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Pejorative term for Indigenous identity frauds
"Pretendian" is a pejorative colloquialism for a person who engages in Indigenous identity fraud. A pretendian is a non-Indigenous person who falsely
Pretendian
2022 Canadian film
The Pretendians is a Canadian television documentary film, directed by Drew Hayden Taylor and released in 2022. The film explores the issue of people
The_Pretendians
American pretendian and New Age figure
Harley "Swiftdeer" Reagan (1941–2013) was an American pretendian and New Age spiritual leader. He is known for founding the Deer Tribe Metis Medicine Society
Harley_Reagan
Individuals who practice Indigenous identity fraud are often called "pretendians", a pejorative portmanteau of "pretend" and "Indian"; similarly a "pretenduit"
Indigenous identity fraud in Canada and the United States
Indigenous_identity_fraud_in_Canada_and_the_United_States
Canadian nonprofit organization
On January 23, 2025, the Art Gallery of Hamilton hosted an event on "Pretendians or Indigenous Fraudsters" attended by Semaganis. In March 2025, Semaganis
Ghost_Warrior_Society
American actor (born 1963)
ancestry, and Native community leaders consider him "a non-Indian" and a pretendian. Depp's choice to portray Tonto, a Native American character, in The Lone
Johnny_Depp
American and Indigenous Canadian identities Native American genealogy Pretendian Racial isolates in the United States Australian Aboriginal identity If
Native American identity in the United States
Native_American_identity_in_the_United_States
American singer & model (born 1984)
her claims, referring to Jones as a "pretendian" ... If you need evidence that Kayla is absolutely a pretendian, here it is "Kaya Jones: The "Apache"
Kaya_Jones
American anthropologist
(University Press of Florida, 2020) On the Warpath: My Battles With Indians, Pretendians, and Woke Warriors (Academica Press, 2024) "Weiss, Elizabeth". San José
Elizabeth_Weiss
Spanish footballer (born 2003)
2023. p. 6. Retrieved 30 May 2023. Muñoz, Felipe (5 January 2022). "Lo pretendían Barcelona y City... Así juega la la joya de 18 años que fichó en el Leeds
Mateo_Joseph
American racial identity activist (born 1977)
the original on March 13, 2023. Retrieved March 13, 2023. "The Era of Pretendians › American Greatness". American Greatness. October 25, 2022. Archived
Rachel_Dolezal
Canadian art curator, artist, and writer
Vancouver Sun which stated that Cheyanne Turions had been "outed" as a "pretendian" the previous week, "after @nomoreredface published a Twitter thread that
Cheyanne_turions
Cultural organization in Alameda County, California
Executive Director Jonathan Cordero is “widely seen in Indian Country as a ‘Pretendian'," while not identifying any source for the statement. In 2025, after
Muwekma_Ohlone_Tribe
Indigenous people of the Northeastern Woodlands
that "If a 'pretendian' is an individual who falsely claims indigenous lineage, then CPAIN is what happens when a group of 'pretendians' decide to form
Lenape
American writer and journalist (1931–2001)
than real ones. Rock and Other Four Letter Words (1968) Plastic shaman Pretendian Jacobs, Alex (June 19, 2015). "Fool's Gold: The Story of Jamake Highwater
Jamake_Highwater
Canadian writer, lecturer and conservationist (1888–1938)
Archie Belaney was exposed. He has been called one of the first Canadian "Pretendians". Moving to Canada as a young man, Belaney established himself as a woodsman
Grey_Owl
African American new religious movement
Messianic Judaism Moorish Science Temple of America New religious movement Pretendian Religion in Black America Musodza says that historical accounts by historian
Black_Hebrew_Israelites
2010 Canadian TV series or program
