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Gametophyte stage in the fern life cycle
given the right conditions, into the gametophyte stage, the prothallus. The prothallus develops independently for several weeks; it grows sex organs
Prothallus
Class of vascular plants
attached to the prothallus as it grows by mitosis into a diploid zygote that develops into the sporophyte, while the separate prothallus persists briefly
Fern
Undifferentiated vegetative tissue of certain organisms
non-thallophyte plants – clubmosses, horsetails, and ferns is termed "prothallus". Homothallism Heterothallism Wengania Haupt, Arthur W. (1953). Plant
Thallus
Species of lichen
products known as thysanophora unknowns, and the conspicuous white, fibrous prothallus that encircles the thallus. The species was first formally described as
Verseghya_thysanophora
Genus of lichens in the family Rhizocarpaceae
tropical regions. They are commonly known as map lichens because of the prothallus forming border-like bands between colonies in some species, like the common
Rhizocarpon
Reproductive cycle of plants and algae
and grow into a rather inconspicuous plant body called a prothallus. The haploid prothallus does not resemble the sporophyte, and as such ferns and their
Alternation_of_generations
Species of lichen
southern California mountains. It has a black or bluish or greenish prothallus. The prothallus is usually absent when growing on rock. Each areole commonly has
Aspicilia_cyanescens
Species of lichen
and .3-.1 mm wide lobes that have an abrupt margin at the edge, and no prothallus. It lacks isidia or soredia. Apothecia may be immersed in the thallus
Caloplaca_saxicola
Developmental stage of plant or fungus
independent sporophytes. Young fern sporelings can often be found with the prothallus gametophyte still attached at the base of their fronds. Conidium (mitospore)
Sporeling
Species of lichen
pale green to white areoles (up to 0.4 mm in diameter) and a thin, white prothallus. Isidia are frequent, cylindrical to flask-shaped (lageniform), with dimensions
Phyllopsora_amazonica
Species of fungus
not have elongated lobes like some other crustose lichens. It has no prothallus. It is in the Caloplaca fungus genus of the Teloschistaceae family. List
Caloplaca_nashii
Species of lichen
smooth and shiny, dark brown thallus that is surrounded by a dark brown prothallus and covers areas up to 7 cm (3 in) in diameter. It has pear-shaped (pyriform)
Astrothelium_quasimamillanum
National park in the Andes Mountains, Chile
(subalpine forest at foot of Casablanca (volcano) in Puyehue) (note the black prothallus; this specimen peeled off the substrate readily in one piece, like an
Puyehue_National_Park
Group of vascular plants that reproduce by spores
produces spores) is followed by a haploid generation (the gametophyte or prothallus, which produces gametes). Pteridophytes differ from bryophytes in that
Pteridophyte
Genus of ferns
cycle (alternation of generations) and develops a haploid reproductive prothallus as an independent plant. The spores are produced in red-brown sori which
Anchistea
Species of lichen-forming fungus
a smooth and somewhat shiny, pale yellowish-grey thallus that lacks a prothallus and covers areas of up to 7 cm (2.8 in) in diameter. The ascomata are
Astrothelium_decemseptatum
Species of lichen-forming fungus
a smooth and somewhat shiny, pale greenish-grey thallus that lacks a prothallus and covers areas of up to 7 cm (2.8 in) in diameter. The ascomata are
Astrothelium_octoseptatum
Species of lichen
film-like, green thallus consisting of fine, aggregated granules; no prothallus is present. Soredia (measuring 15–20 μm in diameter) are whitish, roughly
Crustospathula_amazonica
Species of lichen
tree. It has a whitish grey thallus without a cortex and also without a prothallus. It is similar to Carbacanthographis aptrootii, but unlike that species
Carbacanthographis brasiliensis
Carbacanthographis_brasiliensis
Species of lichen
millimetres (0.055 to 0.079 in) in diameter and round to angular. The prothallus is black and often not distinct. The medulla is white. NatureServe. "Rhizocarpon
