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Account of the rise of Rome by Polybius
Polybius' Histories (Ancient Greek: Ἱστορίαι Historíai) is a historical account of the rise of Rome, written in the 2nd century BC. They were originally
Histories_(Polybius)
Type of code
The Polybius square, also known as the Polybius checkerboard, is a device invented by the ancient Greeks[when?] Cleoxenus and Democleitus, and made famous
Polybius_square
Ancient Greek historian and politician of the 2nd century BC
vol. 1, vol. 2, vol. 3, vol. 4, vol. 5, 1882–1904. Polybius (1922–1927). Polybius: The Histories. The Loeb Classical Library (in Ancient Greek, English
Polybius
Work by Herodotus, c. 440 BC
The Histories (Greek: Ἱστορίαι, Historíai; also known as The History) of Herodotus (c. 484 – c. 425 BC) is considered the founding work of history in Western
Histories_(Herodotus)
Topics referred to by the same term
Histories (Herodotus), by Herodotus The Histories, by Timaeus The Histories (Polybius), by Polybius Histories by Gaius Sallustius Crispus (Sallust), of
Histories
Fictitious 1981 arcade game
that players returned to Polybius repeatedly until they went insane, died, or vanished. The lack of any surviving Polybius cabinets is explained by men
Polybius_(urban_legend)
27 BC–476/1453 AD state and civilization
imperium, thus beginning the Principate, the first epoch of Roman imperial history. Although the republic stood in name, Augustus had all meaningful authority
Roman_Empire
Latin epic poem by Virgil
attributed to the fifth-century BC logographer Hellanicus of Lesbos' lost History of the Priestesses of Argos states that Rome was founded by Aeneas with
Aeneid
Biblical flood myth
composed around the 5th century BCE; some scholars believe that primeval history (chapters 1–11), including the flood narrative, may have been composed
Genesis_flood_narrative
Ancient Semitic maritime civilization
The Histories, III.19 Herodotus, The Histories, III.91 Herodotus, The Histories, V.109 Herodotus, The Histories, VII.23 Herodotus, The Histories, VIII
Phoenicia
Purported ancient tribal confederation of the Late Bronze Age
Nicolas (1992). A History of Ancient Egypt. Oxford: Blackwell. Hall, Henry R. (1922). "The Peoples of the Sea. A chapter of the history of Egyptology".
Sea_Peoples
Cradle of civilization in North Africa
culture"Keita, S. O. Y. (September 2022). "Ideas about "Race" in Nile Valley Histories: A Consideration of "Racial" Paradigms in Recent Presentations on Nile
Ancient_Egypt
City in Lebanon
BC at the end of the Greco-Persian Wars (499–449 BC), and wrote in his Histories that according to the priests there, the city was founded 2300 years earlier
Tyre,_Lebanon
The history of navigation, or the history of seafaring, is the art of directing vessels upon the open sea through the establishment of its position and
History_of_navigation
Naval battle of the First Punic War; possibly the largest in history
Sources other than Polybius are discussed by Bernard Mineo in "Principal Literary Sources for the Punic Wars (apart from Polybius)". Lazenby 1996, p. 85
Battle_of_Cape_Ecnomus
Bronze Age civilisation in South Asia
Charles Keith (2003). Early Civilizations of the Old World: The Formative Histories of Egypt, The Levant, Mesopotamia, India and China. Routledge. p. 216
Indus_Valley_Civilisation
Late Bronze Age Greek civilization
Journal of European Economic History. 3: 137–209. Beckwith, Christopher I. (2009). Empires of the Silk Road: A History of Central Eurasia from the Bronze
Mycenaean_Greece
Speakers of Austronesian languages
Austronesians. But by his third edition of Researches into the Physical History of Man (1836–1847), his work had become more racialized due to the influence
Austronesian_peoples
Archaeological theory
World History: An Economic and Geographical Perspective. Presses de l'Université du Québec. p. 301. ISBN 9782760522091. The Historians' History of the
Theory of Phoenician discovery of the Americas
Theory_of_Phoenician_discovery_of_the_Americas
Building in De jure Cyprus , De facto Northern Cyprus
Flood myths Genesis Gilgamesh Greek Literature Odyssey Histories (Herodotus) On the Ocean Argonautica Histories (Polybius) Metamorphoses Geography Aeneid
Kyrenia_Castle
Phoenician city-state
Carthaginians, Routledge, p. 153. Polybius, Book 6, 52. On the Perseus project Gibson, Bruce; Harrison, Thomas (2013). Polybius and His World: Essays in Memory
Ancient_Carthage
Ancient Iranian empire, 550–330 BC
Herodotus, Histories III.11 Archived 27 February 2021 at the Wayback Machine, III.13 Archived 10 March 2021 at the Wayback Machine Herodotus, Histories III.29