Finch (2019) 2020s 9/11 Kids (2020) Ghosts of Afghanistan (2021) The Pretendians (2022) Coming Home: Wanna Icipus Kupi (2023) Contract to Kill (2024)
Life_with_Murder
Four state-recognized tribes in Vermont identifying as Abenaki
Odanak musician Mali Obomsawin referred to the Vermont Abenaki as the 'pretendian Abenaki movement' in Vermont, and called them misogynist. In 2023, Lakota
Vermont_Abenaki
Native American author and activist
ever lived in a tribal community. This research resulted in the Alleged Pretendians List, of about 200 public figures in academia and entertainment, which
Jacqueline_Keeler
Sociocultural identification
identity in the United States Native American tribal rolls Plastic shaman Pretendian Circe Sturm, Becoming Indian: The Struggle over Cherokee Identity in the
Cherokee_descent
Impersonation of a race other than one's own
Redface, Whiteface, Yellowface Cultural appropriation Passing (race) Pretendian Transracial (identity) Stereotypes of Indigenous peoples of Canada and
Racial_misrepresentation
Man-portable multi-role weapon system
Publicado por (26 September 2008). "Cañón Carl Gustav: El arma con la que pretendían eliminar a Chávez" (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 23 November
Carl Gustaf 8.4 cm recoilless rifle
Carl_Gustaf_8.4_cm_recoilless_rifle
American academic, women's rights and anti-violence activist
Press (2020) ISBN 978-1-4780-0838-5 Pretendian Quinn, Ryan. "Professor Leaving University After Being Dubbed 'Pretendian' for Years". Inside Higher Ed. Retrieved
Andrea_Smith_(academic)
When a person classified as one race is accepted as another
skin color, also known as colorism Good hair Lookism Passing (gender) Pretendian Racial fluidity Racial integration Racial misrepresentation Racial transformation
Passing_(racial_identity)
Western interpretation of Tantra
for a specific historical situation." Chuluaqui-Quodoushka – American pretendian and New Age figurePages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
Neotantra
Secondary airport in Medellín, Colombia
Spanish). Ultima Hora. 18 February 2009. Retrieved 22 June 2010. "Asaltantes pretendían robar oro y platino en el aeropuerto Olaya Herrera de Medellín". Vanguardia
Olaya_Herrera_Airport
Canadian art school in Vancouver, Canada
Cyca, Michelle (6 September 2022). "The Curious Case of Gina Adams: A "Pretendian" investigation". Maclean's. Retrieved 7 September 2022. Wikimedia Commons
Emily Carr University of Art and Design
Emily_Carr_University_of_Art_and_Design
American television sitcom
his family and heritage she, Wayne, and Sally begin to suspect he is a pretendian. Nathan encourages Reagan to find out the truth. Following an interrogation
Rutherford_Falls
Adoption of culture and cultural identity perceived as inappropriate
Haka performed by non-New Zealand sports teams Orientalism Pizza effect Pretendian Racial fetishism Racial misrepresentation Romantic racism Xenocentrism
Cultural_appropriation
American musician and activist (born 1941)
to revoke the honor. Portals: Biography Music Canada Music of Canada Pretendian Carrie Bourassa Mary Ellen Turpel-Lafond Thomas King (novelist) Some later
Buffy_Sainte-Marie
American religious leader from Arkansas, U.S. (1916–1997)
activism. Rolling Thunder has been described as a "plastic shaman" and a "pretendian", with little or no genuine connection to the culture or religion he claimed
Rolling_Thunder_(person)
Story from a 1962 religious tract
appropriation Invented tradition Medicine wheel (symbol) Plastic shaman Pretendian "Interview with Michael Niman". On The Road With John Tarleton. July 1999
Legend of the Rainbow Warriors
Legend_of_the_Rainbow_Warriors
Ethnic group
Native American genealogy Native American identity in the United States Pretendian Racism against African Americans "The American Isolates: The Little Races"
