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Chemical warfare agent
A pulmonary agent, or choking agent, is a chemical weapon agent designed to impede a victim's ability to breathe. Such compounds operate by causing a
Pulmonary_agent
Disease that causes scarring of the lungs
Pulmonary fibrosis is typically a condition in which the lungs become scarred over time. Symptoms include shortness of breath, a dry cough, feeling tired
Pulmonary_fibrosis
Fibrosis of lungs due to unknown causes
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), formerly known as cryptogenic fibrosing alveolitis, is a rare, progressive illness of the respiratory system, characterized
Idiopathic_pulmonary_fibrosis
German WWI chemical pulmonary agent
Green Cross (Grünkreuz) is a German World War I chemical warfare pulmonary agent consisting of chloropicrin (PS, Aquinite, Klop), phosgene (CG, Collongite)
Green Cross (chemical warfare)
Green_Cross_(chemical_warfare)
Fluid accumulation in the tissue and air spaces of the lungs
Pulmonary edema (British English: oedema), also known as pulmonary congestion, is excessive fluid accumulation in the tissue or air spaces (usually alveoli)
Pulmonary_edema
Entry of materials into the larynx (voice box) and lower respiratory tract
Pulmonary aspiration is the entry of solid or liquid material such as pharyngeal secretions, food, drink, or stomach contents from the oropharynx or gastrointestinal
Pulmonary_aspiration
Chemical compound
tetroxide or fuming nitric acid. It is a powerful lachrymatory agent and pulmonary agent that is six times more toxic than chloropicrin. Tetrachlorodinitroethane
Tetrachlorodinitroethane
Blockage of an artery in the lungs
Pulmonary embolism (PE) is a blockage of an artery in the lungs by a substance that has moved from elsewhere in the body through the bloodstream (embolism)
Pulmonary_embolism
Lung disease involving long-term poor airflow
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a long-term lung condition that makes it progressively harder to breathe. It occurs when the airways and
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Chronic_obstructive_pulmonary_disease
Chemical compound
Perfluoroisobutene (PFIB) is the perfluorocarbon with the formula (CF3)2C=CF2. Classified as a perfluoroalkene, it is the fluorinated counterpart of the
Perfluoroisobutene
Chemical compound
as skin damage. Higher levels of exposure, over 21 ppm, can result in pulmonary or lung edema, emphysema and hemorrhages, bronchial pneumonia and death
Methyl_isocyanate
Toxic gaseous compound (COCl2)
I, where it was responsible for 85,000 deaths. It is a highly potent pulmonary irritant and quickly filled enemy trenches due to it being a heavy gas
Phosgene
cyanide (AC) Arsine (SA) These substances are sometime referred to as pulmonary agent or lung irritants and cause injury to the lung-blood barrier resulting
List of chemical warfare agents
List_of_chemical_warfare_agents
Medical imaging of blood flow between heart and lungs
contrast agent at a high rate using an injector pump. Images are acquired with the maximum intensity of radio-opaque contrast in the pulmonary arteries
CT_pulmonary_angiogram
Inflammation of the lung caused by aspirating or inhaling irritants
barium used in gastro-intestinal imaging, chlorine gas (among other pulmonary agents), ingested gasoline or other petroleum distillates, ingested or skin
Chemical_pneumonitis
Increased blood pressure in lung arteries
Pulmonary hypertension (PH or PHTN) is a condition of increased blood pressure in the arteries of the lungs. Symptoms include shortness of breath, fainting
Pulmonary_hypertension
Chemical compound
is extremely toxic by inhalation. TFD is a powerful pulmonary agent that can cause severe pulmonary edema. TFD is about half as toxic as perfluoroisobutene
Bis(trifluoromethyl) disulfide
Bis(trifluoromethyl)_disulfide
Study of respiratory diseases
agents (certain types of birds, malt processing) an autoimmune diathesis that might predispose to certain conditions (pulmonary fibrosis, pulmonary hypertension)
Pulmonology
Chemical compound
S2F10 into NSF3. S2F10 was considered a potential chemical warfare pulmonary agent in World War II because it does not produce lacrimation or skin irritation
Disulfur_decafluoride
Chemical compound
Trichloronitrosomethane is a chlorinated nitrosoalkane. It is a deep blue liquid with powerful lachrymatory effects. Trichloronitrosomethane can be produced
