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During the pontificate of Pope Pius XI (1922–1939), the Weimar Republic transitioned into Nazi Germany. In 1933, the ailing President von Hindenburg appointed
Pope_Pius_XI_and_Germany
Head of the Catholic Church from 1922 to 1939
Pope Pius XI (Italian: Pio XI; born Ambrogio Damiano Achille Ratti, Italian: [amˈbrɔːdʒo daˈmjaːno aˈkille ˈratti]; 31 May 1857 – 10 February 1939) was
Pope_Pius_XI
The relationship between Pope Pius XI and Poland is often considered to have been good, as Church life in Poland flourished during his pontificate. Achille
Pope_Pius_XI_and_Poland
relations between Pope Pius XI and Judaism during his tenure from 1922 to 1939 are generally regarded as good. The pontiff was particularly and vocally opposed
Pope_Pius_XI_and_Judaism
of Pope Pius XI. Pius XI issued 31 papal encyclicals during his reign as pope and was considering one at his death. At the time of his death, Pius XI was
List of encyclicals of Pope Pius XI
List_of_encyclicals_of_Pope_Pius_XI
Head of the Catholic Church from 1939 to 1958
Pope Pius XII (Italian: Pio XII; born Eugenio Maria Giuseppe Giovanni Pacelli; 2 March 1876 – 9 October 1958) was head of the Catholic Church and sovereign
Pope_Pius_XII
relations between Pope Pius XI and Spain were very tense, especially because they occurred within the context of the Spanish Civil War and the period of troubles
Pope_Pius_XI_and_Spain
2014 book by David Kertzer
The Pope and Mussolini: The Secret History of Pius XI and the Rise of Fascism in Europe is a 2014 biography of Pope Pius XI about his relations with Benito
The_Pope_and_Mussolini
Archive and international diplomatic correspondence continue. Two Popes reigned during the Nazi period: Pope Pius XI (1922–1939) and Pope Pius XII (1939–1958)
Pope Pius XII and the Holocaust
Pope_Pius_XII_and_the_Holocaust
Head of the Catholic Church from 1676 to 1689
Pope Innocent XI (Latin: Innocentius XI; Italian: Innocenzo XI; 16 May 1611 – 12 August 1689), born Benedetto Odescalchi, was head of the Catholic Church
Pope_Innocent_XI
Head of the Catholic Church from 1458 to 1464
Pope Pius II (Latin: Pius PP. II, Italian: Pio II), born Enea Silvio Bartolomeo Piccolomini (Latin: Aeneas Silvius Bartholomeus; 18 October 1405 – 14
Pope_Pius_II
Head of the Catholic Church from 1566 to 1572
Pope Pius V, OP (Italian: Pio V; 17 January 1504 – 1 May 1572), born Antonio Ghislieri (and from 1518 called Michele Ghislieri), was head of the Catholic
Pope_Pius_V
1999 book by John Cornwell
Pope Pius XII, before and during the Nazi era, and explores the charge that he assisted in the legitimization of Adolf Hitler's Nazi regime in Germany, through
Hitler's_Pope
Head of the Catholic Church from 1903 to 1914
Pope Pius X (Italian: Pio X; born Giuseppe Melchiorre Sarto; 2 June 1835 – 20 August 1914) was head of the Catholic Church from 4 August 1903 until his
Pope_Pius_X
Head of the Catholic Church from 1914 to 1922
16 February 2022. Kertzer, David I. (2014). The Pope and Mussolini: The Secret History of Pius XI and the Rise of Fascism in Europe. Oxford University
Pope_Benedict_XV
since Pope Benedict IX (1032–1044; 1045; 1047–1048) was elected pope three times. Pope Pius XI, Pope Pius XII, Pope John XXIII, Pope Paul VI, Pope John
List_of_popes_by_country
Nazi-era Catholics The Catholic Church, led by Popes Pius XI (1922 to 1939) and Pius XII (1939 to 1958), confronted National Socialism from the rise of
Catholic Church and Nazi Germany
Catholic_Church_and_Nazi_Germany
1939–1958 non-theological teachings
Social teachings of Pope Pius XII refers to encyclicals, apostolic constitutions and speeches by Pope Pius XII on non-theological issues involving medicine
