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Model representing the average Earth properties as a function of planetary radius
The preliminary reference Earth model (PREM) plots the average of Earth's properties by depth. It includes a table of Earth properties, including elastic
Preliminary reference Earth model
Preliminary_reference_Earth_model
A. M. Dziewonski, D. L. Anderson (1981). "Preliminary reference Earth model" (PDF). Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors. 25 (4): 297–356. Bibcode:1981PEPI
Gravity_of_Earth
Size and shape used to model the Earth for geodesy
the Earth is the size and shape used to model planet Earth. The kind of figure depends on application, including the precision needed for the model. A
Figure_of_the_Earth
earth is one theory by reason of density gradient. A popular model for the density gradient of Earth is one given by the Preliminary Reference Earth Model
Density_gradient
Region from 660 to 2900 km below Earth's surface
surface; between the transition zone and the outer core. The preliminary reference Earth model (PREM) separates the lower mantle into three sections, the
Lower_mantle
Minimum energy to remove a system from a gravitationally bound state
equation), is given in the Preliminary Reference Earth Model (PREM). Using this, the real gravitational binding energy of Earth can be calculated numerically
Gravitational_binding_energy
Innermost part of Earth, a solid ball of iron-nickel alloy
Dziewoński, Adam M.; Anderson, Don L. (1981). "Preliminary reference Earth model". Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors. 25 (4): 297–356. Bibcode:1981PEPI
Earth's_inner_core
Type of seismic wave
Dziewonski, Adam M.; Anderson, Don L. (1981). "Preliminary reference Earth model". Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors. 25 (4): 297–356. Bibcode:1981PEPI
P_wave
Predicts density vs depth in Earth
property. It is an important part of models of the Earth's interior such as the Preliminary reference Earth model (PREM). Williamson and Adams first developed
Adams–Williamson_equation
American seismologist (1936–2016)
development of the Preliminary reference Earth model (PREM) in collaboration with Don Anderson; PREM established an accurate radial model of the Earth for seismic
Adam_Dziewonski
Comparison of a wide range of pressures
S2CID 206512830. Dziewonski, A.; Anderson, D. L. (1981). "Preliminary reference Earth model" (PDF). Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors. 25 (4): 297–356. Bibcode:1981PEPI
Orders of magnitude (pressure)
Orders_of_magnitude_(pressure)
Topics referred to by the same term
concept of elevated love Preliminary Reference Earth Model, a commonly used 1 D reference model for the structure of the Earth Colloquial name for the
Prem
Geopotential descriptions used by the US DoD
The Earth Gravitational Models (EGM) are a series of geopotential models of the Earth published by the National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency (NGA).
Earth_Gravitational_Model
Study of dynamics of the Earth
Dziewonski, A. M. and D. L. Anderson (1981). "Preliminary reference Earth model." Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors 25(4): 297–356. Ribe, N
Geodynamics
Model composition of the Earth's mantle
global seismic models (such as preliminary reference Earth model (PREM)) in the Earth's interior, whereas some studies support the pyrolite model. There are
Pyrolite
Area not reached by seismic waves from an earthquake
Dziewonski, Adam M.; Anderson, Don L. (June 1981). "Preliminary reference Earth model". Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors. 25 (4): 297–356. doi:10
Shadow_zone
Physics of the Earth and its vicinity
The main model for the radial structure of the interior of the Earth is the preliminary reference Earth model (PREM). Some parts of this model have been
Geophysics
Theoretical means of transportation
the realistic density distribution inside the Earth, as known from the preliminary reference Earth model, the expected fall-through time is reduced from