Racial isolates in the United States
Racial_isolates_in_the_United_States
American actress and activist (1946–2022)
Pretendians rarely can name any people they are related to in a Native community or in their family tree. They also just blatantly lie. Pretendianism
Sacheen_Littlefeather
Use of costumes to caricature Indigenous Americans
in popular culture Native American hobbyism in Germany Playing Indian Pretendian Redskin Stereotypes of Indigenous peoples of Canada and the United States
Redface
Text recounting Maya mythology and history
mas que una formula cabalistica, segun la cual los adivinos engañadores pretendían pronosticar y explicar ciertos eventos. Yo encontré este calendario gentilico
Popol_Vuh
American segregationist (1925–1979)
Pierce, another white supremacist who wrote novels under a pseudonym Pretendian, the phenomenon of false claims of Native American ancestry "Is Forrest
Asa_Earl_Carter
Ancient stone circles in North America
into a visual symbol, with associated correspondences and meanings, by pretendian Hyemeyohsts Storm, who first published his invention in 1972. It has been
Medicine_wheel
List of people acting under false identity
Impersonator Impostor syndrome Messiah claimant Political decoy Poseur Pretendian Wilkomirski syndrome "Definition of impostor". Merriam-Webster. December
List_of_impostors
Art Indian Arts and Crafts Act of 1990 Indigenous intellectual property Pretendian Visual arts of the Indigenous peoples of the Americas "Mexico Fights Cultural
Federal_Law_for_the_Protection_of_Cultural_Heritage_of_Indigenous_and_Afro-Mexican_Peoples_and_Communities
Genetics on the peopling of the Americas
Indigenous American ancestry. In the Eastern United States, in particular, pretendians are common. Some tribes have adopted blood quantum requirements, or Certificates
Genetic history of the Indigenous peoples of the Americas
Genetic_history_of_the_Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas
US statute
of Alaska Native tribal entities List of federally recognized tribes Pretendian State recognized tribes in the United States Native American flute Protected
Indian Arts and Crafts Act of 1990
Indian_Arts_and_Crafts_Act_of_1990
Things: "Curb Your Carbon" The Nature of Things: "Nature's Big Year" The Pretendians Come Clean Dear Jackie Marketplace: "Crisis in Home Care" My Indian Name
11th_Canadian_Screen_Awards
Canadian playwright, author and journalist
Television, including Searching for Winnetou, Cottagers and Indians and The Pretendians. Taylor has held writer-in-residence positions at Native Earth Performing
Drew_Hayden_Taylor
Native American nonprofit organization
People who falsely claim to be American Indians are often referred to as "Pretendians". Lianna Costantino, a citizen of the Cherokee Nation, is the organization's
Tribal Alliance Against Frauds
Tribal_Alliance_Against_Frauds
State-recognized tribe in Vermont, United States
2022. "Odanak First Nation denounces Vt. state-recognized tribes as 'Pretendian'". Vermont Public. Retrieved 2025-07-28. Reed, Elodie (11 July 2024).
Koasek_Abenaki_Tribe
Term for stereotypical and inaccurate representation of Native American women
Native American identity, especially if done on an ongoing basis, is pretendian. It is considered an extreme form of cultural appropriation, sometimes
Indian_princess
Latin American political ideology in the United States
Mestizos in Mexico Racism in Hispanic and Latino American communities Pretendian Taíno "Indigenismo in the United States". JSTOR. Retrieved 2025-04-22
Indigenismo in the United States
Indigenismo_in_the_United_States
2023 Canadian film
Finch (2019) 2020s 9/11 Kids (2020) Ghosts of Afghanistan (2021) The Pretendians (2022) Coming Home: Wanna Icipus Kupi (2023) Contract to Kill (2024)
Coming Home: Wanna Icipus Kupi
