinate several plant species. Since wasps generally
Wasp
Ecological interaction between taxa
ornithophily) have highly specialized flowers modified to promote pollination by a specific pollinator that is correspondingly adapted. The first flowering plants
Symbiosis
Family of beetles characterized by long antennae
set of traits, but pollination by longhorn beetles is not limited to these cantharophilous flowers. A review of angiosperm pollination by beetles shows
Longhorn_beetle
Asexual reproduction without fertilization
(Nematoda: Sphaerularioidea: Anandranematidae n. fam.) parasitic in the palm-pollinating weevil Elaeidobius kamerunicus Faust, with a phylogenetic synopsis of
Parthenogenesis
American nonprofit organization
The Pollinator Partnership or P2 is a 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization with its headquarters in San Francisco, California that works to protect the health
Pollinator_Partnership
Genus of moths
Epicephala is of note in the fields of pollination biology and coevolution because many species in this genus are pollinators of plants in the genera Glochidion
Epicephala
Family of birds
"Hyper-specialization for long-billed bird pollination in a guild of South African plants: the Malachite Sunbird pollination syndrome". South African Journal of
Sunbird
Pollination by animals
exchange for pollination. Pollination is defined as the transfer of pollen from the anther to the stigma. There are many vectors for pollination, including
Zoophily
the conservation of pollinator and plant biodiversity, improve the health of managed bees, enhance pollination by native pollinators and increase our knowledge
Canadian Pollination Initiative
Canadian_Pollination_Initiative
Species of plant
are more attractive to pollinators and benefit from increased genetic variability due to cross-pollination. However, pollination experiments for T. chantrieri
Tacca_chantrieri
Aspect of apiculture
spring to pollinate their crop. Worldwide, honeybees yield roughly $200 billion in pollination services. They are responsible for pollination of approximately
Colony_collapse_disorder
Species of honey bee
hive, for maximum yield, and pollination is dependent on the importation of hives from warmer climates. Almond pollination (in February and March in the
Western_honey_bee
Type of pollination among plants
stigma of a different plant. This is the only type of cross pollination which during pollination brings genetically different types of pollen grains to the
Xenogamy
Milkweed butterfly in the family Nymphalidae
North American butterflies and an iconic pollinator, although it is not an especially effective pollinator of milkweeds. Its wings feature an easily
Monarch_butterfly
Interactive biodiversity project in Washington state
"Certification", Pollinator Pathway website Marianna Horn (March 2008), Pollinator Park: The Pathway to Pollination Protection (Pollinator Workshops, March
The_Pollinator_Pathway
Mutually beneficial interaction between species
flower forms (important for pollination mutualisms) and co-evolution between groups of species. A prominent example of pollination mutualism is with bees and
Mutualism_(biology)
Bees essential for cucurbit pollination
Parra-Tabla, V. (2000). "Importance of Conserving Alternative Pollinators: Assessing the Pollination Efficiency of the Squash Bee, Peponapis limitaris in Cucurbita
Squash_bee
Australian native bees are a group of bees that play a crucial role in the pollination of native plants. There are over 1,700 species of native bees in Australia
Australian_native_bees
Family of insects
be important pollinators, especially in high-elevation ecosystems (>2000 m) where bees are relatively few. However, specialised pollination by tachinids
Tachinidae
Structure housing a honey bee colony
and pupae). Beehives are used by humans for producing honey, ensuring pollination of crops, housing bees for apitherapy treatment, and mitigating the effects
Beehive
British-Canadian entomologist
British-Canadian entomologist, applied ecologist and pollination biologist. His research covers Arctic pollination, insect colour perception and floral colours
Peter_G._Kevan
Changes due to age or pollination
undergo a color change associated with their age, or after successful pollination. The first written record of the term floral color change was in 1877
Floral_color_change
Type of fertilization
and birds. Wind pollination is referred to as anemophily, and water pollination is referred to as hydrophilly. Insect pollination is referred to as
Allogamy
Réunion horticulturalist (1829–1880)
anther over the stigma. Albius's manual pollination method is still used today, as nearly all vanilla is pollinated by hand. After Albius's discovery, Réunion
Edmond_Albius
Species of flowering plant
pollinators of I. capensis. Bees, especially bumblebees play an important role in pollination as well. Due to hummingbirds and bees, the pollination of
Impatiens_capensis
Edible berries native to Northeast Asia
