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Ancient Greek historian and politician of the 2nd century BC
using Polybius as a source for Scipio's generalship, notes Polybius's underlying and overt bias in Scipio's favour. H. Ormerod considers that Polybius cannot
Polybius
Type of code
The Polybius square, also known as the Polybius checkerboard, is a device invented by the ancient Greeks[when?] Cleoxenus and Democleitus, and made famous
Polybius_square
Fictitious 1981 arcade game
that players returned to Polybius repeatedly until they went insane, died, or vanished. The lack of any surviving Polybius cabinets is explained by men
Polybius_(urban_legend)
Topics referred to by the same term
up Polybius in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Polybius (c. 203 BC – 120 BC) was an ancient Greek historian. Polybius may also refer to: Polybius (freedman)
Polybius_(disambiguation)
Account of the rise of Rome by Polybius
being Vaticanus Gr. 124 (dated A.D. 947). Polybius' Histories begin in the year 264 BC and end in 146 BC (Polybius was born around 200 BC and died around
Histories_(Polybius)
2nd Century Christian Bishop
to the Trallians where Polybius is described as grave in demeanour and having a gentleness which commanded respect. Polybius visited Ignatius at Smyrna
Polybius_of_Tralles
Genus of crabs
Polybius is a genus of crabs in the family Polybiidae. It contains the following species: Polybius bolivari (Zariquey Álvarez, 1948) Polybius corrugatus
Polybius_(crab)
Species of crab
Polybius holsatus, sometimes known by the common name flying crab, is a species of swimming crab found chiefly in the North Sea, Irish Sea and English
Polybius_holsatus
Species of crab
Polybius marmoreus, sometimes known as the marbled swimming crab, is a species of crab found in the northern Atlantic Ocean, including the Mediterranean
Polybius_marmoreus
Species of crab
Polybius navigator is a species of crab in the family Polybiidae. Polybius navigator is found chiefly around the British Isles; its range covers the northeast
Polybius_navigator
Largest battle of the Second Punic War (216 BC)
bring not only four but eight legions into the field. — Polybius, The Histories of Polybius Rome typically employed four legions each year, each consisting
Battle_of_Cannae
Species of crab
Polybius depurator, sometimes called the harbour crab or sandy swimming crab, is a species of crab found in the North Sea, Atlantic Ocean, Mediterranean
Polybius_depurator
2017 shoot 'em up video game
2016, Llamasoft announced a game called Polybius for the PlayStation 4 with support for the PlayStation VR. Polybius was added on the PlayStation store on
Polybius_(2017_video_game)
Species of crab
henslowii. Polybius henslowii was first described by William Elford Leach in 1820, originally as the only species in his new genus Polybius. The genus
Polybius_henslowii
ICO report and plans of Polybius – Project: PolybiusBank". PolybiusBankProject. 2017-07-07. Retrieved 2017-12-13. "Polybius : la première banque pour
List of highest-funded crowdfunding projects
List_of_highest-funded_crowdfunding_projects
Freedman of Emperor Claudius
appreciative of his help that Polybius was allowed to walk between the consuls when on official business. Around 43 AD, when Polybius lost a brother, the exiled
Polybius_(freedman)
Carthaginian general and statesman (247–183/181 BC)
xv Chaplin, Jane Dunbar, Livy's Exemplary History, p. 66 Polybius, The Histories of Polybius, 2 Vols., trans. Evelyn S. Shuckburgh (London: Macmillan
Hannibal
Political doctrine
Aristotle, but is mainly attributable to the ancient Greek historian Polybius. Polybius' explanation of anacyclosis is found in Book VI of The Histories.