Achaemenid_Empire
Evolution of the art and science of mapmaking
explorers employed by Egyptian pharaoh Necho II c. 610–595 BC. In The Histories, written 431–425 BC, Herodotus cast doubt on a report of the Sun observed
History_of_cartography
Period of ancient Greece (510 to 323 BC)
and politics of Western civilization derive from this period of Greek history, which had a powerful influence on the later Roman Empire. Part of the
Classical_Greece
Boat made from a hollowed tree
trade routes may have extended to the Atlantic Coast. In the maritime history of Africa, there is the earlier Dufuna canoe, which was constructed approximately
Dugout_canoe
Full-sized reconstruction of an ancient trireme
teacher Charles Willink and drew on evidence gained from Greek literature, history of art and archaeology above and below water. Finance came from the Hellenic
Olympias_(trireme)
Ancient Greek temple in East Attica, Greece
Sanctuaries, Toubis Editions, 2014, pp. 1–31. Herodotus, Histories VIII.53. Herodotus, Histories, VIII.121. Strabo, Geography 10. 1. 7 Dinsmoor, William
Temple_of_Poseidon,_Sounion
Ancient lighthouse in Egypt
Natural History that Sostratus was the architect, although this conclusion is disputed. In his second century AD educational treatise How to Write History, Lucian
Lighthouse_of_Alexandria
Sailing rig consisting mainly of sails
507–532. Campbell, I.C. (1995). "The Lateen Sail in World History". Journal of World History. 6 (1): 1–23. JSTOR 20078617. Hobson, John M. The Eastern
Fore-and-aft_rig
Ancient trading confederation in the Horn of Africa (2500 BCE – 980 BCE)
Committee for the New Volumes of the General History of (18 October 2025). General History of Africa: General History of Africa Revisited. UNESCO Publishing
Land_of_Punt
Flood myth in the Epic of Gilgamesh
of Gilgamesh after 2,500 years". Lyons, Martyn (2011). Books: a Living History. Los Angeles, CA: Getty Publications. p. 17. ISBN 9781606060834. George
Gilgamesh_flood_myth
Ancient Greek geographer (born ca. 350 BC)
that number and Diodorus'. Polybius added that Pytheas said he traversed the whole of Britain on foot, of which he, Polybius, was skeptical. Despite Strabo's
Pytheas
Earliest known major Mesoamerican civilization
early Mezcala culture, seem to have played an important role in the early history of Olmec culture. Olmec-style artifacts tend to appear earlier in some
Olmecs
Bronze Age civilization on Crete and other Aegean Islands
used for the Minoans. The first, based on pottery styles, divides Minoan history into three major periods: Early Minoan (EM), Middle Minoan (MM) and Late
Minoan_civilization
Roman military boarding device
(Helsinki: Societas Scientiarum Fennica, 2007), p. 95. Polybius, The Histories, 1.22. Polybius, The Histories, 1.25–1.29. Herman Tammo Wallinga, The Boarding-Bridge
Corvus_(boarding_device)
Second-largest city in Bangladesh
Chittagong is uncertain. The port city has been known by various names in history, including Chatigaon, Chatigam, Chattagrama, Islamabad, Chattala, Chaityabhumi
Chittagong
Area in the Red Sea coast
Flood myths Genesis Gilgamesh Greek Literature Odyssey Histories (Herodotus) On the Ocean Argonautica Histories (Polybius) Metamorphoses Geography Aeneid
Wadi_al-Jarf
480 BC naval battle of the Greco-Persian Wars
Ephorus, Universal History. Isocrates, Oration VII, 49. Isocrates, Oration IV, 93. Plato, Laws III, 699. Romm, James (2014). Histories. Hackett Publishing
Battle_of_Salamis
Woodworking joint
Flood myths Genesis Gilgamesh Greek Literature Odyssey Histories (Herodotus) On the Ocean Argonautica Histories (Polybius) Metamorphoses Geography Aeneid
Mortise_and_tenon
Flat structure for support or transportation over water
Flood myths Genesis Gilgamesh Greek Literature Odyssey Histories (Herodotus) On the Ocean Argonautica Histories (Polybius) Metamorphoses Geography Aeneid
Raft
Device with multiple hooks attached to a rope
July 2011. "Aleksandr Kozakov: The Tsar's Ace". 22 May 2018. "A Brief History of Anti-Submarine Warfare". Globe Composite. Retrieved 14 September 2019
Grappling_hook
1947 raft journey from South America to Polynesia
crossing of the Pacific Ocean. It is the longest-known raft voyage in history. The expedition was led by Spaniard Vital Alsar, who, in 1970, led the
Kon-Tiki_expedition
Weapons intended to start fires
Steve (18 January 2017). "Zeppelins on the East Coast". The History Press. The History Press. Retrieved 3 October 2025. "Diagram: Zeppelin Incendiary
Incendiary_device
Ancient Greek galley
Flood myths Genesis Gilgamesh Greek Literature Odyssey Histories (Herodotus) On the Ocean Argonautica Histories (Polybius) Metamorphoses Geography Aeneid