Social teachings of Pope Pius XII
Social_teachings_of_Pope_Pius_XII
Encyclical drafted before the death of Pope Pius XI in 1939
an encyclical planned by Pope Pius XI before his death on February 10, 1939. The draft text condemned antisemitism, racism and the persecution of Jews
Humani_generis_unitas
Jewish war criminals Germany Eugenio Pacelli (later Pope Pius XII) served as Pius XI's diplomatic representative in Germany (1917–1929) and then as Vatican
Catholic resistance to Nazi Germany
Catholic_resistance_to_Nazi_Germany
Papal encyclical about fascism, published in 1931
June 1931 by Pope Pius XI. The encyclical condemned what it perceived as Italian fascism's "pagan worship of the State" (statolatry) and "revolution which
Non_abbiamo_bisogno
Head of the Catholic Church from 1878 to 1903
the fourth-longest reign and third-longest verified reign of any pope, behind those of St. Peter, Pius IX (his predecessor), and John Paul II. Born in Carpineto
Pope_Leo_XIII
1931 encyclical by Pope Pius XI
mo ˈan.no]) (Latin for "In the 40th Year") is an encyclical issued by Pope Pius XI on 15 May 1931, 40 years after Leo XIII's encyclical Rerum novarum, further
Quadragesimo_anno
1939–1958 papal encyclicals
This is a list of encyclicals of Pope Pius XII. Pius XII promulgated 41 papal encyclicals, during his reign as pope for over 19 years, from his election
List of encyclicals of Pope Pius XII
List_of_encyclicals_of_Pope_Pius_XII
Speech denouncing racial extermination
when Pius or the German bishops were critical of Hitler or the Nazis. Two Popes reigned through the Nazi period: Pope Pius XI (1922–1939) and Pope Pius XII
Pope Pius XII's 1942 Christmas address
Pope_Pius_XII's_1942_Christmas_address
3 August 2014. "Pope Clement X (1670–1676)". Archived from the original on 10 August 2023. Retrieved 3 August 2014. "Pope Innocent XI (1676–1689)". Archived
List_of_popes
Persecutions against the Catholic Church
papacy of Pope Pius XII (1939–1958). Pius' reign coincided with World War II (1939–1945), followed by the commencement of the Cold War and the accelerating
Persecutions of the Catholic Church and Pius XII
Persecutions_of_the_Catholic_Church_and_Pius_XII
Italian lawyer
Eugenio Pacelli, who later became Pope Pius XII. As a lay legal advisor to Pope Pius XI, Pacelli played a key role in assisting Pietro Gasparri, then the Cardinal
Francesco_Pacelli
up to Pius II, d. 1464) Reverend Horace K. Mann, The Lives of the Popes in the Early Middle Ages, Volumes 1–13 quote: "Was John XI the son of Pope Sergius
List_of_sexually_active_popes
Roman Catholic archbishop (1873 – 1946)
diplomatic corps when Ratti was elected Pope Pius XI, as nuncio to the Netherlands (1922–1925), Hungary (1925–1930), and Germany (1930–1945). Orsenigo believed
Cesare_Orsenigo
Alleged 1943 Nazi kidnapping plot
Several authors have alleged that there was a plot to kidnap Pope Pius XII by the Nazis when they occupied Rome during World War II. Karl Wolff, a general
Alleged plot to kidnap Pope Pius XII
Alleged_plot_to_kidnap_Pope_Pius_XII
Pope Pius XII (1939–1958) canonized numerous saints, including Pope Pius X and Maria Goretti. He beatified Pope Innocent XI. The first canonizations of
List of saints canonized by Pope Pius XII
List_of_saints_canonized_by_Pope_Pius_XII
Head of the Catholic Church from 1958 to 1963
the popes he had met. In February 1925, the Cardinal Secretary of State Pietro Gasparri summoned him to the Vatican and informed him of Pope Pius XI's decision
Pope_John_XXIII
Catholic appointments from 1922 to 1937