Trichloronitrosomethane
Trichloro-nitro-methane
Prevention. Retrieved 7 November 2013. "Chloropicrin (PS): Lung Damaging Agent". Emergency Response Safety and Health Database. National Institute for
Chloropicrin
Chemical compound
to handle than phosgene. Diphosgene was originally developed as a pulmonary agent for chemical warfare, a few months after the first use of phosgene
Diphosgene
Chemical compound
1,2-Dichloro-2-nitrosopropane is a chlorinated nitrosoalkane. It's a deep blue liquid with powerful lachrymatory effects. Chloropicrin Trifluoronitrosomethane
1,2-Dichloro-2-nitrosopropane
Chemical compound
[CH3C(O)CH2CH2N(H)Et2]Cl → CH3C(O)CH=CH2 + [H2NEt2]Cl MVK can act as an alkylating agent because it is an effective Michael acceptor. It gained early attention for
Methyl_vinyl_ketone
Chemical compound
toxic. Absorption of as little as 2.5 mg/kg can cause methemoglobinemia, pulmonary edema, and damage to liver, kidney, and central nervous system. It is
Tetranitromethane
German World War I chemical agent
Blue Cross (German: Blaukreuz) is a German World War I chemical warfare agent consisting of diphenylchloroarsine (DA, Clark I), diphenylcyanoarsine (CDA
Blue_Cross_(chemical_warfare)
Diseases of the space or tissue between the alveoli of the lungs
the alveoli (air sacs) of the lungs. It concerns alveolar epithelium, pulmonary capillary endothelium, basement membrane, and perivascular and perilymphatic
Interstitial_lung_disease
Toxic mercury compound known as 'corrosive sublimate'
the Grignard reagent. Amalgamated aluminium is also used as a reducing agent in organic synthesis. Zinc is also commonly amalgamated using mercuric chloride
Mercury(II)_chloride
Inflammation of the membranes lining the chest cavity (pleurae)
disorders, and pulmonary embolism. The most common cause is a viral infection. Other causes include bacterial infection, pneumonia, pulmonary embolism, autoimmune
Pleurisy
Organic compound with the formula H2C=C=O
of some e-liquid products, is one possible mechanism of the reported pulmonary damage caused by electronic cigarette use. A number of patents describe
Ethenone
Chemical compound
filling shells in late 1850s. While it was found to be a potent lachrymatory agent, all cats fortunately survived and it was ultimately considered unsuitable
Cacodyl_cyanide
Chemical compound
causes nausea, vomiting, and headaches. It can subsequently lead to, e.g., pulmonary edema (fluid in the lungs). Cacodyl cyanide Diphenylchlorarsine Chemical
Diphenylcyanoarsine
Chemical compound
positive. When a fat is heated strongly in the presence of a dehydrating agent such as potassium bisulfate (KHSO 4), the glycerol portion of the molecule
Acrolein
Medical condition of the lung
A pulmonary consolidation is a region of normally compressible lung tissue that has been filled with liquid instead of air. The condition is marked by
Pulmonary_consolidation
Partial collapse of a lung causing reduced gas exchange
the alveoli are deflated down to little or no volume, as distinct from pulmonary consolidation, in which they are filled with liquid. It is often referred
Atelectasis
Chemical compound
weapon. It is also considered a "Type 2" pulmonary agent and a lung-damaging agent. In 2020, US federal agents in Portland, Oregon used canisters of HC
Hexachloroethane
Chemical compound
a sulfenyl chloride, not a mercaptan. It was used as a chemical warfare agent by the French in the 1915 battle of Champagne. Shortly thereafter, wartime
Trichloromethane sulfenyl chloride
Trichloromethane_sulfenyl_chloride
Chemical compound
can be used to make trioctylphosphine oxide (TOPO), used as an extraction agent, although TOPO is usually made via the corresponding phosphine. PCl3 is
Phosphorus_trichloride
Inadequate gas exchange by the respiratory system
enough blood to absorb it, e.g. pulmonary embolism, Acute respiratory distress syndrome, Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, Congestive heart failure
Respiratory_failure
Disease of the respiratory system
such as bacterial pneumonia, pulmonary embolism, tuberculosis, acute asthma, lung cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, influenza, and COVID-19
Respiratory_disease
Using poison gas or other toxins in war
Decontamination varies with the particular chemical agent used. Some nonpersistent agents, including most pulmonary agents (chlorine, phosgene, and so on), blood gases
