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Process of finding the image of an object in images predating its discovery
In astronomy, precovery (short for pre-discovery recovery) is the process of finding the image of a celestial object in images or photographic plates
Precovery
Trans-Neptunian object
to perihelion around 2163. 2009 YE7 has been observed 70 times, with precovery images dating back to 2006, and has an orbital quality code of 4. The
(386723)_2009_YE7
Risk-listed near-Earth asteroid
will safely pass 21200±2300 km from the surface of the Moon. Pending precovery images from 2016 also support the close approach distance. The asteroid
2024_YR4
Dwarf planet with a ring and two moons
Sierra Nevada Observatory in Spain, who had discovered it that year in precovery images taken by the team in 2003. From that announcement, it received
Haumea
Eccentric and tumbling asteroid
(1,900,000 km). Published by the Digitized Sky Survey (DSS), a first precovery was taken at the discovering observatory in 1974, extending the asteroid's
(5645)_1990_SP
Large trans-neptunian object
discovery, precovery images of Varuna were found by German astronomers Andre Knofel and Reiner Stoss at the Palomar Observatory. One particular precovery image
20000_Varuna
Long-period comet
2460990.5) Observation arc 197 days 168 days (without STEREO-A) Earliest precovery date 13 August 2025 Number of observations 2225 Aphelion 177 AU (inbound)
C/2025_R2_(SWAN)
Main-belt comet
Epoch 21 November 2025 (JD 2461000.5) Observation arc 9.13 years Earliest precovery date 19 April 2015 Number of observations 132 Aphelion 2.958 AU Perihelion
457P/Lemmon–PanSTARRS
Outer moon of Jupiter
span to confirm the satellite's orbit. The satellite has been found in precovery observations as early as 2003. Pandia is part of the Himalia group, a
Pandia_(moon)
Jupiter trojan asteroid
years prior to its official discovery observation at Mount Lemmon, with a precovery taken at Palomar Observatory in 1951, and published by the Digitized Sky
15094_Polymele
Ringed centaur and comet
claimed as the tenth planet by the press. Chiron was later found on several precovery images, going back to 1895, which allowed its orbit to be accurately determined
2060_Chiron
Binary brown dwarf system in the constellation Vela
Luhman 16 (also designated WISE 1049−5319 or WISE J104915.57−531906.1) is a binary system of two brown dwarfs, located in the southern constellation Vela
Luhman_16
Jupiter-family comet
magnitude 18 placing it outside the range of most amateur astronomers. Precovery images of the comet were found by Maik Meyer in December 2004. There were
163P/NEAT
Classical Kuiper belt object
object. Precovery observations of Goibniu were first reported by astronomer Reiner Stoss and published by the MPC on 10 June 2004. These precovery observations
90568_Goibniu
Asteroid
Uncertainty parameter 0 Observation arc 84.90 yr (31,008 days) Earliest precovery date 3 December 1931 Aphelion 3.7257 AU Perihelion 0.6243 AU Semi-major
2201_Oljato
Kreutz sungrazer comet
moment of discovery and was located in the constellation Columba. Earliest precovery date is December 2025, when it was about magnitude 20. Its discovery was
C/2026_A1_(MAPS)
Hyperbolic comet
characteristics Epoch 19 July 1893 (JD 2412663.5) Observation arc 15 days Earliest precovery date 20 June 1893 Number of observations 15 Perihelion 0.6744 AU Eccentricity
C/1893_N1_(Rordame–Quénisset)
Scattered disc object
magnitude of 3.45, and has been observed 178 times over 16 oppositions with precovery images back to August 1982. Gǃkúnǁʼhòmdímà belongs to the scattered disc
229762_Gǃkúnǁʼhòmdímà
Outer moon of Jupiter
span to confirm the satellite's orbit. The satellite has been found in precovery observations as early as 6 August 2000. Ersa is part of the Himalia group
Ersa_(moon)
Stony asteroid
with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins with a precovery taken at Palomar Observatory in April 1955, almost 44 years prior to its