Gravity_train
Seismic wave velocity variation
the Earth's velocity structure. Their work laid the foundation for the Preliminary Reference Earth Model in 1981, a significant step toward modeling the
Seismic_velocity_structure
the preliminary reference Earth model. Dziewonski, Adam M.; Anderson, Don L. (1981-06-01). "Preliminary reference Earth model". Physics of the Earth and
SKS_wave
American geophysicist
currents in the Earth's mantle using seismological methods. These studies led to the development of the Preliminary Reference Earth Model (PREM), which
Don_L._Anderson
Discontinuity where the bottom of the planet's mantle meets the outer layer of the core
Dziewonski, Adam M.; Anderson, Don L. (1981-06-01). "Preliminary reference Earth model". Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors. 25 (4): 297–356. Bibcode:1981PEPI
Core–mantle_boundary
Superseded description of the Universe with Earth at the center
superseded astronomical model description of the Universe with Earth at the center. It is also known as the geocentric model, often exemplified specifically
Geocentrism
Subatomic particle emitted by radioactive elements in the Earth
on the radius (such as the Preliminary Reference Earth Model or PREM) with a 3-D refinement for the emission from the Earth's crust is generally sufficient
Geoneutrino
Anderson (American, 1933–2014) – seismology and Earth's interior (including the Preliminary reference Earth model); Crafoord Prize Nigel Anstey (British, 1927–
List_of_geophysicists
Imaging technique used in seismology
Dziewonski, Adam M.; Anderson, Don L. (1981-06-01). "Preliminary reference Earth model". Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors. 25 (4): 297–356. Bibcode:1981PEPI
Seismic_tomography
Heliostatic model of solar system by Nicolaus Copernicus
motionless, with Earth and the other planets orbiting around it in circular paths, modified by epicycles, and at uniform speeds. The Copernican model challenged
Copernican_heliocentrism
Natural satellite orbiting Earth
satellite of Earth. It orbits around Earth at an average distance of 384,399 kilometers (238,854 mi), a distance roughly 30 times the width of Earth. It completes
Moon
Series of unmanned experimental glider-aircraft
The Preliminary Research Aerodynamic Design to Lower Drag, or Prandtl-D was a series of unmanned experimental glider-aircraft developed by NASA under
Prandtl-D
Earth System Modeling Framework (ESMF) is open-source software for building climate, numerical weather prediction, data assimilation, and other Earth
Earth System Modeling Framework
Earth_System_Modeling_Framework
Beauty pageant
Philippines Earth 2008 Candidates Miss Philippines Earth 2008 Preliminary Activities Official Website Lil' Earth Angels Official Website Mabuhay Beauties
Miss_Philippines_Earth_2008
Long-term future of planet Earth
future of Earth can be extrapolated based on the estimated effects of several long-term influences. These include the chemistry at Earth's surface, the
Future_of_Earth
Global electromagnetic resonances, generated and excited by lightning discharges
a set of spectral peaks in the extremely low frequency portion of the Earth's electromagnetic field spectrum. They are global electromagnetic resonances
Schumann_resonances
7th Miss Universe Philippines pageant
and model Praveenar Singh – first runner-up at Miss Universe 2025 Commercial breaks: Celeste Cortesi – Miss Universe Philippines 2022 and Miss Earth Philippines
Miss Universe Philippines 2026
Miss_Universe_Philippines_2026
Any of the fifteen lanthanides plus scandium and yttrium
Rare-earth elements in the periodic table The rare-earth elements (REE), also called rare-earth metals, or rare earths, are a set of 17 nearly indistinguishable
Rare-earth_element
Spatial grid based on a geodesic polyhedron
Later work expanded on this base. A geodesic grid is a global Earth spatial reference that uses polygon tiles based on the subdivision of a polyhedron
Geodesic_grid
Low-cost electric car under development by Tesla, Inc.
