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Chinese scholars in the Qing dynasty
Qing literati (Chinese: 文人; pinyin: wénrén) were scholars in the Qing dynasty (1644-1912) educated in the Confucian curriculum, the "Four Books and Five
Qing_literati
Topics referred to by the same term
or literati of imperial/medieval China Qing literati Literati painting, also known as the southern school of painting, developed by Chinese literati The
Literati
Manchu-led dynasty of China (1644–1912)
instead of Manchu alphabet. The Qing dynasty (/tʃɪŋ/ CHING), officially the Great Qing, also known as the Qing Empire or Qing China, was a Manchu-led imperial
Qing_dynasty
Period of Chinese history (1618–1683)
from Ming to Qing, also known as the Manchu conquest of China or Ming–Qing transition, was a decades-long period of conflict between the Qing dynasty, established
Transition_from_Ming_to_Qing
Emperor of China from 1644 to 1661
1661), personal name Fulin, was the second emperor of the Qing dynasty, and the first Qing emperor to rule over China proper. Upon the death of his father
Shunzhi_Emperor
and literati. Gu Erniang (fl. 1700–1722) was the most famous female stone-carver and one of the most accomplished among all stone-makers in the Qing era
Qing_handicrafts
Qing dynasty imperial bureaucracy ranks
Literati in Chinese History, 907-1911. Harvard University Asia Center. p. 132. ISBN 978-0-674-03170-8. Military Ranks and Insignia at the End of Qing
Imperial and noble ranks of the Qing dynasty
Imperial_and_noble_ranks_of_the_Qing_dynasty
Capital and largest city of Xinjiang, China
Chinese migrants to the area of modern-day Ürümqi.[citation needed] Those Qing literati who visited Dihua were impressed by its cultural sophistication and
Ürümqi
1392–1897 Korean dynasty
which were followed by invasions by the Later Jin dynasty in 1627 and the Qing dynasty in 1636–1637. The country pursued an increasingly harsh isolationist
Joseon
Emperor of China from 1735 to 1796
temple name Emperor Gaozong of Qing, personal name Hongli, was the fifth emperor of the Qing dynasty and the fourth Qing emperor to rule over China proper
Qianlong_Emperor
of Hawaii Press, 2015, pp.87ff Weijing Lu, Uxorilocal Marriage among Qing Literati, Late Imperial China, Vol. 19, No. 2 (December 1998), pp.64-110 Taylor
Wang_Zhong_(Qing_dynasty)
Learned men in government in Imperial China
The scholar-officials, also known as literati, scholar-gentlemen or scholar-bureaucrats (Chinese: 士大夫; pinyin: shì dàfū), were government officials and
Scholar-official
Indigenous Television Taiwanese Hokkien In the case of travel writings, the Qing literati use of "raw" and "cooked" are closer in meaning to "unfamiliar" and
Taiwanese_indigenous_peoples
One of the Chinese Classic Novels
Renjie (2010). 晚清文人的風月陷溺與自覺 [The Indulgence and Awareness of Late Qing Literati in Romantic Affairs] (ebook) (in Chinese). Showwe Information Co., Ltd
Water_Margin
End of Qing dynasty in China
overthrow the Qing dynasty. After the 1911 Revolution, Sun recalled the days of recruiting support for the revolution and said, "The literati were deeply
1911_Revolution
Chinese painting style using black ink
poetry and calligraphy. It was often produced by the scholar-official or literati class, ideally illustrating their own poetry and producing the paintings
Ink_wash_painting
Emperor of China from 1722 to 1735
temple name Emperor Shizong of Qing, personal name Yinzhen, was the fourth emperor of the Qing dynasty, and the third Qing emperor to rule over China proper
Yongzheng_Emperor
Culture of making bamboo-based items
used by the middle Ming and early Qing literati are valuable.[citation needed] Throughout the middle of the Ming and Qing Dynasties, bamboo carvings underwent
Bambooworking
Chinese poet (1910–1996)
political needs, Ai Qing believed in the individuality of the literati and that the act of literary creation was sacred. At the time, Ai Qing was also privately
Ai_Qing
Names for the Qing dynasty
Qing dynasty (English: /tʃɪŋ/) was an imperial Chinese dynasty ruled by the Aisin Gioro clan of Manchu ethnicity. Officially known as the Great Qing,
Names_of_the_Qing_dynasty
Late Edo school of Japanese painting
"literati painting"), was a school of Japanese painting which flourished in the late Edo period among artists who considered themselves literati, or
