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Laser cooling technique
physics, Raman cooling is a sub-recoil cooling technique that allows the cooling of atoms using optical methods below the limitations of Doppler cooling, Doppler
Raman_cooling
Laser cooling technique
by S. E. Hamann et al. via Raman cooling. Resolved sideband cooling is a laser-cooling technique that can be used to cool strongly trapped atoms to the
Resolved_sideband_cooling
Laser cooling technique
methods of sub-Doppler cooling include evaporative cooling, free space Raman cooling, Raman side-band cooling, resolved sideband cooling, electromagnetically
Sub-Doppler_cooling
Atomic physics technique to achieve high phase space densities
Evaporative cooling is an atomic physics technique to achieve high phase space densities which optical cooling techniques alone typically can not reach
Evaporative cooling (atomic physics)
Evaporative_cooling_(atomic_physics)
Inelastic scattering of photons by matter
In chemistry and physics, Raman scattering or the Raman effect (/ˈrɑːmən/) is the inelastic scattering of photons by matter, meaning that there is both
Raman_scattering
Energy imparted to an atom by photon emission
temperature is below the Doppler cooling limit for atoms and molecules, so sub-Doppler cooling techniques such as Sisyphus cooling are necessary to reach it
Recoil_temperature
Loss of heat by thermal radiation
a strong cooling effect. Materials that can also reflect 95% or more of sunlight in the 200 nanometres to 2.5 μm range can exhibit cooling even in direct
Radiative_cooling
Building design approach
gain prevention) or by removing heat from the building (natural cooling). Natural cooling utilizes on-site energy, available from the natural environment
Passive_cooling
Management strategy for global warming
radiative cooling (PDRC)—also called passive radiative cooling, daytime passive radiative cooling, radiative sky cooling, photonic radiative cooling, and terrestrial
Passive daytime radiative cooling
Passive_daytime_radiative_cooling
Radial polarization Rail inspection Rainbow hologram Raman cooling Raman laser Raman microscope Raman scattering Random laser Range imaging Rangefinder Rare-earth
List_of_laser_articles
Cooling technique in atomic physics
gradient cooling would not work. Sub-Doppler cooling methods include: Sisyphus cooling Polarization gradient cooling Resolved sideband cooling Raman sideband
Laser_cooling
Method of sub-Doppler laser cooling of atoms
Gray molasses is a method of sub-Doppler laser cooling of atoms. It employs principles from Sisyphus cooling in conjunction with a so-called "dark" state
Gray_molasses
Laser cooling technique
sometimes used synonymously with laser cooling, though laser cooling includes other techniques. Doppler cooling was simultaneously proposed by two groups
Doppler_cooling
Cooling of air in an enclosed space
air conditioner or through other methods, such as passive cooling and ventilative cooling. Air conditioning is a member of a family of systems and techniques
Air_conditioning
Atomic-scale structure formed through the Stark shift by opposing beams of light
Doppler cooling, polarization gradient cooling, Raman cooling, resolved sideband cooling, and evaporative cooling. If the periodic potential is to be added
Optical_lattice
Difference between absorption and emission peak maxima
spectral band maxima of the absorption and emission spectra (fluorescence and Raman being two examples) of the same electronic transition. It is named after
Stokes_shift
Category of HVAC technologies
hydronic cooling systems in Europe, embedding cool water pipes in structures to absorb and dissipate heat, meeting cooling loads. Radiant cooling became
Radiant_heating_and_cooling
Ancient Persian ice house
is optimized to take advantage of the physics of evaporative cooling and radiative cooling, and the fact that the arid, desert climate is low in relative
Yakhchāl
States of matter for water as a solid
in its molecular arrangement. Amorphous ice is produced either by rapid cooling of liquid water to its glass transition temperature (about 136 K or −137 °C)
Phases_of_ice
American academic (born 1972)
S2CID 33927607. Daytime Radiative Cooling: A. Raman; M. A. Anoma; L. Zhu; E. Rephaeli; S. Fan (2014). "Passive radiative cooling below ambient air temperature
Shanhui_Fan
Atoms kept at temperatures close to absolute zero