Coming_Home:_Wanna_Icipus_Kupi
2012 Canadian film
Finch (2019) 2020s 9/11 Kids (2020) Ghosts of Afghanistan (2021) The Pretendians (2022) Coming Home: Wanna Icipus Kupi (2023) Contract to Kill (2024)
The People of the Kattawapiskak River
The_People_of_the_Kattawapiskak_River
State-recognized tribe in Vermont, United States
"Odanak First Nation denounces Vt. state-recognized tribes as 'Pretendian'". Vermont Public. Retrieved 2025-07-28. Abenaki Council of Odanak and
Elnu_Abenaki_Tribe
Indigenous artists of the Americas List of Indigenous writers of the Americas Pretendian Notable American Indians Famous Native Americans "IV. Our Nation's American
List of Native Americans of the United States
List_of_Native_Americans_of_the_United_States
1998 nonfiction book by Philip J. Deloria
Noble savage Order of the Arrow Improved Order of Red Men Plastic shaman Pretendian Indigenous identity fraud in Canada and the United States Deloria, Philip
Playing_Indian
Collective legal protections for cultural heritage
Intellectual property Intellectual property issues in cultural heritage (IPinCH) Pretendian Traditional knowledge Tribal knowledge Office of the United Nations High
Indigenous intellectual property
Indigenous_intellectual_property
Montreal Gazette, September 14, 1996. Blair Ingenthron, "CBC to Air 'The Pretendians' This Week". Broadway World, September 25, 2022. Graham, Paula (November
List of Indigenous Canadian films
List_of_Indigenous_Canadian_films
American artist and activist
Cyca, Michelle (6 September 2022). "The Curious Case of Gina Adams: A "Pretendian" investigation". Macleans.ca. Macleans. Retrieved 13 September 2022. Liu
Gina_Adams
American sociologist
September 2026. Keeler, Jacqueline (2 June 2021). "The New York Times Outs Pretendian Andrea Smith". Yellow Scene Magazine. Erie, CO. Archived from the original
Andrew_Jolivette
2016 studio album by Gord Downie
Finch (2019) 2020s 9/11 Kids (2020) Ghosts of Afghanistan (2021) The Pretendians (2022) Coming Home: Wanna Icipus Kupi (2023) Contract to Kill (2024)
Secret_Path
Painter from Oklahoma, U.S.
U.S. Education Art Students League of New York Known for Painting, pretendianism, paintings of burning planets Style Abstract Expressionism Spouse(s)
Yeffe_Kimball
State-recognized tribe in Vermont, United States
2022. "Odanak First Nation denounces Vt. state-recognized tribes as 'Pretendian'". Vermont Public. Retrieved 2025-07-28. "Chapter 23: Native American
Missisquoi_Abenaki_Tribe
Romanticised culture
Ostern, the Soviet Union and Eastern Bloc countries' take on the Western. Pretendian Rainbow Gathering German professor lectures on his country's "Indianthusiasm"
Native Americans in German popular culture
Native_Americans_in_German_popular_culture
Cyca, Michelle (September 6, 2022). "The Curious Case of Gina Adams: A "Pretendian" investigation". Maclean's. Archived from the original on September 7
List of University of Kansas people
List_of_University_of_Kansas_people
Defunct U.S. political organization
her claims, referring to Jones as a "pretendian" ... If you need evidence that Kayla is absolutely a pretendian, here it is "Kaya Jones: The "Apache"
National Diversity Coalition for Trump
National_Diversity_Coalition_for_Trump
American trickshooter, actor and stuntman
fictitious Native-American identity (a phenomenon sometimes now referred to as Pretendian), and reported his birthplace as New York City. Such a deception was not
Rodd_Redwing
Set of military trials
Tal era su estado que su cuerpo no asimilaba ni el suero con el que pretendían alimentarlo." Así Peleamos Malvinas, Martín Antonio Balza, página 178
Argentine military trials of 2009
Argentine_military_trials_of_2009
2011 Federal Court of Australia case