Nanga_(Japanese_painting)
of fashion among the Qing literati, though theatrical performances remained common entertainment for the public. In the Late Qing period, Western culture
History_of_literature
Highest award for the imperial examinations of China
jinshi background"), graduates ranked third class in the court exam. Qing literati Shujishi The Chinese Imperial Examination System: An Annotated Bibliography
Jinshi
Aspect of Chinese history
region available to Qing era Chinese in the 18th century and needed to be replaced with updated accounts by the literati. After Qing dynasty defeated the
Xinjiang_under_Qing_rule
19th-century Chinese artistic movement
history prior to the advent of the Shanghai School was dominated by the Literati style exemplified in the paintings of Shen Zhou in the 16th century. The
Shanghai_School_(painting)
Regent of Qing China from 1643 to 1650
1985, pp. 648–649 (officials and literati) and 650 (common men). Struve 1988, pp. 662–663 ("broke the momentum of the Qing conquest"); Wakeman 1975, p. 56
Dorgon
Rump state in China during the Ming–Qing transition
Nanjing was captured by the Qing on June 6 and the Hongguang Emperor was taken to Beijing and executed in 1646. The literati in the provinces responded
Southern_Ming
Historical Chinese debate on West vs East
Nanchang and other places. In 1935, Wang Xinming and 10 other Kuomintang Qing literati issued the "Declaration on Cultural Construction Based on China", believing
East–West_cultural_debate
1755–1758 extermination in Dzungar Khanate
region available to Qing era Chinese in the 18th century and had to be replaced with updated accounts by the literati. The Qing genocide against the
Dzungar_genocide
Chinese language from 1368 to 1912
spoken language of administration of the Chinese empire during the Ming and Qing dynasties. It arose as a practical measure, due to the mutual unintelligibility
Mandarin (late imperial lingua franca)
Mandarin_(late_imperial_lingua_franca)
School of Chinese painting
(Chinese: 南宗画; pinyin: nán zōng huà) of Chinese painting, often called literati painting (文人画; wén rén huà), is a term used to denote art and artists which
Southern_School
traditional Chinese: 江東三大家) were a group of Chinese literati who lived and wrote during the Ming-Qing transition. They were Gong Dingzi, Wu Weiye, Qian
Three_Masters_of_Jiangdong
Canon of the greatest Chinese novels
of printed editions of fiction from late Ming to mid-Qing shows split into popular and literati novels. Hsia, Chih-tsing (1968). The Classic Chinese Novel:
Classic_Chinese_Novels
1861 Chinese anti-Christian treatise
He attributed the text to a member of the Qing literati, writing: "I have no doubt but that the literati have it, and many more like it, on their shelves"
Bixie_jishi
'Zhongfan' (仲方) and his pseudonym was Tinglin (亭林). He was known for his literati paintings/ink wash paintings. He was a native Huating (now Songjiang, Shanghai)
Gu_Zhengyi
Historical dress of the Han Chinese people
particular those who belonged to the late Ming dynasty scholars class and literati. Qing Manchu prince Dorgon initially canceled the order for all men in Ming
Hanfu
Paintings of everyday domestic life
for women were known for depicting "a range of topics not dealt with in literati painting." The paintings revealed Chinese life and the workings of Chinese
Vernacular_painting_in_China
19th-century Cantonese studio photographer
Qing dynasty. The artist specialized in portraits of high-ranking officials, and photographs that appealed to Chinese clients interested in literati painting
Liang_Shitai
17th-century Chinese philosophical movement
during the Qing. China's defeat in the Opium War (1839–42) prompted the revival of interest to the Donglin movement, a prominent instance of literati solidarity
Donglin_movement
of the Qing. Ming loyalist Han literati held to defining the old Ming borders as China and using "foreigner" to describe minorities under Qing rule such
Names_of_China
Taiwanese Kingdom (1661–1683)
rump state in southern China was progressively conquered by the Manchu-led Qing dynasty. The Zheng dynasty used the island of Taiwan as a military base for
Kingdom_of_Tungning
Jesuit missionary intellectual movement