In sixteen years, Pope Pius XI (r. 1922–1939) created 76 cardinals in 17 consistories. Though he created 18 cardinals at a consistory in 1935, he typically
Cardinals_created_by_Pius_XI
1937 encyclical by Pope Pius XI
of a Divine Redeemer") is a 1937 encyclical issued by Pope Pius XI. In this encyclical, the pope sets out to "expose once more in a brief synthesis the
Divini_Redemptoris
Papal influence on Marian theology and devotion
1569, Pope Pius V issued the papal bull Consueverunt Romani Pontifices which popularized the rosary. Before the Battle of Lepanto in 1571 Pius V requested
Mariology_of_the_popes
Church in Augsburg, Germany
declared by Pope Pius XI as a minor basilica. On May 4, 1987, it was visited by Pope John Paul II. Roman Catholicism in Germany St. Ulrich's and St. Afra's
Basilica of Saints Ulrich and Afra
Basilica_of_Saints_Ulrich_and_Afra
1939 encyclical by Pope Pius XII
Pope Pius XII published on 20 October 1939. The encyclical is subtitled "on the unity of human society". It was the first encyclical of Pius XII and was
Summi_Pontificatus
Catholic appointments from 1915 to 1921
countries, and the lone non-European was Dennis Dougherty from the United States. They included Achille Ratti, his successor as Pope Pius XI and one name
Cardinals created by Benedict XV
Cardinals_created_by_Benedict_XV
Latin announcement of the election of a pope
in 1939, when Pius XII's regnal name, following his election, was announced simply as Pium since his immediate predecessor was Pius XI. During the announcement
Habemus_papam
Treaty negotiated between the Vatican and the emergent Nazi Germany
became Pope Pius XII, on behalf of Pope Pius XI; and by Vice Chancellor Franz von Papen on behalf of President Paul von Hindenburg and the German government
Reichskonkordat
Patroness of Brazil
statue: Pope Leo XIII mentioned the Brazilian devotion in 1903 Pope Pius X granted a canonical coronation to the image on 8 September 1904 Pope Pius XI declared
Our_Lady_of_Aparecida
Head of the Catholic Church from 1271 to 1276
upcoming conclave, such as by Pope Pius VI in 1798, in consideration of the occupation of Rome by the French, and by Pope Pius IX in 1878, fearing a potential
Pope_Gregory_X
pope, the leader of the Catholic Church, to succeed Pope Pius XI following his death on 10 February 1939. The time period between the previous pope's
Cardinal electors for the 1939 conclave
Cardinal_electors_for_the_1939_conclave
Italian noble
1910 and 1928. He was also president of the Circolo San Pietro, a support organization for the Prefecture of the Papal Household. Pope Pius XI appointed
Camillo_Serafini
Bilateral relations
the Russian Orthodox Church during Pius XI's pontificate. There were mixed reactions in Russia on the papacy of Pope John Paul II. Many Russians were happy
Holy_See–Russia_relations
German historian and diplomat (1854–1928)
throughout the pontificates of Leo XIII, Pius X, Benedict XV and Pius XI, publishing fifteen volumes. The 16th and final volume was published posthumously
Ludwig_von_Pastor
Italian Cardinal
Curia from 1938 until his death, and was elevated to the cardinalate in 1933 in pectore (published 1935) by Pope Pius XI. Born in Antrodoco, in Lazio, Tedeschini
Federico_Tedeschini
Italian Catholic cardinal, diplomat, and politician (1851–1934)
Treaty. He also served as Cardinal Secretary of State under Popes Benedict XV and Pius XI. Gasparri was born on 5 May 1852 in Capovallazza di Ussita,
Pietro_Gasparri
Head of the Catholic Church from 1963 to 1978
1922 to 1954, and along with Domenico Tardini was considered the closest and most influential advisor of Pope Pius XII. In 1954, Pius named Montini Archbishop
Pope_Paul_VI