Anacyclosis
Species of crab
Polybius vernalis, the grey swimming crab, is a small, shallow-water crab in the family Portunidae. P. vernalis was believed to be a strictly Mediterranean
Polybius_vernalis
Carthaginian general (c. 275 – 228 BC)
Hannibal, p. 135 Polybius 1.76.4–5 Polybius 1.82.5 Polybius 1.73.7 Polybius 1.84.3 Polybius 1.85.7 Polybius 1.85.6 Polybius 1.86.7 Polybius 1.87.3 Diodorus
Hamilcar_Barca
Queen regent of the Ardiaei
158–159. Wilkes 1992, p. 159. Eckstein 1995, p. 154. Polybius 2010, 2:8:9. Wilkes 1992, p. 160. Polybius 2010, 2:8:11. Cassius Dio 1914, 12, Zonaras 8, 19
Teuta
218 BC Carthaginian attack against the Roman Republic through the Alps
according to Polybius (3.56), but the Taurini according to both Livy (21.38) and, it seems, Polybius himself later on (see below). Polybius does not identify
Hannibal's crossing of the Alps
Hannibal's_crossing_of_the_Alps
Areas of influence by ancient Greece and Rome
constitution of the Roman Republic, Polybius described the system as being a "mixed" form of government. Specifically, Polybius described the Roman system as
Greco-Roman_world
Species of crab
Polybius dioscurus, the Atlantic grey swimming crab, is a small, shallow-water crab in the family Polybiidae. P. dioscurus is a northeast Atlantic species
Polybius_dioscurus
Encryption system
classical cryptography, the bifid cipher is a cipher which combines the Polybius square with transposition, and uses fractionation to achieve diffusion
Bifid_cipher
5th Pharaoh of Ptolemaic Egypt, r. 204-180 BC
1. Polybius 15.25.16-19 Polybius 16.25.20-27.3 Polybius 15.27-34 Bevan, Chapter 8. Polybius 16.21-22 Justin 30.2.8 Hölbl 2001, pp. 136–140 Polybius 16
Ptolemy_V_Epiphanes
Final battle of the Second Punic War (202 BC)
Sources other than Polybius are discussed by Bernard Mineo in "Principal Literary Sources for the Punic Wars (apart from Polybius)". Roman and Greek sources
Battle_of_Zama
Species of butterfly
Phocides polybius polybius (Suriname, Guyana) Phocides polybius lilea (Lower Rio Grande Valley of Texas, Mexico to Colombia, Brazil) Phocides polybius phanias
Phocides_polybius
Ancient torture device
Apega are mentioned in Adrienne Mayor’s “Gods and Robots”. Polybius, 13.7. The thrust of Polybius' anecdote is the extent to which the tyrannical cruelty
Apega_of_Nabis
Species of crab
was assigned and the description given seems to more closely resemble Polybius corrugatus. Since Linnaeus' initial 1767 description, the velvet crab has
Velvet_crab
Gallic mercenary warriors
ie/25265 Polybius, Histories 2.:5 Polybius, Histories 2:26-27 Polybius, Histories 2:28.3-7 Diodorus Siculus, Historical Library 5.30 Polybius, Histories
Gaesatae
Indian king
reference only in the Histories of Polybius. Sophagasenus is probably derived from the personal name Subhāgaseṇa. Polybius (c. 204 – c. 122 BCE), the Greek
Sophagasenus
Roman politician and general (185–129 BC)
Plutarch, Parallel Lives, The Live of Aemilius, 22.2–7 Polybius, The Histories, 35.4.1–7 Polybius, The Histories, 35, 4.8–14 Velleius Paterculus, Roman
Scipio_Aemilianus
War between Rome and Carthage (218–201 BC)
Sources other than Polybius are discussed by Bernard Mineo in "Principal Literary Sources for the Punic Wars (apart from Polybius)". This could be increased
Second_Punic_War
Armed forces deployed by the mid-Roman Republic
Goldsworthy (2001) 49 Polybius VI 26 Based on Polybius VI.19–26 Fields (2007) 32 Smith (1890) Equites Polybius VI.19 Polybius VI.34 Polybius VI.19, 26 Goldsworthy
Roman army of the mid-Republic
Roman_army_of_the_mid-Republic
War between Rome and Macedonia, 214–205 BC