Penteconter
Large archaeological site of a harbour city near Rome, Italy
briefly towards the end of the Roman Empire section of the 1981 comedy film History of the World, Part I, where the main characters board a galleon (bearing
Ostia_Antica
the Punic Wars. So ubiquitous was this type of ship that the historian Polybius uses it as a shorthand for "warship" in general. Hexaremes (six oarsmen
Ships_of_ancient_Rome
Micronesian navigational aid
and stability. The stick charts are a significant contribution to the history of cartography because they represent a system of mapping ocean swells
Marshall_Islands_stick_chart
Archipelago in the north-western Pacific Ocean
part due to residual post-war tensions resulting from the very different histories of Guam (occupied by Japan for only 31 months, in wartime) and the Northern
Mariana_Islands
Method of constructing boats and ships
this was not a linear developmental process. Webb, Michael. "Clinker Boat History & Building". Wootton Bridge Industries. Archived from the original on 2008-12-02
Clinker_(boat_building)
Prehistoric period of Mesopotamia
the Ubaid – or not. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ubaid Period. History portal Art of Mesopotamia Kenan Tepe Ubaid house Carter, Robert A.; Philip
Ubaid_period
Mythological narrative poem by Ovid
Roman poet Ovid. It is considered his magnum opus. The poem chronicles the history of the world from its creation to the deification of Julius Caesar in a
Metamorphoses
Chumash and Tongva plank boat
abalone, clam, and limpet shells. The Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History, the Santa Barbara Maritime Museum, and The Chumash Maritime Association
Tomol
Greek epic poem dated to the 3rd century BC
redeemed by the romance between Jason and Medea in Book 3, and even the history of scholarship on Apollonius has had its focus there. Sensitive descriptions
Argonautica
Ancient ranged weapon
instead of a bow to achieve more energy and power when throwing projectiles. Polybius reported about the usage of smaller, more portable ballistae, called scorpions
Ballista
River battle in the Nile Delta between the Egyptians and the Sea Peoples
Flood myths Genesis Gilgamesh Greek Literature Odyssey Histories (Herodotus) On the Ocean Argonautica Histories (Polybius) Metamorphoses Geography Aeneid
Battle_of_the_Delta
Intact vessel from Ancient Egypt
museum, but was moved to the Grand Egyptian Museum in August 2021. The history and function of the ship is not precisely known. It is of the type known
Khufu_ship
Period in ancient Egyptian history (c. 2686–2181 BC)
In ancient Egyptian history, the Old Kingdom is the period spanning c. 2700 – c. 2200 BC. It is also known as the "Age of the Pyramids" or the "Age of
Old_Kingdom_of_Egypt
is recommended that one keep an open mind on the subject; but Strabo, Polybius, and Ptolemy doubted the description. Egyptologist A. B. Lloyd suggests
Ancient_maritime_history
Prominent city of the ancient Indus valley civilization (present-day Gujarat, India)
Retrieved 16 September 2021. "Where does history begin?". 19 October 2017. Kulke, Herman (2004). History of India. Routledge. p. 25. ISBN 9780415329200
Lothal
Period of ancient Greece from c. 800 to 480 BC
Classical period of ancient Greece comes from written histories, such as Thucydides's History of the Peloponnesian War. By contrast, no such evidence
Archaic_Greece
Norwegian anthropologist and adventurer (1914–2002)
of Oslo. At the same time, he privately studied Polynesian culture and history, consulting what was then the world's largest private collection of books
Thor_Heyerdahl
Roman governor and general (40–93)
was ever produced. Cawdor (Roman fort) History of Northumberland Tacitus, Agricola; Dio Cassius (Roman History 66.20) and three inscriptions found in
Gnaeus_Julius_Agricola
Naval battle between Octavian and Mark Antony/Cleopatra (31 BC)
Fowler, Paul; Grocock, Christopher; Melville, James (2017). OCR Ancient History GCSE Component 2 : Rome. London: Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 192. ISBN 978-1-350-01520-3
Battle_of_Actium
King of Bithynia, 228–182 BC
Myrleia "Apameia" after his wife. Justinus. Philippic Histories. Polybius. Histories. Polybius. Histories. This all happened in Cyzicus after the peace with
Prusias_I_of_Bithynia
Ancient vessel with three banks of oars
Athenian maritime power is the first example of thalassocracy in world history. Aside from Athens, other major naval powers of the era included Syracuse
Trireme
King of Syracuse (r. c. 271 – 216)