Chemical_warfare
Inflammation of the alveoli of the lungs
Risk factors for pneumonia include cystic fibrosis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), sickle cell disease, asthma, diabetes, heart failure,
Pneumonia
Chemical element with atomic number 17 (Cl)
temperature. It is an extremely reactive element and a strong oxidising agent: among the elements, it has the highest electron affinity and the third-highest
Chlorine
Medical condition
obstructive pulmonary disease (AECOPD), or acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis (AECB), is a sudden worsening of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Acute_exacerbation_of_chronic_obstructive_pulmonary_disease
Test to evaluate respiratory system
tests of pulmonary function. The primary purpose of pulmonary function testing is to identify the severity of pulmonary impairment. Pulmonary function
Pulmonary_function_testing
Occupational lung disease caused by inhalation of crystalline silica
radiographic features can resemble those of tuberculosis, pneumonia, or pulmonary edema, silicosis is sometimes misdiagnosed. There is no curative treatment;
Silicosis
Non-lethal chemical or biological weapon
Incapacitating agent is a chemical or biological agent which renders a person unable to harm themselves or others, regardless of consciousness. Lethal agents are
Incapacitating_agent
Accumulation of excess fluid in the pleural cavity
elsewhere) Infection (empyema due to bacterial pneumonia) Trauma Pulmonary infarction Pulmonary embolism Autoimmune disorders Pancreatitis Ruptured esophagus
Pleural_effusion
Chemical compound
Phenylcarbylamine chloride is a chemical compound that was used as a chemical warfare agent. It is an oily liquid with an onion-like odor. Classified as an isocyanide
Phenylcarbylamine_chloride
Inflammation of the large airways in the lungs
Fortescue, R (May 2019). "Mucolytic agents versus placebo for chronic bronchitis or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease". The Cochrane Database of Systematic
Bronchitis
Medical condition
Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis (PAP) is a rare lung disorder characterized by an abnormal accumulation of surfactant-derived lipoprotein compounds within
Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis
Pulmonary_alveolar_proteinosis
Biological system in animals and plants for gas exchange
Pulmonary restrictive conditions (e.g. fibrosis, sarcoidosis, alveolar damage, pleural effusion) Vascular diseases (e.g. pulmonary edema, pulmonary embolism
Respiratory_system
Medical condition
Pulmonary talcosis is a pulmonary disorder caused by talc. It has been related to silicosis resulting from inhalation of talc and silicates. It is also
Pulmonary_talcosis
Lung disease caused by as-yet-unknown types of vaping
Vaping-associated pulmonary injury (VAPI), also known as vaping-associated lung injury (VALI) or e-cigarette or vaping, product use associated lung injury
Vaping-associated pulmonary injury
Vaping-associated_pulmonary_injury
General inflammation of lung tissue
unresolved, continued inflammation can result in irreparable damage such as pulmonary fibrosis. Pneumonitis is distinguished from pneumonia on the basis of
Pneumonitis
Scarring of the lungs
by progressive scarring of both lungs. The scarring (pulmonary fibrosis) involves the pulmonary interstitium (the supporting framework of the lung). UIP
Usual_interstitial_pneumonia
Medical condition
A lung nodule or pulmonary nodule is a relatively small focal density in the lung. A solitary pulmonary nodule (SPN) or coin lesion, is a mass in the lung
Lung_nodule
Abnormal formation of clumps of inflammatory cells (granulomata)
hilar lymphadenopathy (BHL) alone Stage II: BHL with pulmonary infiltrates Stage III: pulmonary infiltrates without BHL Stage IV: fibrosis Use of the
Sarcoidosis
Lung condition caused by exposure to hazardous materials in a workplace
as COPD, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, or a myriad of other diseases; leading to a delay in identification of the causative agent. Asthma is a respiratory
Occupational_lung_disease
Body fluid leakage in the lungs while swimming
Swimming induced pulmonary edema (SIPE), also known as immersion pulmonary edema, is a life threatening condition that occurs when fluids from the blood
Swimming-induced pulmonary edema
Swimming-induced_pulmonary_edema
Infectious disease