Macedonian army Polybius, 2.11. Polybius, 3.16, 3.18–19, 4.66. Polybius, 5.101. Polybius, 5.102. Polybius, 5.103–-105. Polybius, 5.103. Polybius, 5.104. According
First_Macedonian_War
Type of social theories
version of the anacyclosis is heavily inspired by Polybius' writings. Cicero argues, contrary to Polybius, that the Roman state can prevail and will not
Social_cycle_theory
Last king of Sparta from 207 to 192 BC
Secondly, Polybius' father Lycortas was one of the leaders of the Achaean League, the hereditary enemy of Sparta during these years. Polybius was also
Nabis_of_Sparta
3rd century BC mercenary hired by Carthage
supported by Polybius' assertion that Xanthippus returned to Greece rather than stopping in Lilybaeum, a more likely claim as Polybius lived closer to
Xanthippus (Spartan commander)
Xanthippus_(Spartan_commander)
4th Pharaoh of Ptolemaic Egypt (r. 221–204 BC)
128 Polybius 5.67 Polybius 5.68–71 Polybius 5.79–87; Justin, Epitome of Pompeius Trogus 30.1 Raphia Decree (link to text); Polybius 5.87 Polybius 5.100
Ptolemy_IV_Philopator
Carthage-Rome engagement, 149–146 BCE
historians Livy (who relied heavily on Polybius), Plutarch and Dio Cassius. The classicist Adrian Goldsworthy states "Polybius' account is usually to be preferred
Siege of Carthage (Third Punic War)
Siege_of_Carthage_(Third_Punic_War)
the Loire river described by Polybius and Pytheas. Neither original sources have survived, but Pytheas is quoted by Polybius, who is in turn quoted by Strabo
Corbilo
Ancient people of the Pyrenees
southern Pyrenees. They are known almost entirely from a single sentence of Polybius, who reports that Hannibal subdued them in 218 BC during his crossing from
Andosini
Ancient city, capital of the Median Empire
Jamshid. Ecbatana has also been mentioned by other Greek historians such as Polybius, Ctesias, Justin, and Xenophon. The Assyrians do not seem to mention Ecbatana
Ecbatana
Species of crab
Polybius zariquieyi is a species of crab found in the Mediterranean Sea. It closely resembles Polybius pusillus and was for a long time confused with that
Polybius_zariquieyi
Naval battle in 260 BC
frère! Polybius, 1:23.3 Tacitus, The Annals 2.49 Polybius, The General History of Polybius, Book I, p. 24 Polybius, The General History of Polybius, Book
Battle_of_Mylae
Battle of the Syrian Wars (217 BC)
Bill Thayer (ed.). "The Histories of Polybius – Book 5". University of Chicago. Retrieved 22 June 2010. Polybius V. 65 and V. 79–87. Gowers, William (1948)
Battle_of_Raphia
British YouTuber and product reviewer (born 1976)
created another Indiegogo campaign for the sequel titled, Ashens and the Polybius Heist. By the time funding was closed, the project earned more than US$195
Stuart_Ashen
Battle between the Romans and the Celts (225 BC)
2:23–24 Polybius, Histories 2:25 Polybius, Histories 2:26–27 Polybius, Histories 2:27–28 Polybius, Histories 2:28–30 Polybius, The Histories of Polybius Book
Battle_of_Telamon
War between Rome and Carthage (264–241 BC)
Sources other than Polybius are discussed by Bernard Mineo in "Principal Literary Sources for the Punic Wars (apart from Polybius)". This could be increased
First_Punic_War
Founder of Islam (c. 570–632)
Personalism Philosophers Ancient Aristotle Confucius Laozi Mencius Mozi Plato Polybius Socrates Xunzi Medieval Al-Ghazali Al-Farabi Aquinas Augustine Avempace
Muhammad
King of Sophene and Commagene from 228 to 212 BC
Seleucid king Antiochus III the Great. He is attested in Polybius 8.23.3–5 and possibly also in Polybius 25.2.11. The only certain ancient reference to Mithridates
Mithridates (nephew of Antiochus III)
Mithridates_(nephew_of_Antiochus_III)