Rhizocarpon_macrosporum
Species of lichen
is a species of corticolous, squamulose lichen. It has a reddish brown prothallus, medium sized green granules with isidia, and narrow ellipsoid simple
Phyllopsora_ochroxantha
Species of lichen
rainforest. The lichen has a dull, glaucous-white thallus, lacking a prothallus. The ascospores are hyaline, ellipsoid, and measure 69–80 by 25–35 μm;
Acanthothecis_oryzoides
Species of lichen-forming fungus
has a smooth, ochraceous white thallus lacking a cortex and lacking a prothallus. Its asci are 8-spored, and its ascospores are hyaline, measuring 29–31
Acanthothecis_submuriformis
Species of lichen
bluish-grey, velvety thallus measuring 0.02–0.05 mm thick, and a thin brown prothallus. The thallus is covered with yellow, soredia-like granules. It contains
Chapsa_granulifera
Species of lichen
lichen has a whitish to pale beige thallus lacking both a cortex and a prothallus. It has hyaline ascospores that measure 170–200 by 12–16 μm; these spores
Carbacanthographis multiseptata
Carbacanthographis_multiseptata
Species of lichen-forming fungus
old-growth rainforest. The lichen has a dull olive-greenish thallus lacking a prothallus, with spherical to pear-shaped ascomata that are either immersed in or
Astrothelium_megeustomurale
Species of lichen
and swollen (bullate), and surrounded by a thin (~0.3 mm wide) black prothallus. It has pear-shaped (pyriform) ascomata, measuring 0.7–1.1 mm in diameter
Astrothelium_studerae
Gross morphological classification
Lecanora chlarotera, which has no prothallus Caloplaca marina Lecidella elaeochroma, showing a narrow black prothallus at the edges Unlike most of the other
Lichen_growth_forms
Species of lichen
and bordered by a distinct black line. The dark line appears to be a prothallus but is actually created by the intensely pigmented outer cells of the
Asterothyrium_atromarginatum
Species of lichen
has a pale beige to whitish thallus with a thin cortex and a dark brown prothallus. It has hyaline ascospores that measure 40–60 by 8 μm; these spores are
Carbacanthographis salazinicoides
Carbacanthographis_salazinicoides
Species of lichen-forming fungus
sandstone. The lichen has an ochraceous white thallus lacking a cortex and a prothallus. Its asci contains eight spores, and the ascospores are hyaline, measuring
Acanthothecis_saxicola
Genus of fungi
in being corticolous, having adpressed squamules on a distinct, dark prothallus, lacking melanins, having a thin cortical layer and a simpler apical ascus
Psorophorus
Species of fern
germinate and subsequently develop into a filamentous prothallus (or gametophyte). The prothallus in Hymenophyllum australe (including all Hymenophyllum
Hymenophyllum_australe
Species of lichen
The lichen has an orange-tinged, white thallus with an orange-brown prothallus. Its ascomata are in the form of short lirellae with carbonised walls
Schistophoron_aurantiacum
Symbiosis of fungi with algae
separated, but are (or were)[citation needed] connected by an underlying prothallus or hypothallus. When a crustose lichen grows from a center and appears
Lichen
Species of lichen-forming fungus
wart-like texture. The thallus may be continuous or somewhat cracked, with a prothallus that ranges from pale to dark grey. The apothecia (fruiting bodies) are
Mycoblastus_sanguinarius
Species of lichen-forming fungus
measuring 2–3 cm (0.8–1.2 in) across and 50–70 μm thick, which lacks a prothallus. The ascospores, which number 6 to 8 per ascus, are thick-walled, oblong
Allographa_uruguayensis
thalloid, leaf-like, without axes, somewhat like a liverwort or fern prothallus. Axes such as stems and roots evolved later as new organs. Rolf Sattler
Evolutionary history of plants
Evolutionary_history_of_plants
Species of lichen
lichen has a whitish to pale beige thallus lacking both a cortex and a prothallus. It has hyaline ascospores that measure 45–65 by 10–12 μm; these spores
Carbacanthographis pseudorustica
Carbacanthographis_pseudorustica
Species of lichen
