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Soviet citizens denied permission to emigrate
Refusenik (Russian: отказник, romanized: otkaznik, from отказ (otkaz) 'refusal'; alternatively spelled refusnik) was an unofficial term for individuals—typically
Refusenik
Topics referred to by the same term
Look up refusenik in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. A refusenik is someone who was denied permission to emigrate by the Soviet Union. It can also mean
Refusenik_(disambiguation)
2007 American film
Refusenik is a 2007 documentary film by Laura Bialis that chronicles the struggle of Jews to emigrate from the Soviet Union in the 1960s and 1970s. A
Refusenik_(film)
Canadian educator (born 1968)
Literary Review (400). Retrieved 22 July 2017. Wente, Margaret. "The Muslim refusenik". The Globe and Mail. Retrieved 22 July 2017. Stephen Hume. "Canada 150:
Irshad_Manji
Conscientious objection in Israel (1948–)
known as sarvanim (in Hebrew סרבנים) which is sometimes translated as "refuseniks", or mishtamtim (evaders, dodgers). Some distinguish between refusal to
Refusal to serve in the Israel Defense Forces
Refusal_to_serve_in_the_Israel_Defense_Forces
Israeli politician and refusenik (born 1948)
organization. A former Soviet dissident, he spent nine years imprisoned as a refusenik during the 1970s and 1980s. Sharansky was born into a Jewish family on
Natan_Sharansky
Organization of Israeli military personnel refusing to serve beyond the 1967 borders
" These conscientious objectors refer to themselves as refuseniks, a reference to the refusenik Jews of Soviet Russia. In 2004, Courage to Refuse and one
Ometz_LeSarev
Israeli politician and former Speaker of the Knesset
Yisrael BaAliyah party, and a senior figure in Likud. A former Soviet refusenik, Edelstein has served as a member of the Knesset since 1996, holding senior
Yuli_Edelstein
American rabbi (1938–2026)
Union, the first of two such journeys to visit refuseniks, is documented in a brief book he wrote, Refusenik: Voices of Struggle and Hope. He visited again
Albert_S._Axelrad
Israeli activist (1931–2021)
Нудель; 27 April 1931 – 14 September 2021) was a Soviet-born Israeli refusenik and activist. She was known as the "Guardian Angel" for her efforts to
Ida_Nudel
American actor & playwright (born 1976)
play Oslo. He is also known for playing the role of Anton Baklanov, a refusenik scientist in The Americans. Aronov was born in Tashkent, Uzbek SSR (today
Michael_Aronov
Refusenik advocate and educator
Russian: Иосиф Зиселевич Бегун, Hebrew: יוסף ביגון) is a former Soviet refusenik, prisoner of conscience, human rights activist, author and translator
Iosif_Begun
Prison in Vladimir, Russia
Estonian commander-in-chief of the Estonian Army. Yosef Mendelevitch, Jewish Refusenik dissident. Alexei Navalny, Russian opposition politician Garegin Nzhdeh
Vladimir_Central_Prison
Ethnoreligious group
Union collapsed, many of the Jews in the affected territory (who had been refuseniks) were suddenly allowed to leave. This produced a wave of migration to
Jews
Israeli mathematician (1929–2009)
claiming that he was too valuable a scientist to be allowed to leave. As a refusenik, he lost access to mathematical libraries and other academic resources
Ilya_Piatetski-Shapiro
death, persecution of Jews would continue until the late 1980s (see: refuseniks). Under the rule of the tsars, Russian Jews were classified as inorodtsy
Antisemitism in the Soviet Union
Antisemitism_in_the_Soviet_Union
English food writer and TV cook (born 1960)
Archived from the original on 10 February 2009. Retrieved 11 May 2009. The refuseniks and the honours they turned down . The Times, 21 December 2003. Retrieved
Nigella_Lawson
Park in Moscow
coached locals at the chess club. He would later go on to be a renowned refusenik activist and Israeli politician. In the mid-1970, the soon-to-be famous
Sokolniki_Park
American makeup artist and activist (born 1998)
With Plenty to Say". Podcast Review. Retrieved April 10, 2026. "A Trans Refusenik Prepares for Jail, and a TLV Queer Bar Urges End to Gaza Starvation".