12923_Zephyr
Classical Kuiper belt object
of its position backwards in time for identification in precovery observations. Seven precovery observations from Digitized Sky Survey plates were identified
307261_Máni
Most massive dwarf planet
tracking—Haumea—was controversially announced on July 27 by a different team in Spain. Precovery images of Eris have been identified back to September 3, 1954. More observations
Eris_(dwarf_planet)
Triple system of Kuiper belt objects
observation arc of over 46 years have been documented. The earliest known precovery observations of Lempo have been found in photographic plates of the Siding
47171_Lempo
Potentially hazardous near-Earth asteroid
2004, Apophis passed 0.0964 AU (14.42 Gm; 8.96 million mi) from Earth. Precovery observations from 15 March 2004 were identified on December 27, and an
99942_Apophis
Sednoid
(807) and Las Campanas Observatory (304). 2012 VP113 has been found in precovery images as early as September 2007. 2012 VP113 was abbreviated "VP" and
2012_VP113
Parabolic comet
Epoch 11 November 1907 (JD 2417890.5) Observation arc 297 days Earliest precovery date 31 March 1907 Number of observations 16 Perihelion 0.983 AU Eccentricity
C/1907_T1_(Mellish)
Sednoid
Uncertainty parameter 3 Observation arc 19.23 yr (7,024 days) Earliest precovery date 11 April 2005 Aphelion 438.1 AU Perihelion 65.9 AU Semi-major axis
2023_KQ14
Halley-type comet
Fitzsimmons around July 2006, reclassifying it from asteroid to comet. Precovery observations were obtained up to 6 July 2005, though unconfirmed observations
P/2006_HR30_(Siding_Spring)
Dwarf planet in the Kuiper belt
discovery, these observations (known as precoveries) were not recognized until after the fact. The earliest known precovery of Makemake comes from a photographic
Makemake
Main belt asteroid target of the Lucy mission
Uncertainty parameter 0 Observation arc 23.06 yr (8,422 days) Earliest precovery date 15 October 1999 Aphelion 2.437 AU Perihelion 1.946 AU Semi-major
152830_Dinkinesh
Non-periodic comet
obtained on 3 January 2025 when it was 4.5 AU from the Sun. Consequently, precovery images by PanSTARRS dating from 12 November 2024 were found. The object
C/2025_A6_(Lemmon)
Near Earth Objects Precovery Survey, has been initiated to systematically search existing photographic plate archives for precovery images of known NEOs
DLR-Archenhold Near Earth Objects Precovery Survey
DLR-Archenhold_Near_Earth_Objects_Precovery_Survey
Jupiter-family comet
21 November 2025 (JD 2461000.5) Observation arc 37.44 years Earliest precovery date 10 August 1988 Number of observations 6,945 Aphelion 5.158 AU Perihelion
117P/Helin–Roman–Alu
Scattered disc object
reflects just 13 percent of the sunlight that hits it. The earliest known precovery observations of 2014 UZ224 were taken at the Mauna Kea Observatory on
2014_UZ224
Kilometer-length near-Earth asteroid and potentially hazardous asteroid
observation arc of 65 years. It was found by Andreas Doppler and Arno Gnädig in precovery images from 1955. When astronomers had an observation arc of the object
(137108)_1999_AN10
Small near-Earth asteroid
Uncertainty parameter 0 Observation arc 11.72 yr (4,279 days) Earliest precovery date 11 December 2013 Aphelion 1.109 AU Perihelion 0.893 AU Semi-major
2025_PN7
Largest dwarf planet in the Solar System
were not recognized for what they were. There are fourteen other known precovery observations, with the earliest made by the Yerkes Observatory on August
Pluto
Stony, sub-kilometer sized asteroid and fast rotator
observation arc of 41 days with an uncertainty parameter of 7. Due to precovery images from 2007 it now has an observation arc of more than 5 years. It
(471240)_2011_BT15
Asteroid
asteroid was removed from the Sentry Risk Table in April 2014 as a result of precovery images establishing it is a harmless main belt asteroid. 2004 BX159 orbits
(721708)_2004_BX159
Sungrazing comet