South America from about AD 140. Although Richard Morton established the pulmonary form associated with tubercles as a pathology in 1689, due to the variety
Tuberculosis
Series of nerve agents developed by the Soviet Union
'newcomer, novice, newbie') is a family of nerve agents, some of which are binary chemical weapons. The agents were developed at the GosNIIOKhT state chemical
Novichok
Respiratory illnesses that restrict lung expansion
increased work of breathing, and inadequate ventilation and/or oxygenation. Pulmonary function test demonstrates a decrease in the forced vital capacity. Due
Restrictive_lung_disease
Category of respiratory disease characterized by airway obstruction
disease include asthma, bronchiectasis, bronchitis and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Although COPD shares similar characteristics with all
Obstructive_lung_disease
Chemicals that result in blistering and skin irritation and damaging
A blister agent (or vesicant) is a chemical compound that causes severe skin, eye and mucosal pain and irritation in the form of severe chemical burns
Blister_agent
Intervention for patients with chronic respiratory disease
Pulmonary rehabilitation, also known as respiratory rehabilitation, is an important part of the management and health maintenance of people with chronic
Pulmonary_rehabilitation
Chemical compound
mucolytic agent. In Japan, it is approved for the treatment of bronchial asthma, chronic bronchitis, pulmonary emphysema, bronchiectasis, pulmonary tuberculosis
Fudosteine
Class of organophosphates; classified as weapons of mass destruction
Nerve agents, sometimes also called nerve gases, are a class of organic chemicals that disrupt the mechanisms by which nerves transfer messages to organs
Nerve_agent
A list of drugs or therapeutic agents administered via inhalation. aliflurane desflurane isoflurane methoxyflurane methoxypropane nitrous oxide roflurane
List_of_medical_inhalants
Chemical compound and chemical warfare nerve agent
organophosphorus class, specifically, a thiophosphonate. In the class of nerve agents, it was developed for military use in chemical warfare after translation
VX_(nerve_agent)
Complex of different phospholipids and proteins
Pulmonary surfactant is a surface-active complex of phospholipids and proteins formed by type II alveolar cells. The proteins and lipids that make up
Pulmonary_surfactant
Lung disease
August 2011 Franquet, Tomás; Chung, Johnathan H. (2019). "Imaging of Pulmonary Infection". Diseases of the Chest, Breast, Heart and Vessels 2019-2022
Bronchopneumonia
Third row of the periodic table
extremely dangerous and poisonous for all lifeforms, and is used as a pulmonary agent in chemical warfare; however, chlorine is necessary to most forms of
Period_3_element
Medical condition
Idiopathic pulmonary haemosiderosis (IPH) is a lung disease of unknown cause that is characterized by alveolar capillary bleeding and accumulation of
Idiopathic pulmonary haemosiderosis
Idiopathic_pulmonary_haemosiderosis
Long-term inflammatory disease of the airways of the lungs
diseases (allergic conjunctivitis and rhinitis), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), exercise-induced bronchoconstriction, bronchiectasis,
Asthma
Lung infection
respiratory infection, followed by fever. On imaging it presents as an opaque pulmonary consolidation which is unusually round and can resemble a lung mass. However
Lobar_pneumonia
Respiratory failure due to widespread inflammation in the lungs
positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) of more than 5 cm H2O. Cardiogenic pulmonary edema, as the cause, must be excluded. Environmental exposures have been
Acute respiratory distress syndrome
Acute_respiratory_distress_syndrome
Type of hypersensitivity pneumonitis
cough, chest pain, anorexia and weight loss, fatigue, and progressive pulmonary fibrosis (the most serious complication). It is triggered by exposure
Bird_fancier's_lung
Obstruction of the lungs' small airways (bronchioles) due to inflammation
inflammation that results in scar tissue formation. Diagnosis is by CT scan, pulmonary function tests or lung biopsy. A chest X-ray is often normal. While the
Bronchiolitis_obliterans
Non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema or acute respiratory distress syndrome Sarcoidosis Pulmonary vascular diseases Acute or recurrent pulmonary emboli Pulmonary hypertension