sub-Doppler cooling techniques, including polarization gradient cooling, gray molasses cooling, and Raman sideband cooling, have enabled the cooling and trapping
Ultracold_atom
Infrared imaging used to reveal temperature
cool down before it can begin working. The most commonly used cooling systems are peltier coolers which, although inefficient and limited in cooling capacity
Thermography
Industrial and food chemical
Jyotirmoy; Raman, Aaswath P.; Pilon, Laurent (December 2022). "Dropwise condensation reduces selectivity of sky-facing radiative cooling surfaces". International
Polydimethylsiloxane
Supreme court of India appointed committee, 2015
Indian Premier League (IPL) betting scandal, and analyse the role of Sundar Raman. The Lodha Committee report was submitted on 14 July 2015. The establishment
Lodha_Committee
Chemical compound
for optical waveguides. Tellurite glasses have also been shown to exhibit Raman gain up to 30 times that of silica, useful in optical fibre amplification
Tellurium_dioxide
Plagioclase feldspar with 50–70% anorthite
requirement for the lamellar separation is a very slow cooling of the rock containing the plagioclase. Slow cooling is required to allow the Ca, Na, Si, and Al ions
Labradorite
2006 film by K. Balachander
Prakash Raj, the film starts Uday Kiran (in his Tamil debut) and Vimala Raman (in her acting debut), while Geetu Mohandas, Prakash Raj, Adithya Menon
Poi_(film)
Photonic systems which use silicon as an optical medium
by a range of nonlinear optical phenomena including the Kerr effect, the Raman effect, two-photon absorption and interactions between photons and free
Silicon_photonics
Indian spaceflight company
The 110 second test validated the booster of the Vikram-I. Raman-I (named after C. V. Raman) is a liquid-fuel upper stage engine of Vikram-I. On 25 September
Skyroot_Aerospace
Difference between a laser's optical frequency and quantum resonant frequency
thus cooling the atoms down to temperatures as low as several microkelvin. Sub-Doppler cooling techniques, such as polarization gradient cooling and Sisyphus
Laser_detuning
Type of precipitation
the lower stratosphere and stratospheric cooling, can be related to their formation. A detailed micro-Raman spectroscopic study made it possible to place
Megacryometeor
Instruments on the Perseverance Mars rover
recorded in the mast. SuperCam's Raman spectrometer (at 532 nm) investigates targets up to 12 m from the rover. In the Raman spectroscopy technique, most
SuperCam
2015 Indian film
and Charles) is a 2015 Hindi crime film written and directed by Prawaal Raman and produced by Cynozure Networkz. The film is a fictitious thriller inspired
Main_Aur_Charles
Anion of sulfur with 4 oxygen atoms
without accounting for the counteracting cooling from aerosols. Regardless of the current strength of aerosol cooling, all future climate change scenarios
Sulfate
Refrigeration process
cooling capacity of 80 mW. Continuous freezers Berchowitz, David; Kwon, Yongrak (2012). "Environmental Profiles of Stirling-Cooled and Cascade-Cooled
Cascade_refrigeration
Electromagnetic radiation generated by the thermal motion of particles
Rephaeli, Eden; Raman, Aaswath; Fan, Shanhui (2013). "Ultrabroadband photonic structures to achieve high-performance daytime radiative cooling". Nano Letters
Thermal_radiation
Apparatus for trapping and cooling neutral atoms
physics, a magneto-optical trap (MOT) is an apparatus which uses laser cooling and a spatially varying magnetic field to create a trap which can produce
Magneto-optical_trap
Ability of a solid material to exist in more than one form or crystal structure
infrared (IR) spectroscopy, terahertz spectroscopy and Raman spectroscopy. Mid-frequency IR and Raman spectroscopies are sensitive to changes in hydrogen
Crystal_polymorphism
Study involving matter and electromagnetic radiation
reaction intermediates in the femtosecond timescale. Raman optical activity spectroscopy exploits Raman scattering and optical activity effects to reveal
Spectroscopy
Cubic crystalline form of zirconium dioxide
The process was named cold crucible, an allusion to the system of water cooling used. Though promising, these attempts yielded only small crystals. Later
Cubic_zirconia
Spectroscopy of quantized rotational states of gases
undergoes rapid cooling to only a few kelvins in the throat of an expanding gas jet. This was a revolutionary development because (i) cooling molecules to