It appears as whitish areolate sections, outlined by a dark band of prothallus, growing within the thallus of its host lichen. Another recorded host
Caloplaca_tephromelae
Genus of lichens
the thallus may develop into small scales or lobes. Often, there is a prothallus, which is a preliminary growth stage that typically appears dark and may
Buellia
Species of lichen
old-growth rainforest. The lichen has a dull yellowish thallus lacking a prothallus, with spherical to pear-shaped ascomata that are either immersed in or
Astrothelium_rubrostiolatum
Species of lichen
olive to yellowish brown thallus with a thin cortex and an underlying prothallus. Its ascospores number 8 per ascus, are hyaline and measure 17–20 by 8 μm;
Carbacanthographis acanthoamicta
Carbacanthographis_acanthoamicta
Species of lichen-forming fungus
smooth and somewhat shiny, pale yellowish-grey thallus that has a black prothallus line (about 0.3 mm wide) and covers areas of up to 5 cm (2 in) in diameter
Astrothelium_disjunctum
Genus of lichens
leaves, in tropical or subtropical areas worldwide. It has a conspicuous prothallus that develops around its periphery which can be bright red in some species
Cryptothecia
Species of lichen
somewhat shiny, pale olive-green thallus with a cortex and a thin black prothallus line. The lichen thallus covers areas of up to 7 cm (2.8 in) in diameter
Astrothelium pseudomegalophthalmum
Astrothelium_pseudomegalophthalmum
Species of fern
cycle (alternation of generations) and develops a haploid reproductive prothallus as an independent plant. Information about the gametophyte is scarce but
Hymenophyllum_tunbrigense
Species of lichen
bark. The lichen has an olive-green thallus with a cortex but lacking a prothallus, covering areas of up to 10 cm (4 in) in diameter. The thallus is covered
Astrothelium_flavostiolatum
Species of lichen-forming fungus
old-growth rainforest. It has a dull, pale greenish thallus lacking a prothallus, and spherical to pear-shaped ascomata immersed in and on the thallus
Astrothelium_dimidioinspersum
Species of lichen
pale greenish-grey thallus with a cortex and a thin (0.1 mm wide) black prothallus line. It covers areas of up to 4 cm (1.6 in) in diameter. The presence
Astrothelium_perspersum
Species of lichen-forming fungus
pseudocyphellae; it measures up to 10 cm across and is bordered by a black prothallus. The perithecia are erumpent, breaking through the thallus surface, and
Pyrenula_sexluminata
Species of lichen
pale yellowish grey thallus with a cortex and a thin (0.1 mm wide) black prothallus line. It covers areas of up to 9 cm (3.5 in) in diameter. The thallus
Astrothelium_lucidothallinum
Species of lichen
found in the forest understory. It has a light grey thallus lacking a prothallus and a cortex. Its ascospores, which number eight per ascus, are oblong
Pseudochapsa_aptrootiana
Species of lichen
surface. The lichen has a greenish thallus lacking a cortex, and with prothallus; the thallus is perforated with numerous tiny holes that give it a spongy
Carbacanthographis_spongiosa
Species of lichen-forming fungus
the Atlantic Forest. It has a whitish to greenish thallus with a black prothallus. Its asci contain a single ascospore; the spores are densely muriform
Acanthothecis_latispora
Species of lichen
near its reproductive structures (apothecia), but lacking a developed prothallus. The lichen was first formally described in 2007 by lichenologists Josef
Caloplaca_filsonii
Species of lichen-forming fungus
defines the species. The lichen forms a yellow-green crust with a black prothallus, and its medulla reacts blue-green with iodine. The apothecia have colourless
Rhizocarpon_geographicum
Species of lichen
somewhat shiny, pale yellowish-grey thallus with a cortex but lacking a prothallus, which covers areas of up to 7 cm (2.8 in) in diameter. The presence of
Astrothelium_lucidostromum
Species of lichen
(pruinose) fruiting body (apothecium) with a white rim. A thin strip of prothallus sometimes is at the outer edge, forming a narrow dark zone (fimbriate)
Circinaria_arida
Species of lichen