of Christianity, and prioritized working with the Qing Emperor (rather than with the Chinese literati) as a way of promoting Christianity in China. Since
Figurism
Critically endangered Tungusic language
degree holders from Hanlin but not all Han literati were required to study Manchu. Towards the end of the Qing it was pointed out that a lot of Bannermen
Manchu_language
Chinese 18th century satiric novel
is a Chinese novel written by Wu Jingzi and published in 1750 during the Qing dynasty. It is considered one of the great "Classic Chinese Novels", and
The_Scholars_(novel)
By 1894, although Shen Bao had gained widespread readership, late Qing literati still did not show genuine respect for the press. It was only after
Censorship in the Republic of China (1912–1949)
Censorship_in_the_Republic_of_China_(1912–1949)
Chinese art genre featuring architecture
from the outset, members of the literati sought to transform jiehua into a form compatible with conventional literati preferences. Contemporary scholars
Jiehua
Aspect of Chinese history
Chinese history, especially under the dynasties of Han, Tang, Yuan, and Qing. China slowly became a major geopolitical power center during the ancient
Chinese_expansionism
Novel by Zhang Chunfan
paraphrased by Wang, "a showcase of the bad taste and frivolity of late Qing literati writers". Hu Shih and Lu Xun said that the book became a bestseller
The_Nine-tailed_Turtle
Muslim revolt against Qing China
China, mostly during the reign of the Tongzhi Emperor (r. 1861–1875) of the Qing dynasty. The term sometimes includes the Panthay Rebellion in Yunnan, which
Dungan_Revolt_(1862–1877)
Dynasties of China ruled by non-Han ethnicities
Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors up to the Tang dynasty. Han Chinese literati during the Mongol period thought that China, after a few centuries of division
Conquest_dynasty
Chinese painter (1642–1707)
His paintings exemplify the internal contradictions and tensions of the literati or scholar-amateur artist, and they have been interpreted as an invective
Shitao
Chinese ethical and philosophical system
therefore divine essence. In his work The Book of Great Unity (大同書), late Qing dynasty reformer Kang Youwei considered ren as the means "to form one body
Confucianism
Capital of Jiangsu, China
During his residence in Jiankang, Prince Tugh Temür engaged with local literati and Buddhist clergy. Following his accession in 1329, Jiankang was renamed
Nanjing
Country in East Asia
following centuries. Although it was often dismissed by the Confucian literati, Buddhism greatly influenced other Chinese religious and philosophical
China
Chinese scholar (1828–1897)
reformer, political columnist, newspaper publisher and fiction writer of the Qing dynasty. He was born Wang Libin in Puli Town in Suzhou prefecture. In 1848
Wang_Tao_(translator)
Ancient Chinese divination text
(韓子奇) (2005). The Yijing and Chinese Politics: Classical Commentary and Literati Activism in the Northern Song Period, 960–1127. Albany: State University
I_Ching
the common people. Huang Binhong (1865–1955) denounced the literati paintings of the Qing dynasty and created his own style of landscape paintings by
Chinese_art
Genre of classical Chinese poetry in Taiwan
Famous Landscapes is a unique genre of classical Chinese poetry during the Qing period of Taiwan, primarily associated with the “Eight Landscapes of Taiwan”
Eight Poetic Portrayals of Taiwan's Famous Landscapes
Eight_Poetic_Portrayals_of_Taiwan's_Famous_Landscapes
Qing dynasty politician
collections depicting the Eight Beauties of Qinhuai, Ming- and Qing-dynasty literati, and prominent Qing leaders. He also wrote numerous poems, gaining recognition
Ye_Yanlan
Chinese feminist and revolutionary (1875–1907)
Shounan, was a government official and her mother came from a distinguished literati-official family. Qiu Jin's wealthy and educated background, along with
Qiu_Jin
Chinese literary genre
freely. The authors of biji are typically intellectuals, scholars, or literati who deeply engage with pressing social, political, and cultural issues
Biji_(Chinese_literature)
Chinese Clothing
popular during the Song dynasty, Ming dynasty, and from the early Qing to the Mid-Qing dynasty. In the Ming dynasty, the beizi was called pī fēng (披風).