for Labor preselection in Melbourne in 2001. Indigenous identity fraud Pretendian Eatock v Bolt [2011] FCA 1103, (2011) 197 FCR 261, Federal Court (Australia)
Eatock_v_Bolt
American imposter (1919–1996)
African-American people. West continued to live under the Red Thunder Cloud pretendian identity, becoming a regular presence at local fairs and even some pow
Red_Thunder_Cloud
Public secondary school in Mill Valley, California, United States
original mascot "Indians" at the interdiction of Sacheen Littlefeather, a pretendian Marin County resident and activist for Native American causes. The original
Tamalpais_High_School
Field of genealogy pertaining to Native Americans
Native American identity in the United States Native American tribal rolls Pretendian Racial isolates in the United States "Trace Indian Ancestry". United States
Native_American_genealogy
Higher education institution based in Chicago
Black Indians in the United States Indigenous peoples of the Americas Pretendian Demographics List of U.S. communities with Native American majority populations
Native American Educational Services College
Native_American_Educational_Services_College
2015 Canadian film
Finch (2019) 2020s 9/11 Kids (2020) Ghosts of Afghanistan (2021) The Pretendians (2022) Coming Home: Wanna Icipus Kupi (2023) Contract to Kill (2024)
Sugar_Coated
Communities Indigenous intellectual property List of Native American artists Pretendian Visual arts of the Indigenous peoples of the Americas "Indian Arts and
Indian_arts_and_crafts_laws
American musician, writer and activist
Assiniboine ancestry. A report from Texas Monthly alleged that he was a "pretendian", concluding that he had no Native American heritage. The Choctaw Nation
Roxy_Gordon
American novelist (born 1959)
Tribal Alliance Against Frauds organisation has denounced Goingback as a "pretendian", stating that their genealogical investigation has found no record of
Owl_Goingback
Modern, pan-Indian symbol, since 1972
Dreamcatcher The red road Legend of the Rainbow Warriors Pan-Indianism Pretendian Shaw, Christopher (August 1995). "A Theft of Spirit?". New Age Journal
Medicine_wheel_(symbol)
Fraudulent spiritual practitioner
Neoshamanism Noble savage Passing as Indigenous Americans Plastic Paddy Pretendian Q Shaman Rolling Thunder Stereotypes of Native Americans T. Lobsang Rampa –
Plastic_shaman
2023 Canadian comedy film
as the German obsession with Indigenous culture, child actors and 'pretendians' are all satirized here. Of course, satire is almost always key in mockumentaries
Hey,_Viktor!
2020 Canadian film
Finch (2019) 2020s 9/11 Kids (2020) Ghosts of Afghanistan (2021) The Pretendians (2022) Coming Home: Wanna Icipus Kupi (2023) Contract to Kill (2024)
9/11_Kids
State-recognized tribe in Vermont, US
"Odanak First Nation denounces Vt. state-recognized Abenaki tribes as 'Pretendian'". Vermont Public. Retrieved 3 July 2022. "Dénonciation de Groupes Autoproclamés
Nulhegan Band of the Coosuk Abenaki Nation
Nulhegan_Band_of_the_Coosuk_Abenaki_Nation
Canadian puppeteer
Review. 183: 59. "An Acclaimed Canadian Playwright Faces Questions of Pretendianism". Retrieved 7 November 2024. "The Winter's Tale". Shakespeare in the
Jani_Lauzon
Native American tribal law
Act of 1990 Indian arts and crafts laws Intellectual property rights Pretendian "Cherokee Nation Truth in Advertising for Native Art". Cherokee Nation
Cherokee Nation Truth in Advertising for Native Art
Cherokee_Nation_Truth_in_Advertising_for_Native_Art
US nonprofit organization and "state-recognized group"
Chickasaw. Vernon M. Tanner Cherokee heritage groups Chickasaw Plastic Shaman Pretendian "CHALOKLOWA CHICKASAW INDIAN PEOPLE". OpenCorporates. Retrieved 8 September
Chaloklowa_Chickasaw
American film director
Yaqui elder", her family revealed after her death that she was in fact a pretendian, of Spanish-Mexican descent and with no tribal ties. "AMPAS Drops '85th