(thallus) the appearance of a mosaic of small polygons. A rim of dark tissue (prothallus) may surround the edges of the lichen. The fruiting body parts (apothecia)
Aspicilia_phaea
Division of plant life
conchosporangia. The resulting conchospore germinates to form a tiny prothallus with rhizoids, which develops to a cm-scale leafy thallus. This too can
Red_algae
Species of lichen
has a smooth, pale yellowish-green thallus with a cortex but lacking a prothallus. It covers areas of up to 15 cm (6 in) in diameter. The only lichen product
Astrothelium_pseudodissimulum
Species of lichen-forming fungus
a smooth and somewhat shiny, pale yellowish-grey thallus with a black prothallus line (about 0.3 mm wide) and covers areas of up to 7 cm (2.8 in) in diameter
Astrothelium_eumultiseptatum
Species of lichen-forming fungus
lichen has a smooth and somewhat shiny, olive-green thallus that lacks a prothallus and covers areas of up to 7 cm (2.8 in) in diameter. The ascomata are
Astrothelium_flavomurisporum
Species of lichen
Sul). The lichen has a whitish to greenish, cracked thallus with a black prothallus. Crystals of calcium oxalate are abundant below the algal layer and the
Acanthothecis_roseola
Species of lichen
greyish thallus with distinctive diffuse margins often bordered by a pale prothallus. The species primarily occurs along coastal areas of the Black Sea region
Xanthocarpia_diffusa
one gamete after the fertilization of the egg. 2. (gymnosperms) The prothallus within the embryo sac. endospory The production of spores that germinate
Glossary_of_botanical_terms
Species of lichen
somewhat shiny, bullate, olive-green thallus with a cortex but lacking a prothallus; it measures up to 7 cm (2.8 in) in diameter. The presence of the lichen
Astrothelium_sinuosum
Species of fern in the spleenwort family
Asplenium scolopendrium prothallus
Asplenium_scolopendrium
Species of lichen-forming fungus
contiguous but clearly separated by well defined cracks. It usually lacks a prothallus. It may be rimose toward the outer edges. Each areole has 1–10, round
Aspicilia_cinerea
Species of lichen
thick, and covers an area of up to 5 cm (2 in) in diameter. It lacks a prothallus, soredia, and isidia. The photobiont partner is a member of the green
Fissurina_duplomarginata
Genus of ferns
notch at the anterior edge of the prothallus, giving it a roughly heart-shaped appearance (cordate). The cordate prothallus are usually smaller with thinner
Drynaria
Genus of lichens
the genus have a crustose thallus lacking a cortex, and a dark brown prothallus. The photobiont partner is trentepholioid. The hypothecium is thick and
Gyrographa
Species of lichen
and shiny, pale ochraceous-green thallus with a cortex but lacking a prothallus, covering areas of up to 5 cm (2 in) in diameter. The medulla contains
Astrothelium_lucidomedullatum
Genus of lichen-forming fungi
colonies meet they may be separated by a dark brown to black fringe (the prothallus), and some species develop powdery reproductive patches called soralia
Schismatomma
Species of lichen-forming fungus
lacks both red pruina (a surface "dusting") and a visible border zone (prothallus). The algal partner (photobiont) is a trentepohlioid green alga. Its fruiting
Pyrenula_supralaetior
Species of lichen
400 ft). Areoles may be contiguous or dispersed. It has a dark, fringed prothallus. Each areole commonly has 1–4 round to angular aspicilioid apothecia that
Aspicilia_confusa
Species of lichen
surrounding prothallus and then break through its surface. Most of these lack a floor of melanised hyphae, implying that the advancing prothallus commonly
Rhizocarpon_lecanorinum
Species of lichen
The thallus of the lichen is greenish grey to yellowish grey, lacks a prothallus, and measures up to 10 cm (4 in) in diameter. The photobiont partner of
Ocellularia_subudupiensis
Species of lichen
carmine red, lacking pseudocyphellae (small pores on the surface) and a prothallus (a border around the thallus). The ascomata are superficial (situated
Pyrenula_cinnabarina
Single-species lichen genus
pale and very thin, either matte and undefined or bordered by a blackish prothallus line. The apothecia (fruiting bodies) are dark brown to black, oblong