Rotational_spectroscopy
Technical applications of optics
communications are erbium-doped fiber amplifiers, semiconductor optical amplifiers, Raman amplifiers and optical parametric amplifiers. A very advanced research topic
Photonics
Type of gas laser
amount of waste heat of nearly one kW. This has to be dissipated by the cooling system. In other words, the power efficiency is very low. A krypton laser
Ion_laser
State of matter
condensation of alkali gases is easier because they can be pre-cooled with laser cooling techniques, unlike atomic hydrogen at the time, which gave a significant
Bose–Einstein_condensate
they will never harm or kill anyone or even touch any harmful weapons. Raman and Krishna are seen going together on a bicycle. Yennai Arindhaal In a
List of films with post-credits scenes
List_of_films_with_post-credits_scenes
Country in Southwestern Europe
fifteenth century 'Saint Vincent Panels' by combined in situ and micro-Raman spectroscopy". The European Physical Journal Plus. 140 (3) 187. Berlin:
Portugal
Manufacturing process for forming and joining together hollow plastic parts
Once the plastic has cooled and hardened the mold opens and the part is ejected. Water channels within the mold assist cooling. The process principle
Blow_molding
used in many ways, including: A wide variety of interferometric techniques Raman spectroscopy Laser induced breakdown spectroscopy Atmospheric remote sensing
List_of_laser_applications
Quasiparticle form phonon and photon coupling
principle. Phonon polariton spectra have traditionally been studied using Raman spectroscopy. The recent advances in (scattering-type) scanning near-field
Phonon_polariton
Cold atom physicist
research on atomic and molecular cooling techniques, such as buffer-gas cooling and the buffer-gas beam, as well as laser-cooling and trapping of molecules,
John_Doyle_(physicist)
Chemical compound
between experiments, so Raman spectroscopy is often used to determine relative purity. However, thin Bi2Te3 samples are resistant to Raman spectroscopy due to
Bismuth_telluride
Aqueous solution of hydrogen chloride
already mixed with nitric acid) depended on the use of more efficient cooling apparatus, which would only develop in subsequent centuries. From the point
Hydrochloric_acid
Optoelectronic temperature sensing device
Molecular vibrations at high frequencies (10 THz) are responsible for Raman scattering. Low frequency vibrations (10–30 GHz) cause Brillouin scattering
Distributed temperature sensing
Distributed_temperature_sensing
Discography of Indian singer Hariharan
2013 "Azhagu Malar Aada" Ilaiyaraja – Toronto Concert Ilaiyaraja Surmukhi Raman Tamil "The Blue Soul" Indian Chill Harmonics Raajesh Johri Lalitya Munshaw
Hariharan_discography
M. C.; et al. (2001). "Hollow cathode ion lasers for deep ultraviolet Raman spectroscopy and fluorescence imaging". Review of Scientific Instruments
List_of_laser_types
Flammable organic fuel (C4H10)
function poorly. Instead, a mixture of isobutane and propane is used to give cooling system performance comparable to R-12. Butane is also used as lighter fuel
Butane
Earth's most severe extinction event
20403153F. doi:10.1016/j.earscirev.2020.103153. S2CID 216433847. Biswas, Raman Kumar; Kaiho, Kunio; Saito, Ryosuke; Tian, Li; Shi, Zhiqiang (December 2020)
Permian–Triassic extinction event
Permian–Triassic_extinction_event
Digital imaging circuit
EMCCD cameras indispensably need a cooling system—using either thermoelectric cooling or liquid nitrogen—to cool the chip down to temperatures in the
Charge-coupled_device
Solar radiation reaching the Earth's surface
(2005). Sky in a Bottle. The MIT Press. ISBN 978-0-262-16234-0. Dr. C. V. Raman lecture: Why is the sky blue? Why is the sky blue? Blue Sky and Rayleigh
Diffuse_sky_radiation
Indian space observatory
These devices are unique in requiring very benign cooling requirement (requiring only passive cooling) unlike traditional X-ray CCDs. Key science objectives
XPoSat
Ratio of energy extracted from sunlight in solar cells
1039/c1ee01297e. ISSN 1754-5692. Zhu, Linxiao; Raman, Aaswath P.; Fan, Shanhui (6 October 2015). "Radiative cooling of solar absorbers using a visibly transparent
Solar-cell_efficiency
British and American writer and comedian
member of the Democratic Socialists of America and helped canvass for Nithya Raman during the 2020 Los Angeles election. Adejuyigbe uses both he/him and they/them