drivable vehicle has not been given an official name, the monikers Model 2 and Model Q have been used to refer to the vehicle in the media. A driverless
Tesla next-generation vehicle platform
Tesla_next-generation_vehicle_platform
China crewed lunar surface lander
back into lunar orbit in their spacecraft and subsequently, to Earth. The preliminary plan describes a 'landing segment' that consists of a new lunar-module
Lanyue
Survey methods in North America
preliminary survey of the features of the western United States, resulting in maps of geographical features. The current geodetic model of the Earth used
Surveying_in_North_America
listed on the Earth Impact Database list of confirmed impact structures. For confirmed impact structures, see List of impact structures on Earth. The following
List of possible impact structures on Earth
List_of_possible_impact_structures_on_Earth
Type of astronomical bodies
sphere-centric models of the planet systems, based on his background as a mathematician. Eudoxus's model was geocentric, with the Earth being a stationary
Fixed_stars
Small Solar System body with an orbit that can bring it close to Earth
three have been returned to Earth, and one successful deflection test was conducted. Similar missions are in progress. Preliminary plans for commercial asteroid
Near-Earth_object
Planetary motions in archaic models of the Solar System
explained changes in the apparent distances of the planets from the Earth. The model is often attributed to Apollonius of Perga, who was active at the end
Deferent_and_epicycle
NASA infrared space telescope
completed on 25 November 2025, and is scheduled to be launched to a Sun–Earth L2 orbit on 30 August 2026. It is named after former NASA Chief of Astronomy
Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope
Nancy_Grace_Roman_Space_Telescope
US federally funded research and development center
research aircraft, supercomputers, atmospheric models, and datasets for conducting research in Earth system science. NCAR manages multiple facilities
National Center for Atmospheric Research
National_Center_for_Atmospheric_Research
Mathematical model of the Big Bang
The Lambda-CDM, Lambda cold dark matter, or ΛCDM model is a mathematical model of the Big Bang theory with three major components: a cosmological constant
Lambda-CDM_model
Ionized part of Earth's upper atmosphere
proposed atmospheric reflection as a model for long-range radio wave propagation, in which the electrically conductive earth and an upper atmospheric layer
Ionosphere
Total number of living humans on Earth
2002). "How Many People Have Ever Lived on Earth?" (PDF). Population Today. 30 (8). Population Reference Bureau: 3–4. Archived (PDF) from the original
World_population
Period of long-term reduction in temperature of Earth's surface and atmosphere
An ice age is a period of time when the lower temperature of Earth's surface and atmosphere results in the presence or expansion of continental and polar
Ice_age
Potentially hazardous near-Earth asteroid
close to Earth happens only once in 800 years on average. Such an asteroid is expected to actually hit Earth once in about 80,000 years. Preliminary observations
99942_Apophis
light-years from Earth. The brightest, most massive and most luminous object among those 131 is Sirius A, which is also the brightest star in Earth's night sky;
List_of_nearest_stars
18th Miss Earth pageant
Miss Earth 2018 was the 18th edition of the Miss Earth pageant, held at the SM Mall of Asia Arena in Bay City, Pasay, Metro Manila, the Philippines, on
Miss_Earth_2018
Football tournament
2005, p. 238. Glanville 2005, p. 359. "Record number of 204 teams enter preliminary competition". FIFA.com. Fédération Internationale de Football Association
FIFA_World_Cup
Application of mechanical dynamics to model the flight of space vehicles
The principles of flight dynamics are used to model a vehicle's powered flight during launch from the Earth; a spacecraft's orbital flight; maneuvers to
Spacecraft_flight_dynamics
Meteorite impact crater in Kazakhstan
Preliminary papers in the late 1970s suggested either Elgygytgyn, or Zhamanshin, as the source of the Australasian strewnfield. "Zhamanshin". Earth Impact
Zhamanshin_crater
Mathematician and astronomer (1473–1543)
polymath who formulated a model of the universe that placed the Sun rather than Earth at its center. The publication of Copernicus's model in his book De revolutionibus
Nicolaus_Copernicus
DC Studios film by James Gunn
message from his birth parents, Jor-El and Lara Lor-Van, who sent him to Earth to save him from the destruction of their planet Krypton. The message was
Superman_(2025_film)
Life that does not originate on Earth
elsewhere? What are the requirements for life? Are there exoplanets like Earth? How likely is the evolution of intelligent life? More unsolved problems
Extraterrestrial_life
Spacecraft designed for interstellar travel