archival service (link) Caven 2012. "Hiero and Rome" from Polybius, Histories at Perseus Polybius i. 8–16; Zonaras Viii. 9. Livy xxi. 49–51, xxii. 37, xxiii
Hiero_II_of_Syracuse
Emile (19 September 2018). "From the far reaches of the distant past, history emerges". StMaryNow.com. Retrieved 13 February 2024. "Heart of Louisiana:
List of surviving ancient ships
List_of_surviving_ancient_ships
Period of British prehistory, from c. 800 BC until the Roman occupation
Smithsonian Magazine. Alberge, Dalya (January 28, 2024). "'Forging new history': high-end iron age smithy unearthed in Oxfordshire" – via The Guardian
British_Iron_Age
14th-century BCE Mediterranean shipwreck
Museum of Underwater Archaeology in Turkey. List of surviving ancient ships History of money Zambratija shipwreck Pulak, 2005 p. 34 Pulak, 1998 p. 188 Pulak
Uluburun_shipwreck
Ancient oared warship with two decks of oars
deck) directed a group of marines. The bireme was also recorded in ancient history on the 8th and early 7th-century BC Assyrian reliefs, where they were used
Bireme
Ancient and medieval maritime trade route
Indian Ocean) had no particular name for the majority of its very long history. Despite the modern name, the Maritime Silk Road involved exchanges in
Maritime_Silk_Road
Naval tactics of sailing ships
migrated to the sides of ships. This made possible for the first time in history coordinated volleys from all the guns on one side of a ship, broadsides
Sailing_ship_tactics
Political doctrine
attributable to the ancient Greek historian Polybius. Polybius' explanation of anacyclosis is found in Book VI of The Histories. Cicero describes anacyclosis in
Anacyclosis
Process of steering a ship from a starting point to a destination
"15.1 The Earliest Ships and Sailors — The Outline of History by H. G. Wells". outline-of-history.mindvessel.net. Retrieved 2023-01-20. "New Perspectives
Marine_navigation
Ethnic groups of Austronesian peoples
(1986). "The Evolution of Pacific Canoe Rigs". The Journal of Pacific History. 21 (2): 83–89. doi:10.1080/00223348608572530. JSTOR 25168892. Bellwood
Micronesians
Sea-based state or society
of Thalassocracies". The list was in the Chronicon, a work of universal history of Eusebius, an early 4th century bishop of Caesarea Maritima. Eusebius
Thalassocracy
Old dump for domestic waste
Midden". Retrieved 11 May 2006. John Whitney Hall (1988). The Cambridge History of Japan. Cambridge University Press. p. 59. ISBN 978-0-521-22352-2. Keiji
Midden
Capital city of South Governorate, Lebanon
nestled on a mainland promontory and had two harbors. Throughout ancient history, Sidon had many conquerors: Assyrians, Babylonians, Egyptians, Persians
Sidon
Ancient Roman ships, found in lake of Nemi in 1929
Lacus (Lake of Diana Association) was founded to preserve the culture and history of the Nemi Lake area. The Association initiated Project Diana, which involved
Nemi_ships
2700–2000 BC Greek shipwreck
Levant. College Station: Texas A&M University Press, 1998. Web A Brief History of Underwater Archaeology in Greece Hudson, Kenneth et al. The Book of
Dokos_shipwreck
Prominent trading partner of Sumer during the Middle Bronze Age
Roman world Dilmun Economic history of India Indus–Mesopotamia relations Indo-Roman trade relations Indian maritime history Magan (civilization) Names
Meluhha
Conflict between the Roman Republic and the Cilician pirates
new operations, as if it were a friendly country. — Cassius Dio, Roman History, XXXVI, 21.1-3. Rome's first intervention in the Aegean Sea in response
Pompey's campaign against the pirates
Pompey's_campaign_against_the_pirates
Egyptian pharaoh
Africa, which may have been a conflation with Necho's voyage, while Strabo, Polybius, and Ptolemy doubted the description; at the time it was not generally
Necho_II
Speculative historical theories
of both tobacco and cocaine in mummies "ignored their post-excavation histories" and pointed out that the mummy of Ramesses II had been moved five times
Pre-Columbian transoceanic contact theories
Pre-Columbian_transoceanic_contact_theories
217 BC battle of the Second Punic War
and 10,000 scattered. The usually reliable Polybius has 15,000 killed and most of the rest captured. Polybius reports losses of 1,500 killed for the Carthaginians
Battle_of_Lake_Trasimene
Naval battle in 260 BC
frère! Polybius, 1:23.3 Tacitus, The Annals 2.49 Polybius, The General History of Polybius, Book I, p. 24 Polybius, The General History of Polybius, Book
Battle_of_Mylae
Grappling-iron in ancient Greece and Rome
Philip de Souza, H. T. Wallinga "Ancient Navies" The Oxford Encyclopedia of Maritime History. Ed. John B. Hattendorf. Oxford University Press, 2007.