Beizi
Chinese painter
championed traditional literati art in his own art and in his A Study of Chinese Literati Painting. Shizeng was the son of Chen Baozhen, a Qing dynasty governor
Chen_Shizeng
Stone mortar for the grinding and containment of ink
often given as gifts, likely in part to help connect existing Chinese literati culture to the new Manchu imperial culture. The Qianlong Emperor had his
Inkstone
Chinese literati painter and art historian
pinyin: Huáng Bīnhóng; January 27, 1865–March 25, 1955) was a Chinese literati painter and art historian born in Jinhua, Zhejiang province. His ancestral
Huang_Binhong
Early 17th-century Ming Dynasty Minister and General
Ming period style among other Ming literati, with a preference for long compositions in a flourishing manner. Anti-Qing sentiment (前以書謁請，而先生不從。今忠義既成，當畀重任，為我收拾江南)
Shi_Kefa
Historical Chinese concept
hesitation amongst Joseon literati, the incorporation of Chinese literati by the Qing allowed Joseon scholars to reconceptualize the Qing dynasty as the successor
Hua–Yi_distinction
Chinese Ming Dynasty female singer
Yuanyuan. These women transcended their roles as entertainers, engaging with literati, poets, and political figures, and leaving enduring legacies through their
Li_Xiangjun
Prefecture-level city in Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
303–361, calligrapher, lived in Shaoxing. Lu You, 1125–1209, poet and literati of the Southern Song period, who famously encountered his former wife in
Shaoxing
Historic culinary traditions of China
dynasty. Most of these books about diet therapy were written by scholars, literati, medical specialists or historians. Cooking and diet therapy to maintain
Chinese_imperial_cuisine
Chinese politician in the 19th century
a Chinese politician, governor, author, artist, and collector during the Qing dynasty. Wu grew up in a scholarly home. While living in Suzhou, he succeeded
Wu_Dacheng
Traditional building
[citation needed] Liang Yuan is built in a typical style used by Qing dynasty literati. With the purpose of pursuing natural and picturesque Liang Yuan
Liang_Yuan
Chinese official and reformer (1837–1909)
called a state." The Chinese literati demanded the Qing government mobilize their armed forces against the Russians. The Qing government allocated important
Zhang_Zhidong
Chinese painter and calligrapher (1626–1705)
late-Ming and early-Qing dynasty Chinese painter, calligrapher, and poet. He was born in Nanchang, Jiangxi, in 1626, at during the Ming-Qing Transition. Zhu
Bada_Shanren
Chinese general and official (1593–1665)
literati whose importance in the rebellion was overstated. In addition, as the political opposition in Jiangnan was mostly broken in 1647, the Qing court
Hong_Chengchou
Romanization scheme for Standard Chinese
Western Literati' (西儒耳目資; Xīrú ěrmù zī; Hsi ju erh mu tzŭ) in Hangzhou. Neither book had any influence among the contemporary Chinese literati, and the
Pinyin
Politico-cultural ideology
hesitation amongst Joseon literati, the incorporation of Chinese literati by the Qing allowed Joseon scholars to reconceptualize the Qing dynasty as the successor
Little_China_(ideology)
Grouping of major Chinese painters during the Yuan dynasty period (1271–1368)
Ming dynasty and later periods as major exponents of the tradition of “literati painting” (wenrenhua), which was concerned more with individual expression
Four Masters of the Yuan dynasty
Four_Masters_of_the_Yuan_dynasty
Administrative division of Ming and Qing China
Prefecture (1648): A Printed Album of Landscapes by the Seventeenth-Century Literati Artist, Xiao Yuncong". Digital Repository at the University of Maryland
Taiping_Prefecture
Chinese scholar and official (1357–1402)
Chinese literati of later generations who sympathized with Fang. People in Fujian (闽南人) regard Fang Xiaoru, along with Tie Xuan and Jing Qing (景清), as
Fang_Xiaoru
"明清同性恋故事的福建地区表现与文人认识" [Homosexual Stories of Fujian Area and Literati's Awareness in the Ming and Qing Dynasties]. wanfang data. doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-912X
Sworn_brotherhood_(China)
Vernacular Chinese novel by Cao Xueqin
observation of the worldview, aesthetics, lifestyles, and social relations of High Qing China. The intricate strands of its plot depict the rise and decline of a
Dream_of_the_Red_Chamber
Imperial dynasty of China (1368–1644)
audience for literature and performing arts that employed Vernacular Chinese. Literati scholars edited or developed major Chinese novels into mature form in this
Ming_dynasty
Chinese painter, calligrapher and nobleman