pass one another within 1.6 light years in about 40,000 years. Several preliminary designs for starships have been undertaken through exploratory engineering
Starship
Country in North America
domestic expenditures on research and development, 2020 (final), 2021 (preliminary) and 2022 (intentions)" (Press release). Statistics Canada. January 27
Canada
Coordinate system for planets
axis of rotation (poles of astronomical bodies). The reference surfaces for some planets (such as Earth and Mars) are ellipsoids of revolution for which the
Planetary_coordinate_system
Free online crowdsourced encyclopedia
einstweilige Verfügung gegen Wikimedia Deutschland ab [Update]" [Court rejects preliminary injunction against Wikimedia Germany [Update]]. Heise Online (in German)
Wikipedia
Position along a vertical direction above or below a given vertical datum
Organization - Guide to Meteorological Instruments and Methods of Observation - Preliminary seventh edition - WMO-No. 8 - Secretariat of the World Meteorological
Vertical_position
1961–1972 American crewed lunar exploration program
decade is out, of landing a man on the Moon and returning him safely to the Earth" in his address to the U.S. Congress on May 25, 1961. Kennedy's goal was
Apollo_program
Country in Eastern Europe and North Asia
Предварительная оценка численности постоянного населения на 1 января 2025 года [Preliminary estimate of the permanent population as of January 1, 2025] (XLSX). Russian
Russia
Country in South America
On 10 November, the Organization of American States (OAS) released a preliminary report concluding several irregularities in the election, though these
Bolivia
Notion of a single common political authority for all of humanity
Nevertheless, the organization is commonly viewed as either a model for, or preliminary step towards, a global government. The concept of universal governance
World_government
Elements of some cosmological models
celestial sphere model were introduced, with the planetary spheres following this sequence from the Sun at the centre: Mercury, Venus, Earth-Moon, Mars, Jupiter
Celestial_spheres
Discontinued US research program on the viability of nuclear pulse propulsion
propelled by a series of atomic explosions behind the craft. Following preliminary ideas in the 1940s and a classified paper co-authored by physicist Stanisław
Project Orion (nuclear propulsion)
Project_Orion_(nuclear_propulsion)
Mathematical theory of the geometry of space and time
relativity using the LARES and LAGEOS satellites and a GRACE Earth gravity model. Measurement of Earth's dragging of inertial frames," by I. Ciufolini et al"
Curved_spacetime
First artificial Earth satellite
as simply Sputnik, was the first artificial Earth satellite. It was launched into an elliptical low Earth orbit by the Soviet Union on 4 October 1957
Sputnik_1
particular, the model is frequently used to evaluate real-world efficiencies of PV or CPV modules and evaluate mismatch factors. The reference spectra in ASTM
Simple Model of the Atmospheric Radiative Transfer of Sunshine
Simple_Model_of_the_Atmospheric_Radiative_Transfer_of_Sunshine
Country primarily in North America
"This US airport has reclaimed its title as the world's busiest". CNN. "Preliminary World Airport Traffic and Rankings 2013—High Growth Dubai Moves Up to
United_States
Hypothetical climatic effect of nuclear war
are then modeled. The term "nuclear winter" was a neologism coined in 1983 by Richard P. Turco in reference to a one-dimensional computer model created
Nuclear_winter
Country in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991
; Cooper, J. M. (1986). Soviet Industrialization Reconsidered: Some Preliminary Conclusions about Economic Development between 1926 and 1941. Vol. 39
Soviet_Union
1989 video game
cartridge of Earth Bound was found by a fan translation group named Neo Demiforce (or just Demiforce), who had been working on a preliminary English translation
EarthBound_Beginnings
First planet from the Sun
models constrained to be consistent with a moment of inertia factor of 0.346±0.014. Hence, Mercury's core occupies about 57% of its volume; for Earth
Mercury_(planet)
First successful mission to Venus (1962–1963)
to Earth from a distance of more than 26 million km (16 million mi), and to survive solar radiation twice as intense as that encountered in Earth orbit
Mariner_2
U.S. presidential administration since 2025
grounds, and as of February 2025[update], four federal judges have issued preliminary injunctions blocking its implementation and enforcement nationwide. On
Second presidency of Donald Trump
Second_presidency_of_Donald_Trump
Energy system models that are open source
solver Community Climate System Model – a mostly open source coupled global climate model ESMF (Earth System Modeling Framework) – open source software
Open_energy_system_models
Potential business transaction