Matt Bernstein (internet personality)
Matt_Bernstein_(internet_personality)
Israeli human rights organization
Mesarvot has provided legal and media support for numerous high-profile refuseniks who served time in military prison. Some notable cases include: Tair Kaminer
Mesarvot
American journalist and political commentator (born 1984)
attacks, and compared pro-Israel social media commentators to former Soviet refusenik Natan Sharansky, whose years of imprisonment made him an icon of the movement
Bari_Weiss
1947–1991 geopolitical rivalry between US and USSR
emigrate. Because the Soviet Union refused the right of emigration to Jewish refuseniks, the ability of the President to apply most-favored nation trade status
Cold_War
Soviet-Israeli dissident and rabbi
Rabbi Eliyahu Essas (Hebrew: אליהו אסאס, Russian: Илья Цвиевич Эссас, Ilya Tsvievich Essas; born 1946) is a former leader of Soviet Jewry and one of the
Eliyahu_Essas
Soviet scientist (1913–2004)
Яковлевич Лернер; 7 September 1913 – 6 April 2004) was a scientist and Soviet refusenik. He was born to a Jewish family in Vinnytsia, Russian Empire (now Ukraine)
Alexander_Lerner
Russian citizens and nationals in Israel
cases, the government denied their visa requests. In many cases, those "Refuseniks" were fired from their jobs by the government shortly after being refused
Russians_in_Israel
American born Israeli filmmaker
directing and producing the documentary films Rock in the Red Zone (2015) and Refusenik (2008). Laura R. Bialis was born in Los Angeles, California and grew up
Laura_Bialis
American jazz ensemble formed in 1997
John Hollenbeck. The ensemble's precursor was an ensemble featuring "the Refuseniks" featuring Hollenbeck and future Quintet member Ted Reichman. The quintet
Claudia_Quintet
Cults (CARC). During the 1970s, Minsk became one of the centres of the Refusenik movement in the Soviet Union. One of its leading figures was Colonel Yefim
History_of_the_Jews_in_Minsk
Immigration of Russian Jews to Israel
Soviet Jews to Israel after the Soviet Union lifted its ban on Jewish refusenik emigration in 1971. More than 150,000 Soviet Jews immigrated during this
1970s_Soviet_Union_aliyah
Bridge across the Havel River in Germany
also the most public. On 11 February 1986 the human rights campaigner (refusenik) and political prisoner Anatoly Shcharansky (now known as Natan Sharansky)
Glienicke_Bridge
Russian American novelist, poet, and memoirist (1936–2024)
memoirist, translator, and medical scientist best known for his novel about refuseniks, Doctor Levitin, his poetry and fiction about Russian Jewish identity
David_Shrayer-Petrov
National intelligence agency of Israel
1993. Between the 1950s and the 1980s the agency maintained contact with refuseniks in the Soviet Union, helping them obtain Jewish religious items banned
Mossad
American conservative activist (born 1948)
topics. His initial political work, starting in 1969, focused on the Refuseniks, Soviet Jews who were denied permission to emigrate. He gradually began
Dennis_Prager
Political party in Israel
marxists.org. Retrieved 10 March 2026. Atkins, C. J. (25 March 2025). "Refusenik: Israeli Young Communist imprisoned for refusing to serve in Netanyahu's
Maki_(political_party)
British journalist on The Independent
year joining The Independent before its launch with his two fellow NUJ "refuseniks" on the labour staff, David Felton and Barrie Clement. He joined The Sunday
Donald_Macintyre_(journalist)
Fictional character
glean information from Martha, his FBI informant. Philip goes to kidnap a Refusenik scientist living in the Washington area, and the Israelis save the scientist
Philip Jennings (The Americans)
Philip_Jennings_(The_Americans)
City in Krasnodar Krai, Russia
professional football player of Armenian descent Ida Nudel (1931–2021), refusenik and Israeli activist Eugene Kaspersky (born 1956), founder of Kaspersky
Novorossiysk
Antisemitic conspiracy theory invoking the medieval Khazars
Nuremberg Laws Pale of Settlement Pogroms Russian Empire Russian Civil War Refuseniks Segregation Spanish Inquisition Attacks on institutions Yellow badge Internet
Khazarian_Mafia
2016 documentary film
Different Sides of Israel The refusenik plot to fly to freedom ‘Operation Wedding’ and the plight of Soviet Jews Soviet refusenik and her filmmaker daughter
Operation_Wedding
Comic book feature by DC Comics
Priapus - an entry in the Refusenik Dossier. Kid Torture - an entry in the Refusenik Dossier. Golliwog - an entry in the Refusenik Dossier. Extinguishness
Dial_H_for_Hero
American manosphere podcast
Nuremberg Laws Pale of Settlement Pogroms Russian Empire Russian Civil War Refuseniks Segregation Spanish Inquisition Attacks on institutions Yellow badge Internet
Fresh_and_Fit_Podcast
1970s, after the ban on Jewish immigration to Israel was lifted (see Refusenik). Between 1972 and 1978 around 3,000 people left Azerbaijan for Israel