pronouncements. From the outset, Pope Pius XI, had ordered the Papal Nuncio in Berlin, Cesare Orsenigo, to "look into whether and how it may be possible to become
Catholic bishops in Nazi Germany
Catholic_bishops_in_Nazi_Germany
Under Pope Pius XII, there were the several reforms of Catholic Eastern canon law applying to the Eastern Catholic Churches. A commission was established
Eastern canonical reforms of Pius XII
Eastern_canonical_reforms_of_Pius_XII
Custom automobile used by the pope
to Pope Pius XI in 1930 by German car manufacturer Mercedes-Benz is considered to have been to first "official" automobile used to transport the pope. The
Popemobile
American Catholic prelate (1889–1967)
playgrounds in Rome. Pope Pius XI raised Spellman to the rank of privy chamberlain on October 4, 1926. During a trip to Germany in 1927, Spellman established
Francis_Spellman
Election of Catholic Pope Pius XII
A conclave was held on 1 and 2 March 1939 to elect a new pope to succeed Pius XI, who had died on 10 February. All 62 members of the College of Cardinals
1939_conclave
Liturgical vestment peculiar to the Pope
tzitzit and the tallit in Judaism. The stole was originally made for Pope Benedict XV. His immediate successor, Pius XI, did not wear it. Pius XII, John
Stole_of_the_Four_Evangelists
Catholic cardinals likely to become pope
deceased Pius IX. Giacomo della Chiesa (elected as Benedict XV in 1914) Eugenio Pacelli (elected as Pius XII in 1939). Prior to his death, Pope Pius XI strongly
Papabile
Papal Order of Knighthood of the Holy See
This Order was at one time united with the Order of the Golden Militia. Pope Pius X in his motu proprio of 7 February 1905, entitled Multum ad excitandos
Order_of_St._Sylvester
Roman Catholic bishop
Pontiff on 6 February 1922 and took the name Pope Pius XI.[citation needed] For the following 17 years until Pope Pius XI's death, Venini served alongside
Diego_Venini
Crown worn by popes of the Roman Catholic Church
by, among others, Pope Pius XI, Pope Pius XII and Pope John XXIII. Pope Pius XI's 1922 crown, in contrast was much less decorated and much more conical
Papal_tiara
Head of the Catholic Church from 1978 to 2005
Pius XI and Pius XII was intended to allow more pilgrims to view his memorial. John Paul II's body is located near the bodies of Pope Pius X and Pope
Pope_John_Paul_II
Pope Pius XII consecration of the world to the Immaculate Heart of Mary took place on October 31, 1942. Pope Pius XII performed a Marian consecration
Pope Pius XII 1942 consecration to the Immaculate Heart of Mary
Pope_Pius_XII_1942_consecration_to_the_Immaculate_Heart_of_Mary
Catholic bishop and Nazi supporter
bishops' conference, and Austrian prestige in the Vatican, as German groups attempted to reestablish their influence at the Anima. Pope Pius XI supported Hudal
Alois_Hudal
Hitler had seized power, and Pope Pius XI accused the Nazi government of sowing 'fundamental hostility to Christ and his Church'. The concordat has been
Catholic Church and Nazi Germany during World War II
Catholic_Church_and_Nazi_Germany_during_World_War_II
Developments during Papacy of Pius XII (1939–1958)
Significant doctrinal and diplomatic developments involving the Holy See and Chinese Catholics occurred during the Papacy of Pius XII (1939–1958). The
Pope_Pius_XII_and_China
Church in Wambierzyce, Poland
between 1715 and 1723. It was given the status of a basilica minor by Pope Pius XI in 1936. The present basilica is located on a hill, where in the twelfth-century
Basilica of the Visitation, Wambierzyce
Basilica_of_the_Visitation,_Wambierzyce
Adaptation of Christianity to cultures