its streaming and studio assets to Netflix, pending completion of a preliminary proxy filing. No date was set. If approved, the transaction would proceed
Proposed acquisition of Warner Bros. Discovery by Paramount Skydance
Proposed_acquisition_of_Warner_Bros._Discovery_by_Paramount_Skydance
Second planet from the Sun
Venus is the second planet from the Sun. Similar in size and mass to Earth, Venus has no liquid water, and its atmosphere is far thicker and denser than
Venus
East Asian ethnic group
Wen; Li, Jiawei; Yue, Hongbin; Zhou, Hui; Zhu, Hong (2013). Poster: Preliminary Research on Hereditary Features of Yinxu Population. 82nd Annual Meeting
Han_Chinese
Soviet satellite
metal construct to work in Earth orbit were all uncharted territories. By July 1956, OKB-1 had completed the preliminary design, but modifications to
Sputnik_3
Country in Northwestern Europe
"Food Law News—EU : Contaminants—Commission Press Release (IP/99/399) Preliminary results of EU-inspection to Belgium". School of Food Biosciences, University
Belgium
Rock or sediment with valuable metals, minerals and elements
can be classified based on their deposit type. Ore is extracted from the earth through mining and treated or refined, often via smelting, to extract the
Ore
This timeline of volcanism on Earth includes a list of major volcanic eruptions of approximately at least magnitude 6 on the Volcanic explosivity index
Timeline of volcanism on Earth
Timeline_of_volcanism_on_Earth
Trough off the coast of Japan
a large amount of deformed trench sediments (Ike, 2004), making one of Earth's best examples of accretionary wedge. Furthermore, seismic reflection studies
Nankai_Trough
Immigration detention facility in Florida, US
Schultz. In August 2025, U.S. district judge Kathleen Williams granted a preliminary injunction halting construction and prohibiting the government from transferring
Alligator_Alcatraz
Phase since 2022 of war ongoing since 2014
people were sent to economically depressed regions of Russia. Based on a preliminary assessment, the war has inflicted $51 billion in environmental damage
Russo-Ukrainian war (2022–present)
Russo-Ukrainian_war_(2022–present)
Earth's magnetic pole in the Northern Hemisphere
through the geometric center of Earth. Earth's north and south magnetic poles are also known as magnetic dip poles, with reference to the vertical "dip" of the
North_magnetic_pole
Major earthquakes in the Turkey–Syria border region
finite fault A source model for the Mww7.8 earthquake produced by the USGS from observed seismic waves, taking into account preliminary rupture mapping from
2023_Turkey–Syria_earthquakes
American basketball player (1978–2020)
because of his sexual assault case. He was named to the 2006–2008 U.S. preliminary roster, but knee surgery sidelined him from the 2006 FIBA World Championship
Kobe_Bryant
Biblical figure and Israelite monarch
(2016). Mazar, Eilat, Excavations at the Summit of the City of David, Preliminary Report of Seasons 2005–2007, Shoham, Jerusalem and New York, 2009, pp
David
2025 film directed by Jared Hess
fulfill a childhood dream, where he discovers the Orb of Dominance and the Earth Crystal. When combined, they create a portal that transports him to the
A_Minecraft_Movie
Carbonaceous Apollo asteroid
and landed on Earth in September 2023, with distribution and analysis of the sample ongoing. On 15 May 2024, an overview of preliminary analytical studies
101955_Bennu
Intermittent adjustment to UTC
long-term slowdown in the Earth's rotation. The UTC time standard, widely used for international timekeeping and as the reference for civil time in most
Leap_second
2024 Indian film by Nag Ashwin
painful immortality and eternal suffering. He condemns him to wander the Earth for six millennia until he can redeem his soul by protecting the mother
Kalki_2898_AD
Terrestrial exoplanet orbiting Kepler-186
by its Kepler object of interest designation KOI-571.05) is a candidate Earth-sized exoplanet orbiting within the habitable zone of the red dwarf star
Kepler-186f
Christian creationist theme park located in Kentucky
promotes faith-based, pseudoscientific young Earth creationist beliefs about the age of the universe, age of the Earth, and co-existence of humans and non-avian
Ark_Encounter
PRELIMINARY REFERENCE-EARTH-MODEL
PRELIMINARY REFERENCE-EARTH-MODEL
Surname or Lastname
English
English : nickname from Middle English derth ‘famine’ (of uncertain application) or de(e)th ‘death’, Old English dēa{dh}. The latter name would have been acquired by someone who had played the part of the personified figure of Death in a pageant or play, or else one who was habitually gloomy or sickly, and the insertion of the letter -r- may have been a deliberate attempt to dissociate the name from death.
Girl/Female
African, American, Australian, British, Christian, English, German, Indian
Earthy; Born of the Earth; Child of the World
Female
English
Old English name EARTHA means "earth, ground."