Staurospora
Species of lichen
greenish to greenish-yellow thallus that lacks a cortex, and has a black prothallus. The specific epithet refers to its distribution in the Amazon region
Carbacanthographis_amazonica
Species of lichen
xanthonica is smooth, matt, whitish-grey to whitish-beige, and lacks a prothallus. Its ascomata are lirelline in form, curved with tapered ends, and measure
Phaeographis_xanthonica
Species of lichen
Arizona and California. It is common in the Mojave Desert. It has no prothallus. It is in the genus Caloplaca in the family Teloschistaceae. It is similar
Caloplaca_albovariegata
Genus of lichen-forming fungi
characterised by thin, granular thalli with a distinctive reddish-brown prothallus border, small brown disc-shaped fruiting bodies, and a chemical profile
Wolseleyidea
Species of lichen
lichen has a pale greyish-greenish thallus (15–30 μm thick) lacking a prothallus. The species epithet refers to its characteristic small, urn-shaped (urceolate)
Coenogonium_urceolatum
Species of lichen-forming fungus
It is characterised by the sorediate thallus with a rhizomorph-like prothallus, a combination of features unique in the genus. Synarthonia sikkimensis
Synarthonia_sikkimensis
Species of lichen
somewhat shiny to glossy, bright orange thallus with a cortex but without a prothallus. The orange crust is about 0.1 mm thick and covers areas of up to 3 cm
Astrothelium pseudoferrugineum
Astrothelium_pseudoferrugineum
Species of lichen
mineral-grey thallus lacking a cortex, and also lacking a surrounding prothallus. The asci contain two spores. The ascospores are hyaline, ellipsoid, and
Acanthothecis_rimosa
Species of lichen-forming fungus
pseudocyphellae (tiny pores in the surface), and has no visible border zone (prothallus). The algal partner (photobiont) is a trentepohlioid green alga. Its fruiting
Pyrenula_lilacina
Species of lichen
has a whitish grey thallus with a thin cortex and an underlying black prothallus. Its asci contain a single ascospore. These spores are hyaline, and typically
Carbacanthographis megalospora
Carbacanthographis_megalospora
Species of lichen
greyish white to yellowish grey thallus with a thin cortex and a black prothallus. It has hyaline ascospores that measure 22–25 by 5 μm; these spores have
Carbacanthographis subchionophora
Carbacanthographis_subchionophora
Species of lichen
entire thallus is surrounded by a thin (0.3 mm) black line that is the prothallus. The whitish parts of the pseudostromata will fluoresce yellow when lit
Astrothelium_corallinum
Species of lichen
lichen has a greenish to brownish grey thallus lacking both a cortex and a prothallus. It has hyaline ascospores that measure 15–20 by 8–10 μm; these spores
Carbacanthographis novoguineensis
Carbacanthographis_novoguineensis
Species of lichen
greyish-green thallus with a cortex surrounded by a thin (0.1 mm wide) black prothallus line. It covers areas of up to 9 cm (3.5 in) in diameter, and does not
Astrothelium flavomeristosporum
Astrothelium_flavomeristosporum
Species of lichen
conspicuous chocolate-brown fringe of loose hyphae up to 2 mm wide (the prothallus). The photosynthetic partner is a filamentous green alga of the genus
Chiodecton_leprarioides
Species of lichen-forming fungus
somewhat shiny, bullate, olive-green to olive-grey thallus lacking a prothallus; it measures up to 5 cm (2 in) in diameter. The presence of the lichen
Astrothelium_pictum
Species of fern
Veins are prominent on both surfaces. In the gametophyte stage, the prothallus is a small, green, fleshy plant just a few millimetres in size. The native
Osmunda_regalis
Species of lichen
whitish-green to greenish coloured thallus that is encircled by a thin black prothallus. The ascomata are in the form of short, highly branched lirellae that
Platythecium_commiscens
Single-species genus of lichen
upper surface of its rock substrate. Although it lacks a cortex and a prothallus, apothecia are numerous. They are black and flat, measuring 0.3–0.7 mm
Apatoplaca
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