from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2015-12-17. The Last Stroke of Literati Painting - A Special Exhibition of Painting and Calligraphy by Pu Hsin-yu
Puru_(artist)
4th-century Chinese calligraphy
was appointed as the governor at the time. During the event, forty-two literati gathered along the banks of a coursing stream and engaged in a "winding
Lantingji_Xu
17th-century Nanjing school painter
to author anti-Qing works, and develop his characteristic "light Gong" and "dark Gong" styles. Gong Xian was also one of the literati and known for his
Gong_Xian
army and eunuchs, while another group of local officials and Confucian literati proclaimed another prince as the new emperor in Jinling (present-day Nanjing)
List_of_rebellions_in_China
Chinese official, scholar and writer (153–208)
representative literati of his time. However, most of his works had been lost. Those that survived can be found in compilations from the Ming and Qing dynasties
Kong_Rong
Aspect of Chinese history
region available to Qing era Chinese in the 18th century and needed to be replaced with updated accounts by the literati. After the Qing dynasty defeated
History_of_Xinjiang
Chinese essayist and historian (1597–1684)
[Integrity and Compromise: The Circumstances and Choices of Literati in the Late Ming and Early Qing] (in Traditional Chinese). Taipei: 黎明文化. pp. 143–167. ISBN 9789571608228
Zhang_Dai
Style for writing Chinese characters
biǎo". However, very few wrote in this script at the time other than a few literati; most continued writing in the neo-clerical script, or a hybrid form of
Regular_script
calligrapher and reformist scholar in the early nineteenth century. Under the Qing administration, Bao made numerous important suggestions regarding the areas
Bao_Shichen
15th century Joseon epic poem
Qing dynasty of China. The songs, in the form of 125 cantos, were composed through the efforts of a committee of Confucian philologists and literati.
Yongbiŏch'ŏn'ga
16th-century novel by Wu Cheng'en
West as the outcome of a writing game which was popular among Chinese literati. The overall plot of Journey to the West was "already a part of Chinese
Journey_to_the_West
Various philosophical traditions of Taoism
ancient Chinese scholarship—defining Taoist texts themselves, plus the literati and Taoist priests that wrote and commented on them—never made the distinction
Taoist_philosophy
County-level city in Anhui, China
Dynasty censorate official Li, Zhuang. Secret Lives of the Literati: Hidden Circles in Ming-Qing Anhui. Almaty: Eurasian Historical Press, 1992, pp. 45–50
Tongcheng,_Anhui
Classic texts of Chinese literature
of references to this background, and one could not become part of the literati—or even a military officer in some periods—without having memorized them
Chinese_classics
Chinese playwright, novelist and publisher
publisher. Born in 1611 in Rugao, in today's Jiangsu province, Li came from a literati family and grew up during the final decades of the Ming dynasty. Following
Li_Yu_(playwright)
Chinese stringed music instrument
since ancient times, and has traditionally been favoured by scholars and literati as an instrument of great subtlety and refinement, as highlighted by the
Guqin
Former Buddhist temple in Fuzhou, China
renowned for its quiet and beautiful environment, which attracted many literati to come and compose poems to eulogize the temple, including Li Gang, Zhang
Hualin_Temple_(Fuzhou)
QING LITERATI
QING LITERATI
Surname or Lastname
English
English : of uncertain derivation; probably a topographic name for someone living near a bing, a northern dialect word recorded with the senses ‘heap’, ‘bin’, ‘receptacle’ (probably from Old Norse bingr ‘stall’).Jewish (western Ashkenazic) and Danish : habitational name from Bing, a shortened form of Bingen.Danish : metonymic occupational name, from bing ‘storage bin for grain’, for someone who either made or used such containers.
Boy/Male
English
Ring.
Male
English
English name derived from the vocabulary word, "king," from Old English cyning, probably KING means "family, race."
Surname or Lastname
English
English : unexplained.East Asian : unexplained.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : habitational name from places named Wing in Buckinghamshire and Rutland. The former was probably named in Old English as the settlement of the Wiwingas ‘the family or followers of a man named Wiwa’, or alternatively perhaps ‘the people of the temple’ (from a derivative of Old English wīg, wēoh ‘(pre-Christian) temple’). The latter is from Old Norse vengi, a derivative of vangr ‘field’. Compare Wang.Dutch (van Wing) : variant of Winge.Chinese : variant of Rong 2.