Boy/Male
American, Australian, British, English, French, German, Hebrew
Son of the Earth; Form of Bartholomew; Son of Farmer
Girl/Female
Arabic
Lady
Boy/Male
Gujarati, Hindu, Indian, Kannada, Malayalam, Marathi, Tamil
Meaningful
Girl/Female
Indian, Kannada
Glimpse; Hope; Love; Life; God
Boy/Male
Bengali, Gujarati, Hindu, Indian, Jain, Kannada, Malayalam, Marathi, Mythological, Sanskrit, Sindhi, Telugu
Emperor of the World; King; Bright; Silver; Other Name of Arjun; Lord Krishna's Friend
Boy/Male
Indian
Meaningful, Meaning
Boy/Male
Norse American Swedish Scandinavian English
Defender.
Boy/Male
American, Anglo, Australian, British, Christian, English, German, Indian, Norse, Scandinavian
Keeper of the Garden; An Enclosed Yard; Garden; Protection; Enclosure
Girl/Female
English American German
Worldly. Earth, from the Old English eorthe. Famous bearer: American creole singer Eartha Kitt.
Boy/Male
Hindu
King, Arjun
Boy/Male
Hindu
Autumn, Super boy, Complete or meaningful
Girl/Female
Indian, Kannada, Tamil
First; Preliminary; Dancing Peacock
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian, Tamil
Complete; Meaningful; Great Thoughts
Male
Irish
Short form of Irish Gaelic Parthalán, possibly PARTH means "son of Talmai."
Boy/Male
English
Son of the earth;often used as a surname.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : habitational name from for example Warth in Glouceshire or Ward in Devon, which are named with Old English waroð ‘marshy ground by a shore or stream’ or from any of various minor places named with Old Norse varða ‘beacon’ (a derivative of varða ‘to guard’).German : habitational name from any of various places named with an Old High German cognate of this element.
Male
Welsh
 Contracted form of Welsh Gareth, possibly GARTH means "old." Compare with another form of Garth.
PRELIMINARY REFERENCE-EARTH-MODEL
PRELIMINARY REFERENCE-EARTH-MODEL
Boy/Male
Indian, Punjabi, Sikh
Morning Ray
Boy/Male
Hindu
Boy/Male
Indian, Punjabi, Sikh
Light of the Sun
Boy/Male
Hindu
Vinashana destroyer of enemys valour
Girl/Female
African, American, British, Chinese, Christian, English, Hebrew, Irish, Portuguese
Lovely; Crowned; Narrow; Beautiful; Graceful; Crown of Laurel; Victorious; Slender
Girl/Female
Hindu, Indian, Marathi
The Indian White Rose
Girl/Female
Arabic, French
Gold
Female
German
Variant spelling of German Kriemhild, KRIEMHILDE means "battle mask."
Boy/Male
Gujarati, Hindu, Indian, Kannada, Malayalam, Marathi, Telugu
The Founder of Chandra Dynasty
Boy/Male
Muslim
The qualified person
PRELIMINARY REFERENCE-EARTH-MODEL
PRELIMINARY REFERENCE-EARTH-MODEL
PRELIMINARY REFERENCE-EARTH-MODEL
PRELIMINARY REFERENCE-EARTH-MODEL
PRELIMINARY REFERENCE-EARTH-MODEL
v. t.
To regard or treat with reverence; to regard with respect and affection mingled with fear; to venerate.
n.
That which is preferred; the object of choice or superior favor; as, which is your preference?
v. t.
To cover with earth or mold; to inter; to bury; -- sometimes with up.
adv.
In a preliminary manner.
n.
One who regards with reverence.
imp. & p. p.
of Reverence
n.
The earth.
a.
Introductory; previous; preceding the main discourse or business; prefatory; as, preliminary observations to a discourse or book; preliminary articles to a treaty; preliminary measures; preliminary examinations.
n.
That which refers to something; a specific direction of the attention; as, a reference in a text-book.
v. t.
To hide, or cause to hide, in the earth; to chase into a burrow or den.
a.
Having reference to the center of the earth.
n.
A preliminary examination of a criminal case with reference to a prosecution.
n.
Any earthy-looking metallic oxide, as alumina, glucina, zirconia, yttria, and thoria.
a.
Made of earth; earthy.
n.
The act of referring, or the state of being referred; as, reference to a chart for guidance.
a.
Consisting of, or resembling, earth; terrene; earthlike; as, earthy matter.
n.
A hole in the ground, where an animal hides himself; as, the earth of a fox.
n.
That which deserves or exacts manifestations of reverence; reverend character; dignity; state.