K10, P/2012 Q2 Orbital characteristics Epoch 12 February 2021 Earliest precovery date 12 December 1999 Aphelion 5.125 AU Perihelion 0.039 AU Semi-major
323P/SOHO
Scattered disc object
orbit. Two hours after the discovery announcement, Andrew Lowe reported precovery observations of Dziewanna in Palomar Observatory's Near-Earth Asteroid
471143_Dziewanna
Asteroid
of 0.06 and an inclination of 2° with respect to the ecliptic. A first precovery was taken at Palomar Observatory in 1953, extending the body's observation
9921_Rubincam
Dwarf planet in the scattered-disc
observed 484 times over 23 oppositions, and has been identified in two precovery images, with the earliest image taken by the La Silla Observatory on 19
Gonggong_(dwarf_planet)
Halley-type comet
25 February 2023 (JD 2460000.5) Observation arc 631.69 years Earliest precovery date 25 October 1366 Number of observations 471 Aphelion 19.732 AU Perihelion
55P/Tempel–Tuttle
Asteroid
18 and an inclination of 10° with respect to the ecliptic. The first precovery was taken at Palomar Observatory (DSS) in 1953, extending the body's observation
18880_Toddblumberg
Non-periodic comet
December 1973 (JD 2442040.5) Observation arc 1.24 years (453 days) Earliest precovery date 28 January 1973 Number of observations 812 Aphelion 98,000 AU (inbound)
C/1973_E1_(Kohoutek)
Halley-type comet
March 1917 (JD 2421318.5) Observation arc 38 days – 1,724 years Earliest precovery date December 193 AD? Number of observations 11 Orbit type Halley-type
C/1917_F1_(Mellish)
Irregular moon of Uranus
July 2016 (JD 2457600.5) Observation arc 32.37 yr (11,815 d) Earliest precovery date 2 June 1984 Semi-major axis 12,193,230 km (0.0815067 AU) Eccentricity
Sycorax_(moon)
Periodic comet and centaur
published on the Minor Planet Center's website on 13 January 2004, alongside precovery images taken by the Kitt Peak Observatory dating as far back as 18 December
450P/LONEOS
Large trans-Neptunian object in the scattered disc
release and a paper detailing the discovery of 2017 OF201. Additional precovery observations of 2017 OF201 were later found in Sloan Digital Sky Survey
2017_OF201
Active asteroid
coma and tail. As of 2016, it is one of only 15 known main-belt comets. Precovery observations of 331P/Gibbs in Sloan Digital Sky Survey data were found
331P/Gibbs
Oort cloud comet
announcement, the Zwicky Transient Facility reported that they obtained precovery images of the comet between 15 and 29 February 2024. The comet was reported
C/2024_E1_(Wierzchoś)
pre-discovery close approaches are only included if the object was found by precovery. From the annual lists summarized in the preceding section, these are
List of asteroid close approaches to Earth
List_of_asteroid_close_approaches_to_Earth
Chiron-type comet
initially discovered as an asteroid-like object on 15 September 2023. Precovery images from the DECam instrument as early as September 2015 were identified
C/2023_RS61_(PanSTARRS)
Trans-Neptunian object
53.7 AU as of 2021[update]. The body's observation arc begins with a precovery, published by the Digitized Sky Survey and taken at the Siding Spring
(42301)_2001_UR163
Aten asteroid co-orbital with Earth
Telescope at Siding Spring Observatory, Coonabarabran, Australia. A 1983 precovery (1983 UH) is credited to Giovanni de Sanctis and Richard M. West of the
3753_Cruithne
Near-Earth Asteroid
than the 0.05 AU maximum needed. 1999 YC's observation arc begins with a precovery taken at the Fred Lawrence Whipple Observatory on 27 November 1999, 20
(225416)_1999_YC
Dorian asteroid
BE at Heidelberg Observatory in 1924. Its first used observation is a precovery taken at Palomar Observatory in 1954, extending the body's observation
2807_Karl_Marx
Parabolic comet
measuring 3 arcseconds across. Amateur astronomer Sam Deen found several precovery observations of C/2025 D1 from 2018, when the comet was more than 21 AU
C/2025_D1_(Gröller)
Trans-Neptunian object