with these pollination challenges, some producers blow collected pollen over the female flowers. Most common, though, is saturation pollination, in which
Kiwifruit
Warm-blooded animals with wings and feathers
nectar-feeding birds are important pollinators, and many frugivores play a key role in seed dispersal. Plants and pollinating birds often coevolve, and in some
Bird
Species of tree
attract pollinators through fragrance and appearance, they actually produce little to no nectar, a pollination strategy known as deceptive pollination. While
Plumeria_rubra
Pollination technique
Saturation pollination is a pollination technique for agricultural crops in areas dominated by non-crop plant species that are preferred by pollinators. The
Saturation_pollination
Species of flowering plant in the orchid family
an example of sexually deceptive pollination and floral mimicry, a highly selective and highly evolved plant–pollinator relationship. Ophrys apifera grows
Ophrys_apifera
Largest genus of plants in the mint family
Salvia is the unusual pollination mechanism. It is central to any investigation into the systematics, species distribution, or pollination biology of Salvia
Salvia
Genus of insects
scopa onto the flower's stigma, facilitating pollination at nearly every visit. Osmia typically pollinate early spring flowers in the family Rosaceae,
Mason_bee
Species of fruit and plant
protogynous, hermaphroditic flowers, and self-pollination is rare. Therefore, artificial, hand pollination almost always guarantees superior quality fruits
Atemoya
Species of flowering plant
Cibodas, and Purwodadi. Self-pollination was once considered impossible but, in 1992, botanists in Bonn successfully hand-pollinated their plant with its own
Amorphophallus_titanum
Genus of flowering plants in the orchid family
If pollination has not occurred meanwhile, it will be shed. The flowers are self-fertile, but need pollinators to perform this task. Pollinated flowers
Vanilla_(genus)
Species of plant
self-pollination or outcrossing, and asexually through vegetative spread. Pollination with other plants usually occurs via the wind. Self-pollination usually
Deschampsia_antarctica
Species of tree
features that signify a "beetle pollination syndrome". Other floral features of pawpaw indicative of beetle pollination include petals that curve over
Asimina_triloba
Pollinator exclusion experiments are experiments used by ecologists to determine the effectiveness of putative plant pollination vectors. Essentially,
Pollinator exclusion experiment
Pollinator_exclusion_experiment
Pollination by birds
Ornithophily or bird pollination is the pollination of flowering plants by birds. This sometimes (but not always) coevolutionary association is derived
Ornithophily
Genus of flowering plants
it. Both these mechanisms favor pollination from another plant and discourage self-pollination. When ready to pollinate, the plant produces its own heat
Helicodiceros
Family of insects
aphids which attracts pollinating hoverflies. Another plant, the slipper orchid in southwest China, also achieves pollination by deceit by exploiting
Hoverfly
Person who keeps honey bees
Some beekeepers provide a pollination service to other farmers. These beekeepers might not produce any honey for sale. Pollination beekeepers move vast quantities
Beekeeper
Genus of legumes
Clitoria is a genus of mainly tropical and subtropical, insect-pollinated flowering pea vines. This genus was named after the human clitoris, for the flowers
Clitoria
Fusion of gametes from the same individual
predominantly self-fertilizing. Self-pollination is an example of autogamy that occurs in flowering plants. Self-pollination occurs when the sperm in the pollen
Autogamy
Species of flowering plant
Publishing. ISBN 0-7894-1943-2. Ley, Alexandra C.; Claßen-Bockhof, Regine. "Pollination syndromes in African Marantaceae". ResearchGate. Gilman, Edward. "Maranta
Maranta_leuconeura
Clade of non-flowering, naked-seeded vascular plants
pollination of some extinct groups of gymnosperms was by extinct species of scorpionflies that had specialized proboscides for feeding on pollination
Gymnosperm
Family of flowering plants
studies on pollination mechanisms within the family that suggest deceit pollination although overall there is not much known about the pollination of most
Begoniaceae
Flowers with exposed reproductive parts
open up, enabling cross-pollination. This is in contrast to cleistogamy, in which the flowers stay closed and self-pollinate. Chasmogamous flowers are
Chasmogamy
Study of pollination biology
Anthecology, or pollination biology, is the study of pollination as well as the relationships between flowers and their pollinators. Floral biology is
Anthecology
Species of flowering plant
seem to play a role in pollination as plants without a stalk produced only half as many seeds and see less cross-pollination as plants with a stalk intact
Babiana_ringens
Wieblin, George Daniel (1991). Phylogeny and ecology of dioecious fig pollination (PhD Thesis). Ann Arbor: Harvard University. ISBN 978-0-599-51772-1.