Demi_Adejuyigbe
Military campaign following the September 11 attacks
December 2025. Retrieved 17 October 2025. Kreps, Sarah; Lushenko, Paul; Raman, Shyam (19 January 2022). "Biden can reduce civilian casualties during US
War_on_terror
Indian film by Nelson Dilipkumar
cinema's kitchen sink, mass-audience-minded masala style." Sruthi Ganapathy Raman of Film Companion South wrote "the most exciting part about Jailer is its
Jailer_(2023_Tamil_film)
Indian crime television series (1998-2025)
"Paheli Laash Ke Tukdon Ki" (2009) Adi Irani as Deepak (2001), Radio Manager Raman (2006), Tejpal (2016) Nawazuddin Siddiqui as Alex (2001) Prem Chopra as
CID_(Indian_TV_series)
Soft substance meant to be chewed without swallowing
Nicholas; Elliott, Christopher; Cao, Cuong (15 March 2025). "From automated Raman to cost-effective nanoparticle-on-film (NPoF) SERS spectroscopy: A combined
Chewing_gum
Species of shark
physiology. They display identical electronic absorption and resonance in Raman spectroscopy, indicating that their heme-pocket structures are identical
Greenland_shark
Solid form of the 7th element
orientations progressively order, a distinction that is only visible via Raman spectroscopy. At high pressure (roughly 2–13 GPa) and low temperature, the
Solid_nitrogen
Chemical compound of hydrogen and oxygen
to a water body or carry it away by evaporation in a cooling tower). In the United States, cooling power plants is the largest use of water. In the nuclear
Water
Aromatic leaf
Avonto, Cristina; Wang, Mei; Parcher, Jon F.; Ali, Abbas; Demirci, Betul; Raman, Vijayasankar; Khan, Ikhlas A. (2013). "Comparative Investigation of Umbellularia
Bay_leaf
Process of hair removal by exposure to laser pulses
Epidermal cooling has been determined to allow higher fluences and reduce pain and side effects, especially in darker skin. Three types of cooling have been
Laser_hair_removal
German-born theoretical physicist (1879–1955)
644–648. Bibcode:1979AmJPh..47..644H. doi:10.1119/1.11950. ISSN 0002-9505. Raman, V. V.; Forman, Paul (1969). "Why Was It Schrödinger Who Developed de Broglie's
Albert_Einstein
Indian reality show season
film Viduthalai Part 2. Released in December 2024. Week 11 Day 77 Priya Raman To greet the evicted contestant and her husband, Ranjith. Week 12 Day 79
Bigg Boss (Tamil TV series) season 8
Bigg_Boss_(Tamil_TV_series)_season_8
Municipality in Batman Province, Turkey
populated by Kurds and considered to be part of Turkish Kurdistan. The Batı Raman oil field, which is the largest oil field in Turkey, is located just outside
Batman,_Turkey
Experiment at the Antiproton Decelerator
The slow antiprotons were then further cooled by merging them with extra cold trapped electrons (electron cooling) and finally trapped inside a Malmberg–Penning
AEgIS_experiment
B. J. N.; Zheng, W.; Schweitzer, M.; Hallen, H. D. (2025). "Resonance Raman confirms partial haemoglobin preservation in dinosaur remains". Proceedings
2025 in archosaur paleontology
2025_in_archosaur_paleontology
Quantum-mechanical version of computer memory
transparency does not require the very high power control beams usually needed for Raman quantum memories, nor does it require the use of liquid helium temperatures
Quantum_memory
2023 Indian film by P. Vasu
making a film that has not even a single memorable feature. Sruthi Ganapathy Raman of Film Companion called it a "poorly-acted" sequel and wrote, "Apart from
Chandramukhi_2
Hexagonal lattice made of carbon atoms
Rotational misalignment preserves the 2D electronic structure, as confirmed by Raman spectroscopy. The D peak is very weak, whereas the 2D and G peaks remain
Graphene
DreamWorks Animation media franchise
Boots: The Three Diablos is a 13-minute animated short film, directed by Raman Hui, and was released on the DVD and Blu-ray releases of Puss in Boots on
Shrek_(franchise)
Laser using an optical fiber as the active gain medium
amplification without lasing. Fiber nonlinearities, such as stimulated Raman scattering or four-wave mixing, can also provide gain and thus serve as
Fiber_laser
Type of rechargeable battery
Two-Dimensional Soft X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy (2D XAS), 2D Raman, and 2D Heterospectral XAS−Raman Correlation Analysis". The Journal of Physical Chemistry
Lithium-ion_battery
Device that vaporizes a liquid nicotine solution for inhalation