Rabinowitz at the Palomar Observatory in California, with no known earlier precovery images. This minor planet was numbered by the Minor Planet Center on 18
(528381)_2008_ST291
Distant body in the outer Solar System
Arizona, and the Keck Observatory on Mauna Kea in Hawaii. Combined with precovery observations taken at the Samuel Oschin telescope in August 2003, and
Sedna_(dwarf_planet)
Plutino
automatically scan through archival precovery photographs obtained from various observatories. The team obtained nine precovery images of Ixion, with the earliest
28978_Ixion
Irregular moon of Neptune
characteristics (range) Observation arc 20.13 years (7,352 d) Earliest precovery date 23 July 2001 Semi-major axis 22,123,000 to 22,368,100 km (0.147883
Sao_(moon)
Classical Kuiper belt object
Uncertainty parameter 3 Observation arc 11834 days (32.40 yr) Earliest precovery date 16 July 1983 Aphelion 41.384 AU (6.1910 Tm) Perihelion 36.176 AU
(120348)_2004_TY364
Main-belt asteroid
0.23 and an inclination of 24° with respect to the ecliptic. A first precovery was taken at the discovering observatory in 1971, extending the body's
5040_Rabinowitz
Jovian planet orbiting HR 8799
be revealed through analysis of HST photographic archives. Additional precovery images were also obtained by reanalyzing data taken in 2002 at the Subaru
HR_8799_b
Classical Kuiper belt object
discoverers further observed Ritona until November 2005 and found the object in precovery observations from dates as early as June 2001. The discovery of Ritona
145452_Ritona
Oort cloud comet
Epoch 27 December 2025 (JD 2461036.5) Observation arc 216 days Earliest precovery date 7 September 2025 Number of observations 707 Aphelion ≈6300 AU (inbound)
C/2025_R3_(PanSTARRS)
Interstellar comet in 2025
Zwicky Transient Facility (I41) precoveries from several nights between 22 May and 21 June 2025. An even earlier precovery from 21 May 2025, made at Weizmann
3I/ATLAS
Natural satellite orbiting Saturn
a reprocessing of departure images from the probe revealed a possible precovery image of Enceladus's plumes. Voyager 2 passed closer to Enceladus (87
Enceladus
Hyperbolic comet
of the Mt. Lemmon Survey and its magnitude was estimated to be 19.0. Precovery images dated back to April 11, 2020. On 10 October the comet showed a
C/2021_A1_(Leonard)
Large plutino
by Minor Planet Center (MPC) on 26 January 2003. Since then, numerous precovery observations of Achlys were identified from Palomar Observatory, with
208996_Achlys
Near-Earth asteroid in 2040
magnitude of 19.6 using a 1.52-meter (60 in) reflecting telescope. Pan-STARRS precovery images from 8 November 2010 extended the observation arc to 317 days.
(367789)_2011_AG5
Near-Earth asteroid of the Apollo and Alinda group
Uncertainty parameter 0 Observation arc 83.29 yr (30,422 days) Earliest precovery date 10 February 1934 Aphelion 4.1242 AU Perihelion 0.9399 AU Semi-major
4179_Toutatis
Centaur
(IAUC 5434) of the Central Bureau for Astronomical Telegrams. A first precovery was taken at the Australian Siding Spring Observatory in 1977, extending
5145_Pholus
Non-periodic comet
camera the original reported coordinates were off by about two degrees. Precovery images obtained on 26 March by the Xingming Observatory were spotted by
C/2025_F2_(SWAN)
Jupiter-family comet
Epoch 9 June 2026 (JD 2461200.5) Observation arc 71.26 years Earliest precovery date 22 May 1955 Number of observations 5,478 Aphelion 4.860 AU Perihelion
88P/Howell
Long-period comet
after orbital reconstructions of the meteors matched that of the comet's precovery positions nearly 8 months before its discovery. The comet on 30 August
C/2023_P1_(Nishimura)
Non-periodic comet
team as an asteroidal object with an apparent magnitude of about 16. Precovery images from 3 and 5 January from Lowell Observatory Near-Earth-Object
C/2001_A2_(LINEAR)
Trans-Neptunian object
with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins with a precovery observation taken at Siding Spring Observatory in August 1976. Due to
(589683)_2010_RF43