support missions and especially the development of local clergy, favouring a de-Europeanization of the Catholic missions. Pope Pius XI promoted local clergy
Inculturation
Bilateral relations
Germany Pope Pius IX and Germany Pope Pius XI and Germany Pope Pius XII and the Holocaust Pope Pius XII and the German resistance Christa Pongratz-Lippitt
Germany–Holy_See_relations
The theology of Pope Pius XII is reflected in his forty-one encyclicals, as well as speeches and nearly 1000 messages, during his almost 20-year pontificate
Theology_of_Pope_Pius_XII
Roman Catholic Cardinal
Cardinal-Deacon of S. Giorgio in Velabro in the consistory of 23 May 1923 by Pope Pius XI. Pope Pius appointed Sincero Secretary of the Congregation for the Oriental
Luigi_Sincero
years later, in 1920, Pope Benedict XV issued Bonum Sana in which he condemned the philosophy and practices of communism. Pope Pius XI followed this line
Pope_Pius_XII_and_Russia
French cardinal
Archbishop of Iconium by Pope Pius XI. He received his consecration on the following 25 July from Cardinal Eugenio Pacelli (later Pope Pius XII), with Archbishop
Eugène_Tisserant
obligation of workers and the limitations of private property: Pope Pius XI Quadragesimo anno, the Social teachings of Pope Pius XII on a huge range of
History_of_the_papacy
Election of Catholic Pope Pius XI
Vannutelli asked the new pope by what name he would be called. Ratti chose Pius XI, explaining that Pius IX was the pope of his youth, and Pius X had appointed
1922_conclave
Title given to Mary, Mother of God
15 (1895-96), p. 303. - S. Pius X, Litt. Encycl. Ad diem illum, 2 febr. 1904: Acta, I, p. 154- Denz. 1978 a (3370) . Pius XI, Litt. Encycl. Miserentissimus
Mediatrix
socialism and communism. Communism and socialism have been condemned by Pope Pius IX, Pope Leo XIII, Pope Pius X, Pope Benedict XV, Pope Pius XI, Pope Pius XII
Catholicism_and_socialism
of Pope Pius XII took place mostly between 1947 and 1958. The celebration of the resurrection of Jesus Christ has been celebrated since the 2nd and 3rd
Liturgical reforms of Pope Pius XII
Liturgical_reforms_of_Pope_Pius_XII
Rule concerning the election of a new pope
Pope Pius XI instituted a new rule for setting the date for the start of a papal conclave to elect a new pope by promulgating the document Cum proxime
Cum_proxime
Overview of the relationship between Pope Pius XII and the Yad Vashem monument
Catholic Church and Nazi Germany Pius XII and the German Resistance Pope Pius XII and Judaism Pope Pius XII and the Holocaust Pope Pius XII and the Roman razzia
Pope_Pius_XII_and_Yad_Vashem
American anthropologist (born 1948)
Anthropology, and Professor of Italian Studies at Brown University. His book The Pope and Mussolini: The Secret History of Pius XI and the Rise of Fascism
David_I._Kertzer
Railway in Vatican City and Italy
1929, and was constructed under Pope Pius XI, who demanded a grand station building be constructed to remain in keeping with the city. The line and station
Vatican_Railway
Argentine tango promoter (1882–1940)
States, as well as for achieving the official acceptance of tango before Pope Pius XI at the Vatican. Casimiro Aín was born on March 4, 1882 in Buenos Aires
Casimiro_Aín
French Discalced Carmelite nun and saint (1873–1897)
result of her immense popularity and reputation for holiness, she was quickly beatified and canonized by Pope Pius XI, who completed the process just 28
Thérèse_of_Lisieux
Debates over Pope Pius XII 's actions during the Holocaust
The Pius War (or Pius Wars) refer to debates over the legacy of Pope Pius XII and his actions during the Holocaust. The phrase was first coined in a 2004
Pius_Wars