Reproductive coevolution in Ficus
Reproductive_coevolution_in_Ficus
Flowering pattern of angiosperms
evolution, primarily involving attracting nocturnal pollinators and reducing competition for pollination with diurnal plants. Night-blooming plants are widely
Night-blooming_plants
Group of mostly-nocturnal insects in the order Lepidoptera
be dependent on bees for pollination also rely on moths, which have historically been less observed because they pollinate mainly at night. Both as caterpillars
Moth
Family of flies
(watch video) They significantly contribute to cross pollination of plants, becoming the main pollinators of some plant species of desert environments. Unlike
Bombyliidae
Genus of flowering plants
two different pollination syndromes can be driven by a third pollinator that does not show favoritism towards a particular pollination syndrome. In the
Aquilegia
Sugar-rich liquid produced by plants
flower. Nectar secretion increases as the flower is visited by pollinators. After pollination, the nectar is frequently reabsorbed into the plant. The amount
Nectar
Family of flowering plants in the Commelinid order Zingiberales
that contribute to the explosive pollination mechanism: the style and the hooded staminode. The secondary pollination presentation begins after a mechanical
Marantaceae
Self-pollination of non-opening flowers
Cleistogamy is a type of automatic self-pollination of certain plants that can propagate by using non-opening, self-pollinating flowers. Especially well known
Cleistogamy
Two or more species influencing each other's evolution
reduces the proportion of pollination by bees as opposed to hummingbirds; while greater flower surface area increases bee pollination. Therefore, red pigments
Coevolution
Species of flowering plant
host for larval feeding. Conversely, insect pollination is also very important to the plant; insect pollination of B. rapa leads to 30% more yield when compared
Brassica_rapa
Species of shrub
attributed to inadequate pollination. However, hand pollination is possible and in future poor pollination could be avoided by cultivation of floral structures
Carissa_macrocarpa
Species of fly
hoverfly, is a species of hoverfly. These flies are capable of buzz pollination. This species is present in most of Europe, in Tunisia, Iran, Russia
Volucella_zonaria
Flower markings
Society, Volume 11, Issue 6, 2000, Pages 600–608, Teichert, Holger; "Pollination biology of cantharophilous and melittophilous Annonaceae and Cyclanthaceae
Nectar_guide
Species of plant
butterflies. Calotropis is an example of entomophily pollination (pollination by insects) and pollination is achieved with the help of bees. In Calotropis
Calotropis_gigantea
Order of insects
(2001). "Thrips (Thysanoptera) pollination in Australian subtropical rainforests, with particular reference to pollination of Wilkiea huegeliana (Monimiaceae)"
Thrips
Species of flowering plant
shrub or small tree native to South America. It is pollinated by insects. When cultivated, it is pollinated mainly by the common honey bee, Apis mellifera
Psidium_guajava
Family of birds
coevolved with nectar-bearing plant clades, affecting mechanisms of pollination. The same is true for the sword-billed hummingbird (Ensifera ensifera)
Hummingbird
Genus of plants
almost exclusively pollinated by hummingbirds, some bat pollination has been found to occur. Heliconia solomonensis is pollinated by the macroglossine
Heliconia
Garden where flowers are grown and displayed
Another benefit for flowering plants is pollinators. Flower gardens attract varying amounts of pollinators based on variables such as floral richness
Flower_garden
Production of new offspring in plants
self-pollinate or cross-pollinate. The transfer of pollen (the male gametophytes) to the female stigmas occurs is called pollination. After pollination occurs
Plant_reproduction
Species of fly
unique flight behavior known as "yawing" and plays a role in general pollination, without preference of flower types. The fly does not bite, sting, or
Bombylius_major
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