List of causes of shortness of breath
List_of_causes_of_shortness_of_breath
Accumulation of pus in the lungs
also helps in bronchial drainage of pus.[citation needed] Pulmonary abscess on CT scan Pulmonary abscess on a chest X-ray Pathology image of a lung abscess
Lung_abscess
The gaseous chemical agent used to end the Moscow theatre hostage crisis of 2002, causing the deaths of all 40 hostage-takers and 132 of the 912 hostages
Moscow hostage crisis chemical agent
Moscow_hostage_crisis_chemical_agent
Substance that lowers surface tension
a liquid and a solid. The word surfactant is a blend of "surface-active agent", coined in 1950. As they consist of a water-repellent and a water-attracting
Surfactant
Abnormal collection of air in the pleural space
symptoms include a hemothorax (buildup of blood in the pleural space), pulmonary embolism, and heart attack. A large bulla may look similar on a chest
Pneumothorax
Pneumoconiosis caused by inhalation and retention of asbestos fibers
chest tightness. Complications may include lung cancer, mesothelioma, and pulmonary heart disease. Asbestosis is caused by breathing in asbestos fibers. It
Asbestosis
Abnormal connection between arteries and veins, bypassing the capillaries
Prominent scalp veins Pulmonary arteriovenous malformations are abnormal communications between the veins and arteries of the pulmonary circulation, leading
Arteriovenous_malformation
Chemical compound
vasodilator and antiplatelet agent. It is classified as a prostacyclin analog. It has been studied for the treatment of pulmonary hypertension and for use
Beraprost
Genetic disorder affecting mostly the lungs
lung disease: wheezing, digital clubbing, cyanosis, coughing up blood, pulmonary heart disease, and collapsed lung (atelectasis or pneumothorax). In rare
Cystic_fibrosis
Medical condition
Pulmonary-renal syndrome (PRS) is a rare medical syndrome in which respiratory failure involving bleeding in the lungs and kidney failure (glomerulonephritis)
Pulmonary-renal_syndrome
Lung inflammation due to repeated inhalation of antigens
anti-fibrotic agents (e.g., Nintedanib) may be used although their effectiveness is unclear. In the case of severe, end-stage pulmonary fibrosis arising
Hypersensitivity_pneumonitis
Disease
Pneumonia is an infection that causes inflammation in one or both lungs. The pulmonary alveoli fill with fluid or pus making it difficult to breathe. Pneumonia
Viral_pneumonia
Permanent enlargement of the lung airways
classified as an obstructive lung disease, along with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and asthma. The diagnosis is suspected based on symptoms and confirmed
Bronchiectasis
Drugs that clear mucus from airways
Mucoactive agents are a class of pharmacologic agents that include expectorants, mucolytics, mucoregulators, and mucokinetics that can affect the volume
Mucoactive_agent
Infection caused by Bacillus anthracis bacteria
or penicillin. FDA-approved agents include ciprofloxacin, doxycycline, and penicillin. In possible cases of pulmonary anthrax, early antibiotic prophylaxis
Anthrax
Type of toxic chemical agent
A blood agent is a toxic chemical agent that affects the body by being absorbed into the blood. Blood agents are fast-acting, potentially lethal poisons
Blood_agent
Medical condition with excess iron in body tissue
also known more specifically as pulmonary siderosis or Welder's disease, which is a form of pneumoconiosis. Pulmonary siderosis was first described in
Siderosis
Endogenous agent or pharmaceutical drug that affects blood pressure / heart rate
vasoactive agents, such as prostanoids, phosphodiesterase inhibitors, and endothelin antagonists, are approved for the treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension
Vasoactivity
Device that uses chemicals to kill or harm individuals
the OPCW definition, toxic agents are not chemical weapons when used for another of their properties e.g. the herbicide Agent Orange or the incendiary white
Chemical_weapon
Medical condition
pneumonitis) and later complications of chronic scarring (radiation fibrosis). Pulmonary radiation injury is an unavoidable risk of radiation therapy administered
Radiation-induced_lung_injury
Medical condition
PMID 26371101. Zander, Dani S.; Farver, Carol F. (14 December 2016). Pulmonary Pathology E-Book: A Volume in Foundations in Diagnostic Pathology Series
Lipid_pneumonia
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