Peter_Spirer
Canadian university administrator
(15 March 2023). "Memorial University president steps aside in latest 'pretendian' Indigenous controversy". Vancouver Sun. Retrieved 18 March 2023. "Orders
Vianne_Timmons
United States organization
Cherokee Nation of the Old Louisiana Territory Native American identity Pretendian Indigenous identity fraud in Canada and the United States Taíno heritage
Cherokee_heritage_groups
Short story by Rebecca Roanhorse
Cherokee, despite being pale-skinned - while Theresa calls these people "Pretendians", Jesse wants to give White Wolf the benefit of the doubt. The next day
Welcome to Your Authentic Indian Experience™
Welcome_to_Your_Authentic_Indian_Experience™
2015 Canadian film
Finch (2019) 2020s 9/11 Kids (2020) Ghosts of Afghanistan (2021) The Pretendians (2022) Coming Home: Wanna Icipus Kupi (2023) Contract to Kill (2024)
Guantanamo's_Child
2003 Canadian film
Finch (2019) 2020s 9/11 Kids (2020) Ghosts of Afghanistan (2021) The Pretendians (2022) Coming Home: Wanna Icipus Kupi (2023) Contract to Kill (2024)
Dying_at_Grace
Topics referred to by the same term
Black Indians in the United States Indigenous peoples of the Americas Pretendian Demographics List of U.S. communities with Native American majority populations
Native Americans (disambiguation)
Native_Americans_(disambiguation)
American writer
PEN/Martha Albrand Award 2004, received the PEN/Beyond Margins Award Pretendian Misery literature Fake memoir Plagiarism A Gay Girl in Damascus "Rear-View
Nasdijj
2007 Canadian film
Finch (2019) 2020s 9/11 Kids (2020) Ghosts of Afghanistan (2021) The Pretendians (2022) Coming Home: Wanna Icipus Kupi (2023) Contract to Kill (2024)
A Promise to the Dead: The Exile Journey of Ariel Dorfman
A_Promise_to_the_Dead:_The_Exile_Journey_of_Ariel_Dorfman
2009 Canadian film
Finch (2019) 2020s 9/11 Kids (2020) Ghosts of Afghanistan (2021) The Pretendians (2022) Coming Home: Wanna Icipus Kupi (2023) Contract to Kill (2024)
Broke_(2009_film)
2024 Canadian film
Magazine, Pat Mullen wrote: "Audiences expecting cutaways to notorious pretendians in entertainment and academia won’t find them. Instead of focusing on
Red_Fever
Tribe of Native America people
"Historical Overview". Muwekma Ohlone Tribe. Stein, Shira (June 11, 2023). "A 'Pretendian' claim. Territory disputes. A Bay Area tribe's bid for federal recognition
Bay_Miwok
1992 Canadian TV series or program
Finch (2019) 2020s 9/11 Kids (2020) Ghosts of Afghanistan (2021) The Pretendians (2022) Coming Home: Wanna Icipus Kupi (2023) Contract to Kill (2024)
Timothy Findley: Anatomy of a Writer
Timothy_Findley:_Anatomy_of_a_Writer
2013 Canadian film
Finch (2019) 2020s 9/11 Kids (2020) Ghosts of Afghanistan (2021) The Pretendians (2022) Coming Home: Wanna Icipus Kupi (2023) Contract to Kill (2024)
Tales_from_the_Organ_Trade
Canadian documentary television series
"Deconstructing Karen" Patty Ivins Specht September 22, 2022 (2022-09-22) 3 "The Pretendians" Drew Hayden Taylor September 29, 2022 (2022-09-29) 4 "The Conservation
The_Passionate_Eye
1996 Canadian film
Finch (2019) 2020s 9/11 Kids (2020) Ghosts of Afghanistan (2021) The Pretendians (2022) Coming Home: Wanna Icipus Kupi (2023) Contract to Kill (2024)
Utshimassits: Place of the Boss
Utshimassits:_Place_of_the_Boss
Political and social issues
against Native Americans Native Americans and the prison–industrial complex Pretendian Indigenous identity fraud "Annual Estimates by Race Alone" (PDF). US Census
Contemporary Native American issues in the United States
Contemporary_Native_American_issues_in_the_United_States
travel, tourism, insurance
PRETENDIAN
PRETENDIAN
PRETENDIAN
PRETENDIAN
PRETENDIAN
PRETENDIAN
PRETENDIAN
PRETENDIAN
PRETENDIAN
travel, tourism, insurance