Girl/Female
Australian, Chinese
Clever; Nimble; Bell
Boy/Male
German
From the kettle shaped hollow.
Male
Chinese
tranquil.
Boy/Male
American, British, Christian, English, French, Indian, Jamaican
Monarch; Ruler; Yumi; Family; Race
Surname or Lastname
English and Scottish
English and Scottish : nickname from Middle English king, Old English cyning ‘king’ (originally merely a tribal leader, from Old English cyn(n) ‘tribe’, ‘race’ + the Germanic suffix -ing). The word was already used as a byname before the Norman Conquest, and the nickname was common in the Middle Ages, being used to refer to someone who conducted himself in a kingly manner, or one who had played the part of a king in a pageant, or one who had won the title in a tournament. In other cases it may actually have referred to someone who served in the king’s household. The American surname has absorbed several European cognates and equivalents with the same meaning, for example German König (see Koenig), Swiss German Küng, French Leroy. It is also found as an Ashkenazic Jewish surname, of ornamental origin.Chinese : variant of Jin 1.Chinese : , , , , Jing.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : unexplained; perhaps a variant of Pink.Chinese : there are two sources of this name, which also means ‘peace’. One is the name of a senior minister of the state of Qi during the Spring and Autumn period (722–481 bc), who was posthumously named Yan Pingzhong. The other source is a city called Ping in the state of Han during the Warring States period (403–221 bc). It was granted to a marquis whose descendants adopted the place name as their surname.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : of uncertain origin; possibly from a reduced form of the personal name Dominick.Chinese : from the name of Meng Mingshi, a senior minister of the state of Qin in the Spring and Autumn period (722–481 bc). His descendants adopted the first character of his given name, which means ‘bright’, as their surname.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : from the Old Norse and Middle English personal name Ing(a), a short form of various names with the first element Ing- (see Ingle).English : habitational name from an Essex place name, Ing, which survives with various manorial affixes in the names Fryerning, Ingatestone, Ingrave, and Margaretting, and which is probably from an Old English tribal name Gēingas ‘people of the district’.Jewish (eastern Ashkenazic) : nickname from Yiddish ing ‘young’.Chinese : possibly a variant of Wu 1.Chinese : possibly a variant of Wu 4.
Female
Chinese
sky blue.
Male
Chinese
a star; a spark.
Male
Norse
Old Norse name derived from proto-Germanic Ingwaz, ING means "Lord of the Inguins." In mythology, this is the name of a fertility god.
Surname or Lastname
English (mainly East Anglia)
English (mainly East Anglia) : habitational name from Lyng in Norfolk, so named from Old English hlinc ‘hillside’, or from either of two places in Norfolk and Lincolnshire named Ling, from Old Norse lyng ‘ling’, ‘heather’. There is also a Lyng in Somerset, so named from Old English lengen ‘long place’.German : variant of Link.Chinese : from a word meaning ‘ice’. In ancient times, the imperial palace was able to enjoy ice in the summer by storing winter ice in a cellar, entrusting its care to an official called the iceman. This post was once filled during the Zhou dynasty (1122–221 bc) by a descendant of Kang Shu, the eighth son of Wen Wang, who had been granted the state of Wei soon after the establishment of the Zhou dynasty. Descendants of this particular iceman adopted the word for ice, ling, as their surname.
Boy/Male
English American
King. King's field. Title used as a surname by the members of a royal household. Famous...
Surname or Lastname
English, German, and Dutch
English, German, and Dutch : metonymic occupational name for a maker of rings (from Middle English ring, Middle High German rinc, Middle Dutch ring), either to be worn as jewelry or as component parts of chain-mail, harnesses, and other objects. In part it may also have arisen as a nickname for a wearer of a ring.Scandinavian : from ring ‘ring’, probably an ornamental name but possibly applied in the same sense as 3 or 1.German : topographic name from Middle High German, Middle Low German rink, rinc ‘circle’.Irish (eastern County Cork) : reduced Anglicized form of Gaelic Ó Rinn (see Reen).
Male
Chinese
strong, good.
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