Wars between Rome and Carthage (264–146 BC)
Sources other than Polybius are discussed by Bernard Mineo in "Principal Literary Sources for the Punic Wars (apart from Polybius)". Those who did not
Punic_Wars
Fictional and actual practice of wearing little or no clothing in battle
nudity was established in the art of ancient Greece by the Archaic period. Polybius' Histories describe how the Gaesatae, hired by other Celtic peoples, the
Nudity_in_combat
Ancient Chinese philosopher associated with Taoism
Personalism Philosophers Ancient Aristotle Confucius Laozi Mencius Mozi Plato Polybius Socrates Xunzi Medieval Al-Ghazali Al-Farabi Aquinas Augustine Avempace
Laozi
Species of crab
Polybius pusillus, common name dwarf swimming crab, is a species of crab in the Portunidae family. Polybius pusillus is a small, colourful species with
Polybius_pusillus
Crater on the Moon
Polybius is a lunar impact crater in the southeast part of the Moon, and is named after ancient Greek historian Polybius. It is located to the south-southeast
Polybius_(crater)
Subideology of republicanism formed during the Renaissance era
constitution of the Roman Republic, Polybius described the system as being a "mixed" form of government. Specifically, Polybius described the Roman system as
Classical_republicanism
War in 146 BC between Rome and the Achaean League
as seen today Derow 1989, pp. 290–323. Polybius 23 Livy 39.37 Polybius 23.17 Gruen 1976, pp. 46–69. Polybius 38.10-14. Pausanias, 7.11 Gruen 1976, pp
Achaean_War
King of the Seleucid Empire from 175 to 164 BC
Antiochus IV is the Greek historian Polybius, generally considered one of the highest-quality sources on the time period. Polybius paints a negative picture of
Antiochus_IV_Epiphanes
Military force of the Carthaginians
Ancient authors, such as Polybius and Livy, tend to stress Carthage's reliance on mercenary units. For instance, Polybius emphasized the point that the
Military_of_Carthage
Unbroken cipher
similarities to the Polybius square, which the author used as examples in his book. He explicitly solves an example of a Polybius square based cipher
D'Agapeyeff_cipher
3rd-century BC mutiny of part of the Carthaginian army
Sources other than Polybius are discussed by Bernard Mineo in "Principal Literary Sources for the Punic Wars (apart from Polybius)". 3,200 talents was
Mercenary_War
Contentious rhetoric
writing was common in Ancient Greece, as in the writings of the historian Polybius. Polemics again became common in medieval and early modern times. Since
Polemic
211 BC military movement
Rome. Polybius IX, 3.1. Polybius IX, 3.2. Polybius IX, 3.3. Polybius IX, 3.4. Polybius IX, 4.5-6. Polybius IX, 4.7-8 Livy XXVI, 7.3-5. Polybius IX, 5
Hannibal's_March_on_Rome
English classical scholar and historian (1909–2008)
Macedon (1940), The Awful Revolution (1946; 1969), Polybius (1972; 1990), A Historical Commentary on Polybius, 3 vols. (1957, 1967, 1979), The Hellenistic World
F._W._Walbank
Greek historian (died c. 260 BC)
influential historian between the time of Ephorus (4th century BC) and Polybius (2nd century BC). In the words of scholar Lionel I. C. Pearson, Timaeus
Timaeus_(historian)
Ancient musical instrument
December 2021. Retrieved 3 May 2026. Polybius. "Polybius, Histories - Book 2 (transl. H. J. Edwards)". Polybius: The Histories. Retrieved 12 May 2026
Carnyx
Means of communication used in Ancient Greece
practice and habit to be effective (see section below and the Polybius square). Polybius also wrote that Pyrsourídas (Πυρσουρίδας) were beacons established
Phryctoria
King of the Seleucid Empire from 222 to 187 BC