Harpax
Boat constructed during the early Mesolithic period
(in Dutch). Retrieved 4 December 2011. James C. Kennedy (2017) A Concise History of the Netherlands Cambridge : Cambridge University Press Wanders, Rene
Pesse_canoe
Construction of ships and floating vessels
follow a specialized occupation that traces its roots to before recorded history. Until recently, with the development of complex non-maritime technologies
Shipbuilding
Castle in Bodrum, Turkey
Flood myths Genesis Gilgamesh Greek Literature Odyssey Histories (Herodotus) On the Ocean Argonautica Histories (Polybius) Metamorphoses Geography Aeneid
Bodrum_Castle
Recreation of a 6th-century BC Phoenician voyage conceived by Philip Beale
Retrieved 10 May 2024. Fritze, Ronald H. (2009). Invented Knowledge: False History, Fake Science and Pseudo-Religions. Reaktion Books. pp. 84–88. ISBN 978-1-86189-430-4
Phoenician_Ship_Expedition
Islands of Oceania near to Australia
useful category in respect to the geography, culture, language and human history of the region. The old categories have been in use since they were proposed
Near Oceania and Remote Oceania
Near_Oceania_and_Remote_Oceania
Period of human habitation of Australia up to 1788
Glen (Karnatukul): New Histories for Deep time Attachment to Country in Australia's Western Desert". Bulletin of the History of Archaeology. 30 (1) 5
Prehistory_of_Australia
Oared warships
2000, p. 97. Polybius, The Histories, I.20–21 Goldsworthy 2000, p. 104. Polybius, I.26.7 Polybius, I.63.8 Ferreiro 2010. Pliny, Natural History, VII.207;
Hellenistic-era_warships
Largest battle of the Second Punic War (216 BC)
Polybius, iii.117 Livy, Ab urbe condita, xxii.50 Smith 1870, p. 9 Livy, Ab urbe condita, xxii.52 Livy, Ab urbe condita, xxii.56 Polybius, Histories,
Battle_of_Cannae
, Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1975–1991. Polybius (2011). The Histories. Translated by W.R. Paton. Harvard University Press. Rawlings
Ancient_Greek_warfare
Founder of the Achaemenid Empire
War) Justin (Epitome of the Philippic History of Pompeius Trogus) (in English) Polybius (The Histories (Polybius)) Diodorus Siculus (Bibliotheca historica)
Cyrus_the_Great
Specialized Scandinavian warship
Magnus Magnusson.The Vikings. p. 71, History Press. 2008, ISBN 978-0752426990 Garrison, Ervan G. (1998). History of Engineering and Technology: Artful
Longship
Battle of the Alexandrian War
and Mark Antony.[verification needed] "Pompey the Great assassinated". HISTORY. Retrieved 2022-03-19. Goldsworthy, Adrian (2006). Caesar: Life of a Colossus
Battle_of_the_Nile_(47_BC)
Traditional Filipino watercraft with outriggers
"Boats of the Precolonial Philippines: Butuan Boats". Encyclopaedia of the History of Science, Technology, and Medicine in Non-Western Cultures. pp. 948–954
Bangka_(boat)
travel, tourism, insurance
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