the Pope's authority... and [each German ruler], however strongly opposed to Rome, had to take account of this..." Pope Pius XII succeeded Pius XI in March
Pope_Pius_XII_and_Poland
Former political dispute between Italy and the Papacy
would have endured." Pope Pius IX and succeeding popes Leo XIII, Pius X, Benedict XV, and Pius XI took great care not to recognize the legitimacy of
Roman_question
John Paul II. Pius IX, Pius XI and Pius XII facilitated the veneration of Marian apparitions such as in Lourdes and Fátima. Later Popes such from John
History of the Catholic Church
History_of_the_Catholic_Church
(1998) Eugenio Pacelli (later Pope Pius XII) served as Pius XI's diplomatic representative in Germany (1917–1929) and then as Vatican Secretary of State
Rescue of Jews by Catholics during the Holocaust
Rescue_of_Jews_by_Catholics_during_the_Holocaust
Italian Catholic Benedictine monk and prelate
concordat. Pope Pius XI elevated Schuster to the cardinalate in 1929 as the Cardinal-Priest of Santi Silvestro e Martino ai Monti. Carlo Cremonesi and Agostino
Alfredo_Ildefonso_Schuster
German priest and 74th bishop of Regensburg
Buchberger was ordained as a priest on 29 June 1900. In November 1923 Pope Pius XI promoted him to the rank of "Bishop" in the diocese Munich-Freising.
Michael_Buchberger
French Roman Catholic saint (1844–1879)
and Marian shrine known as the Sanctuary of Our Lady of Lourdes, attracting around five million pilgrims of all denominations each year. Pope Pius XI
Bernadette_Soubirous
American Jesuit Catholic priest (1880–1963)
Philadelphia and Chicago. In the run-up to World War II, he worked on a draft of a papal encyclical against racist and totalitarian ideologies for Pope Pius XI; entitled
John_LaFarge_Jr.
Bilateral relations
Vatican and returned to the Russian Orthodox Church during Pius XI's pontificate. The papacy of Pope John XXIII had attempts to reconcile with the Russian
Holy See–Soviet Union relations
Holy_See–Soviet_Union_relations
1926 papal encyclical by Pius XI
afflictisque (On the Persecution of the Church in Mexico) is an encyclical of Pope Pius XI promulgated on November 18, 1926, to denounce the persecution of the
Iniquis_afflictisque
Prominent Latin Catholic ecclesiastical territory in Italy
Ambrose; Saint Carlo Cardinal Borromeo; Pope Pius XI; and Pope Paul VI. Milan's archdiocese is the largest in Europe, and the one having the most priests in
Archdiocese_of_Milan
German Catholic bishop and cardinal (1878–1946)
the Church in Nazi Germany. He was appointed a cardinal by Pope Pius XII in 1946, shortly before his death, and was beatified by Pope Benedict XVI in 2005
Clemens_August_Graf_von_Galen
Head of the Catholic Church
Pope Paul III, Pope Clement VII, Pope Adrian VI, Pope Leo X, Pope Julius II, Pope Pius II, Pope Callixtus III, Pope Nicholas V, and Pope Eugene IV. The
Pope
Catholic Cardinal's visit to the USA
Pacelli (the soon-to-be Pope Pius XII) visited the United States for two weeks in October–November 1936 as Cardinal Secretary of State and Camerlengo of the
1936 visit by Eugenio Pacelli to the United States
1936_visit_by_Eugenio_Pacelli_to_the_United_States
and health care, while evangelizing peoples and attracting followers in China, Taiwan, Korea, and Japan. Popes Leo XIII, Pius X, Benedict XV, Pius XI
Catholic Church in the 20th century
Catholic_Church_in_the_20th_century
1937 papal encyclical condemning fascism and antisemitism in Germany
Sorge (listen German pronunciation: [mɪt ˈbʀɛnəndɐ ˈzɔʁɡə], in English "With deep [lit. 'burning'] anxiety") is an encyclical of Pope Pius XI, issued on
Mit_brennender_Sorge
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