as to reduce throat irritation. Some e-liquids also contain synthetic cooling agents. Many countries regulate what e-liquids can contain. In the US,
Electronic_cigarette
Water temperature changes resulting in degraded water quality
be controlled with: cooling ponds, man-made bodies of water designed for cooling by evaporation, convection, and radiation cooling towers, which transfer
Thermal_pollution
List of performances by Indian actor Mohanlal
Malayalam literature, which were written by O. Chandu Menon (Indulekha), C. V. Raman Pillai (Dharmaraja), S. K. Pottekkatt (Naadan Premam), Thakazhi Sivasankara
Mohanlal_filmography
Measurement standards laboratory in the United States
government laboratory. All four were recognized for their work related to laser cooling of atoms, which is directly related to the development and advancement
National Institute of Standards and Technology
National_Institute_of_Standards_and_Technology
Indian actor (born 1962)
of Bollywood Wives Himself 2022 Baked Season 3: The Bad Trip 2023 Pop Kaun? Anthony Gonsalves 2024 Industry Rakesh Raman 2025 Griha Laxmi Kareem Kazi
Chunky_Panday
Electricity generation by nuclear fusion
Menard, J. E.; Brown, T.; El-Guebaly, L.; Boyer, M.; Canik, J.; Colling, B.; Raman, R.; Wang, Z.; Zhai, Y.; Buxton, P.; Covele, B. (October 1, 2016). "Fusion
Fusion_power
Electromagnetic radiation humans can see
or optical tweezers by laser beam. This, along with Doppler cooling and Sisyphus cooling, was the crucial technology needed to achieve the celebrated
Light
Chemical compound of sulfur and oxygen
without accounting for the counteracting cooling from aerosols. Regardless of the current strength of aerosol cooling, all future climate change scenarios
Sulfur_dioxide
Indian actor and film producer (born 1975)
Archived from the original on 29 November 2022. Retrieved 28 May 2020. Raman, Mohan V. (25 October 2016). "Art of the matter". The Hindu. Archived from
Suriya
Indian actor, playback singer and film director
recorded in the 1970s but still popular are "Chiso Chiso Hawama" ("In the cool air") and "Manko kura lai bandhi narakha... ("Do not keep the words of the
Danny_Denzongpa
Interferometer which uses the wave-like nature of atoms
partial wave packets of atoms was achieved using laser cooling techniques and stimulated Raman transitions by Steven Chu and his coworkers in Stanford
Atom_interferometer
Indian actor (born 1976)
In 2015, Hooda portrayed the serial killer Charles Sobhraj in Prawaal Raman's, Main Aur Charles. It was told from the perspective of Amod Kanth, the
Randeep_Hooda
Indian actor and film producer (born 1951)
oriented movie Loudspeaker and the directorial debut of Aashiq Abu, Daddy Cool. These movie has done Hit status in boxoffice. In the year 2010, Mammootty
Mammootty
Material composed of antiparticles
foil, and finally capturing them in a Penning–Malmberg trap. The overall cooling process is workable, but highly inefficient; approximately 25 million antiprotons
Antimatter
2010 video game
Archived from the original on November 26, 2010. Retrieved November 22, 2010. Raman, Manikandan (December 22, 2010). "Call of Duty: Black Ops Sales Top $1 Bln"
Call_of_Duty:_Black_Ops
American aviator (1902–1974)
Lindbergh". The Missouri Historical Society. Retrieved January 27, 2024. Raman, Jay (2021). "The Man Who Crossed the Seas: Charles Lindbergh's Goodwill
Charles_Lindbergh
American film and television directors
(January 19, 2025). "The 10 Most Important Movies in the MCU". Collider. Raman, Sruthi Ganapathy. "What to expect as the countdown to 'Avengers: Endgame'
Russo_brothers
or more people over a period of more than 30 days, with a significant cooling-off period between the murders [...] The baseline number of three victims
List of serial killers by number of victims
List_of_serial_killers_by_number_of_victims
RAMAN COOLING
RAMAN COOLING
Boy/Male
Arabic, Muslim, Pashtun
Zaman means Times
Boy/Male
Hindu
Rama & Krishna
Male
Hindi/Indian
(रतन) Hindi name derived from the Sanskrit word ratna, RATAN means "jewel."
Male
French
 Variant spelling of Old French Armand, ARMAN means "bold/hardy man." Compare with another form of Arman.
Male
Polish
 Polish name derived from Latin Romanus, ROMAN means "Roman." Compare with other forms of Roman.
Male
Hindi/Indian
(राजन) Hindi name RAJAN means "king."
Boy/Male
Indian
Zaman - times
Male
Russian
(Роман) Russian name derived from Latin Romanus, ROMAN means "Roman." Compare with other forms of Roman.