Press. pp. 604–605. [1] Polybius, Histories. 5.56 Polybius, Histories. 5.57 Polybius, Histories. 5.58 Chahin 1987, p. 190. Polybius 8.23.3. On the identity
Antiochus_III_the_Great
King of Bithynia, 228–182 BC
1. 1957 Polybius. Histories. He had also seized their Asiatic territory, a part of Mysia which had long been in their possession. Polybius. Histories
Prusias_I_of_Bithynia
Tactical unit of the Roman Republic
system was faded from ancient sources and was replaced by the cohort unit. Polybius first described the maniple in the mid-2nd century BC. The manipular legion
Maniple_(military_unit)
Mythical torture device
S.J., Grace Monahan, O.S.U., and Daniel J. Honan. Polybius (2013-11-08), The Histories of Polybius, vol. II, translated by Evelyn Shirley Shuckburgh,
Iron_maiden
Roman general and dictator (100–44 BC)
Lucian Pausanias Philostratus Phlegon of Tralles Photius Plutarch Polyaenus Polybius Porphyrius Priscus Procopius Simplicius of Cilicia Sozomen Stephanus Byzantinus
Julius_Caesar
War in Crete, c. 220– c. 216 BC
p. 44. Polybius, The Histories, IV 53–55. Polybius, IV 43–52. Polybius, IV 53. Polybius, IV 53, 7. Polybius, IV 53, 8–10 and 55, 6. Polybius, IV 54.
Lyttian_War
Battle between the Roman Republic and Corinth and its allies in 146 BC
of Jerusalem (70 CE) Cassius Dio XXI.72 Polybius 38.9 Gruen 1976, p. 69. Gruen 1976, p. 66. Dio, XXI.72 Polybius, 39.8 Gruen 1976, p. 67. Pausanias, 7.16
Battle_of_Corinth_(146_BC)
Type of cipher used in World War I
cipher was a fractionating transposition cipher which combined a modified Polybius square with a single columnar transposition. The cipher is named after
ADFGVX_cipher
Governing and advisory assembly of the aristocracy
historian Polybius, the principal source on the Constitution of the Roman Republic, the Roman Senate was the predominant branch of government. Polybius noted
Senate_of_the_Roman_Republic
2017 American TV series
Desmond as Melvin Raimi Travis Myers as Coach Wurgler Douglas Tait as Polybius Creature Chris Wylde as Detective Tom Noonan as Bob Megan Mullally as Director
Dimension_404
Carthaginian general (died 202 BC)
Beck, ISBN 9783406306549. (in German) Polybius Book XI, including an account of the Battle of Ilipa Polybius Book XIV, including the account of Scipio's
Hasdrubal_Gisco
General of the Aetolian League
has been a street named after Dorimachus since 1920. Polybius, Book IV Visowa, 1905. p. 77 Polybius, Histories IV,67,3 Visowa, 1905. p. 80 Smith's Dictionary
Dorimachus
precisely. First-hand information comes also from the Greek historian Polybius (c. 200 – c. 118 BCE), whose Histories covers much of the same period as
List of biblical figures identified in extra-biblical sources
List_of_biblical_figures_identified_in_extra-biblical_sources
222 BCE battle between a Macedonian-Achaean alliance and Sparta
three years later. Polybius. The Rise of the Roman Empire, 2.46; Plutarch. Cleomenes, 4; Hammond & Walbank 2001, p. 342. Polybius. The Rise of the Roman
Battle_of_Sellasia
Ancient Greek historian
writings were used as a source by Polybius and Diodorus for their descriptions of the First Punic War. Although Polybius uses Philinus' writings, he also
Philinus_of_Agrigentum
Commission of three men in ancient Rome
Lucian Pausanias Philostratus Phlegon of Tralles Photius Plutarch Polyaenus Polybius Porphyrius Priscus Procopius Simplicius of Cilicia Sozomen Stephanus Byzantinus
Triumvirate_(ancient_Rome)
3rd century BC Roman politician and general
4.2.3. Polybius, 2.32, 33. Plutarch, "The Life of Fabius Maximus", 4.2. Polybius, 2.33 2-3. Polybius, 2.33 4. Polybius, 2.33 7-8. Polybius, 2.33 9.