Binary Hungaria asteroid
07 and an inclination of 19° with respect to the ecliptic. The first precovery was taken at Palomar Observatory in 1985, extending the asteroid's observation
4674_Pauling
Mid-sized asteroid sharing Jupiter's orbit
with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins with a precovery taken at the Siding Spring Observatory in July 1982, more than 15 years
11351_Leucus
Jupiter-family comet
coma was detected upon review of photographic plates on 16 March 2004. Precovery images as early as 11 February 2004 were known. Observations conducted
475P/Spacewatch–LINEAR
Centaur
with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins with a precovery taken by Spacewatch at Kitt Peak Observatory in June 1995, more than 6
32532_Thereus
Asteroid
0.13 and an inclination of 13° with respect to the ecliptic. A first precovery was taken at Palomar Observatory in 1949, extending the body's observation
2490_Bussolini
Sub-kilometer asteroid and quasi-satellite of Earth
removed from the Sentry Risk Table 2 days later on 16 April 2004. As later precovery observations by Haleakala-AMOS from 2001 have been found, Cardea now has
164207_Cardea
Trans-Neptunian object
Máni, and Aya. In December 2003, the MPC published the first identified precovery observations of Xewioso, which included a pair of photographic plates
78799_Xewioso
Asteroid
observation, with its first used observation taken at Belgrade in 1941. No precoveries were taken and no prior identifications were made. In the SMASS classification
1550_Tito
Periodic comet
Epoch 4 August 2061 (JD 2474040.5) Observation arc 2,243 years Earliest precovery date May 240 BC Number of observations 8,518 Aphelion 35.14 au Perihelion
Halley's_Comet
Active asteroid and periodic comet
radiation pressure from the Sun then stretched the dust into streams. Precovery images from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey from 2005 were found, showing
311P/PanSTARRS
Main-belt asteroid
and an inclination of 14° with respect to the ecliptic. The first used precovery was obtained at Goethe Link Observatory in 1962, extending the asteroid's
10415_Mali_Lošinj
Non-periodic comet
March 2015 (JD 2457111.5) Observation arc 2.2 years (802 days) Earliest precovery date 1 July 2014 Number of observations 7,890 Aphelion ~1,160 AU Perihelion
C/2014_Q2_(Lovejoy)
Near-Earth asteroid
2079, it will pass 0.3595 AU (53,800,000 km) from the Earth. A first precovery was taken at the discovering observatory in 1981, extending the asteroid's
(8201)_1994_AH2
Main-belt asteroid
which lies within the Nysa–Polana complex of the inner main belt. A first precovery was taken at the Palomar Observatory in December 1950, extending the asteroid's
7553_Buie
Asteroid sharing orbit with Jupiter
middle and outer region of the asteroid belt, respectively. A first precovery was taken at Palomar Observatory in December 1954, extending the asteroid's
5119_Imbrius
Periodic comet
Epoch 2014-May-23 (JD 2456800.5) Observation arc 20.79 years Earliest precovery date 3 December 2003 Number of observations 2,883 Aphelion 4.952 AU (Q)
209P/LINEAR
Hungaria asteroid
0.04 and an inclination of 21° with respect to the ecliptic. A first precovery was taken at Palomar Observatory in 1954, extending the asteroid's observation
5806_Archieroy
Near-Earth Asteroid
observation arc over 8 years. The asteroid has been identified in several precovery observations by various sky surveys, including Pan-STARRS, from dates
(614689)_2020_XL5
Apollo asteroid target of Hayabusa2's extended mission
than 40 years as of 2026[update]. Torifune has been identified in two precovery observations, which were both taken by the Siding Spring Observatory on
98943_Torifune
Great Comet of 2024
February 2024 (JD 2460350.5) Observation arc 3.5 years (1,280 days) Earliest precovery date 9 April 2022 Number of observations 7240 Aphelion ≈97000 AU(inbound)
Comet_Tsuchinshan–ATLAS
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