Girl/Female
Arabic, Assamese, Bengali, German, Gujarati, Hebrew, Hindu, Indian, Kannada, Malayalam, Marathi, Muslim, Punjabi, Sanskrit, Sikh, Tamil, Telugu
Lord Rama; Goddess Lakshmi; Pleaser of the Lord
Boy/Male
Arabic, Muslim
Sun of Rahman (Allah)
Male
German
Variant spelling of German Hraban, RABAN means "raven."
Male
English
 English name derived from Latin Romanus, ROMAN means "Roman." Compare with other forms of Roman.
Boy/Male
Indian, Telugu
Lord Rama and Krishna
Male
English
 Anglicized form of Greek Rhama (Hebrew Ramah), RAMA means "a lofty place." In the bible, this is the name of many places, including a place of battle between Israel and Syria, and the name of a town of the tribe of Benjamin. Compare with another form of Rama.
Boy/Male
American, Australian, British, Chinese, Christian, Czechoslovakian, Danish, English, Finnish, French, German, Greek, Latin, Polish, Portuguese, Spanish, Swedish, Swiss, Ukrainian
Citizen of Roman; Man from Rome
Boy/Male
Muslim
Zaman - times
Boy/Male
Indian
Sun of Rahman i.e. Allah
Girl/Female
Roman Latin
Roman clan name Aurelius which derives from the Latin onrum meaning gold.
Boy/Male
Christian, Hebrew, Hindu, Indian, Sanskrit, Tamil
Lord Rama; Pleasing; Rejoicing
Boy/Male
Muslim
Sun of Rahman i.e. Allah
RAMAN COOLING
RAMAN COOLING
Boy/Male
Hebrew American Irish Scottish English
Gift from God.
Girl/Female
Tamil
Hemavati | ஹேமாவதீ
Goddess Lakshmi, Possessing gold, Golden Parvati
Girl/Female
American, Anglo, Australian, British, Chinese, Christian, Czechoslovakian, Danish, English, Finnish, French, German, Hawaiian, Hebrew, Irish, Italian, Latin, Romanian, Swedish, Swiss
Who is Like God; Like the Lord; Feminine of Michael; Gift from God; Who Resembles God; Latinate Female Version of Michael
Boy/Male
Muslim
Grace of the truth i.e. Allah
Male
Norse
Old Norse name possibly derived from the word *fraujaR, FREYR means "lord, master." In mythology, this is the name of a god of rain and sunlight.
Male
Hindi/Indian
(माधव) Hindi name MADHAV means "of springtime; vernal."
Boy/Male
Tamil
A flute
Girl/Female
Arabic, Muslim
Light of the World
Boy/Male
Bengali, Hindu, Indian
The Scriptures
Girl/Female
Hindu
Golden Moon, Apsara of unequalled splendor
RAMAN COOLING
RAMAN COOLING
RAMAN COOLING
RAMAN COOLING
RAMAN COOLING
pl.
of Ragman
a.
Expressed in letters, not in figures, as I., IV., i., iv., etc.; -- said of numerals, as distinguished from the Arabic numerals, 1, 4, etc.
n.
A Ramist.
n.
A Roman Catholic.
n.
A native, or permanent resident, of Rome; a citizen of Rome, or one upon whom certain rights and privileges of a Roman citizen were conferred.
n.
A man who collects, or deals in, rags.
n.
Roman type, letters, or print, collectively; -- in distinction from Italics.
a.
Of or pertaining to a ramus, or branch; rameal.
a.
Of or pertaining to the Roman Catholic religion; professing that religion.
n.
A document having many names or numerous seals, as a papal bull.
n. pl.
Roman citizens.
n.
A small herbivorous mammal of the genus Hyrax. The species found in Palestine and Syria is Hyrax Syriacus; that of Northern Africa is H. Brucei; -- called also ashkoko, dassy, and rock rabbit. See Cony, and Hyrax.
a.
Of or pertaining to Rome, or the Roman people; like or characteristic of Rome, the Roman people, or things done by Romans; as, Roman fortitude; a Roman aqueduct; Roman art.
a.
Having characteristics that are partly Greek and partly Roman; as, Greco-Roman architecture.
n.
See Rattan.
n.
An adherent of the Roman Catholic church; a Roman Catholic.
n.
A Roman coin equivalent to one twenty-fourth part of a Roman pound.
a.
Ramal.
a.
Same as Ramal.
a.
Upright; erect; -- said of the letters or kind of type ordinarily used, as distinguished from Italic characters.