Gaius Flaminius (consul 223 BC)
Gaius_Flaminius_(consul_223_BC)
Ruler of the Seleucid Kingdom from 225 to 223 BC
Geschichte der kleinasiatischen Galater, Leipzig 1907, p. 27 n. 1. Polybius 4.51.4; 8.20.11. Polybius 4.51.1–4; Bouché-Leclercq, Auguste, Histoire des Séleucides
Seleucus_III_Ceraunus
3rd-century BC Egyptian royal mistress
ISBN 978-0-8143-2230-7. Retrieved 8 December 2022. Polybius 15.25.37, 15.33.7 Polybius 15.30.5 Polybius 15.33.11 Ptolemaic Genealogy: Agathoclea, Footnote
Agathoclea_(mistress)
Biography and Mythology, "Zeuxis", p1324 Polybius, v. 46 Polybius, v. 51 Polybius, v. 45-60 Polybius, xxi. 13 Polybius, xvi. 1, 24 J. and L. Robert, Fouilles
Zeuxis_(general)
Iberian chieftains
572 Livy 27.17 Livy 22.21 Polybius 3.76 The Library of History of Diodorus Siculus Ihne, p. 356 Williams, p. 280 Polybius 9.11 Livy 26.49 Dio 16.8 (42)
Indibilis_and_Mandonius
General officer (223–187 BC)
BC. They retired before Molon under the shelter of the towns. Polybius, v. 42, 43 Polybius (1889). Hultsch, Friedrich Otto (ed.). Histories. Translated
Xenon_(general)
Naval battle of the First Punic War; possibly the largest in history
Sources other than Polybius are discussed by Bernard Mineo in "Principal Literary Sources for the Punic Wars (apart from Polybius)". Lazenby 1996, p. 85
Battle_of_Cape_Ecnomus
Ancient Gallic people of northern Italy
three notices in Polybius, all connected with the Roman conquest of Cisalpine Gaul in 223–222 BC. They are mentioned only by Polybius (2nd c. BC), whose
Anares
Ancient Macedonian military unit also known as a shield-bearer
Campaigns of Alexander. Appendix XIX, paragraph 9 Polybius. XVIII.33.1–7 Polybius. V.26.8 Polybius. V.25.1 Kambouris Manousos Dr, "The Hypaspist Corps
Hypaspists
Ancient Greek light infantry
military reputation of the Spartans. Grosphomachoi is the Greek term used by Polybius to describe the Roman Republic's youngest and lowest class of citizen soldiers
Psiloi
German philosopher and socialist (1818–1883)
Personalism Philosophers Ancient Aristotle Confucius Laozi Mencius Mozi Plato Polybius Socrates Xunzi Medieval Al-Ghazali Al-Farabi Aquinas Augustine Avempace
Karl_Marx
Gallic sack of Rome in 390 BC
driven out from the city. The Sack of Rome has multiple accounts, including Polybius (II, 18, 2), Livy (V, 35–55), Diodorus Siculus (XIV, 113–117), Plutarch
Sack_of_Rome_(390_BC)
Phoenician city-state
Carthaginians, Routledge, p. 153. Polybius, Book 6, 52. On the Perseus project Gibson, Bruce; Harrison, Thomas (2013). Polybius and His World: Essays in Memory
Ancient_Carthage
A prolonged fighting and standoff on Mount Eryx from 244-241 BC
17 May 2026. Polybius (1889). "Book I, Chapter 57". The Histories. Translated by Shuckburgh, Evelyn S. Retrieved 17 May 2026. Polybius (1889). "Book
The Fighting at Mount Eryx (First Punic War)
The_Fighting_at_Mount_Eryx_(First_Punic_War)
Roman military execution method
soldier was cudgeled to death. It is described by the Greek historian Polybius in a passage observing that Roman soldiers were motivated to stand fast
Fustuarium
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