History of the Jews in the Soviet Union
History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Soviet_Union
1959 state visit of a Soviet leader
Glasnost Bowl Little Joe Miracle on Ice New world order (politics) Pushinka Refusenik SAGE Self-propelled barge T-36 Shvetsov M-25 Super Series Sovereignty
State visit by Nikita Khrushchev to the United States
State_visit_by_Nikita_Khrushchev_to_the_United_States
Covert mission
Glasnost Bowl Little Joe Miracle on Ice New world order (politics) Pushinka Refusenik SAGE Self-propelled barge T-36 Shvetsov M-25 Super Series Sovereignty
Operation_Ivy_Bells
Arab-Israeli politician (born 1962)
anti-war stance, Amer openly supports Israeli conscientious objectors (refuseniks). In March 2025, Amer and Hadash MK Ofer Cassif accompanied an 18-year-old
Adel_Amer
Soviet military simulation exercise
Glasnost Bowl Little Joe Miracle on Ice New world order (politics) Pushinka Refusenik SAGE Self-propelled barge T-36 Shvetsov M-25 Super Series Sovereignty
Seven_Days_to_the_River_Rhine
Israeli governmental liaison organization
Nativ assisted the movement by materially supporting the refuseniks and fostering refusenik organizations.[citation needed] In the mid 1970s international
Nativ_(Liaison_Bureau)
Gaydamak Neta Rivkin Artem Dolgopyat Eliezer Sherbatov Dina Rubina Aliyah Refusenik 1970s Soviet Union aliyah 1990s Post-Soviet aliyah Russian language in
Russian_Jews_in_Israel
Nuremberg Laws Pale of Settlement Pogroms Russian Empire Russian Civil War Refuseniks Segregation Spanish Inquisition Attacks on institutions Yellow badge Internet
Normalization_of_antisemitism
Israeli non-governmental organization
for funding for its programs, in addition to providing direct aid to refusenik members and their families. It began to gain support from some church
Breaking the Silence (organization)
Breaking_the_Silence_(organization)
American physician (born 1943)
held clandestine medical clinics in the Soviet Union during a visit to Refuseniks in 1986, and later set up the first U.S. - Soviet medical student exchange
Kenneth_Prager
1951–1953 Soviet anti-semitic campaign
Union History of the Jews in Russia Khrustalyov, My Car! Slánský trial Refusenik Soviet Jewry movement Joseph Stalin and antisemitism Lina Stern – The
Doctors'_plot
and repressed, and a number of Saint Petersburg Jews took part in the refusenik movement and underground revival of Jewish nationalism. Today, after the
History of the Jews in Saint Petersburg
History_of_the_Jews_in_Saint_Petersburg
Opposition to the Soviet Union
collapse of the Soviet Union Political repression in the Soviet Union Refusenik Soviet dissidents Red Scare and Red Terror Russian war crimes in the 2022
Anti-Sovietism
Ethnic nickname for Cuban people comparing them to Jews
Nuremberg Laws Pale of Settlement Pogroms Russian Empire Russian Civil War Refuseniks Segregation Spanish Inquisition Attacks on institutions Yellow badge Internet
Jews_of_the_Caribbean
Aerial confrontation between the United States and the Soviet Union in 1944
Glasnost Bowl Little Joe Miracle on Ice New world order (politics) Pushinka Refusenik SAGE Self-propelled barge T-36 Shvetsov M-25 Super Series Sovereignty
Niš_incident
Jew who was imprisoned or deported for Zionist activity
countries and in the former Soviet Union (and were also known for being refuseniks). In addition to the Soviet Union, Jews from other Communist countries
Prisoner_of_Zion
English suffix from Slavic languages
significant context or usage: Beatnik Chainik Potatonik, Jewish potato dish Refusenik Sputnik Casual neologisms: Alrightnik: one who has been successful; nouveau
-nik
Nuremberg Laws Pale of Settlement Pogroms Russian Empire Russian Civil War Refuseniks Segregation Spanish Inquisition Attacks on institutions Yellow badge Internet
Antisemitism_in_Poland
Nuremberg Laws Pale of Settlement Pogroms Russian Empire Russian Civil War Refuseniks Segregation Spanish Inquisition Attacks on institutions Yellow badge Internet
Antisemitism_on_Wikipedia
Israeli entrepreneur and an author (born 1978)
and Anna Nevzlin (née Shlepper). She is married to Yuli Edelstein, a Refusenik and member of the Israeli Knesset. Irina Nevzlin was born in Moscow, Soviet
Irina_Nevzlin
Nickname for a clear variant of Coca-Cola from the 1940s
Glasnost Bowl Little Joe Miracle on Ice New world order (politics) Pushinka Refusenik SAGE Self-propelled barge T-36 Shvetsov M-25 Super Series Sovereignty
White_Coke
Cold War-era safety precautions for spies
Glasnost Bowl Little Joe Miracle on Ice New world order (politics) Pushinka Refusenik SAGE Self-propelled barge T-36 Shvetsov M-25 Super Series Sovereignty
The_Moscow_rules
Ethnic stereotype
Nuremberg Laws Pale of Settlement Pogroms Russian Empire Russian Civil War Refuseniks Segregation Spanish Inquisition Attacks on institutions Yellow badge Internet
Jewish_nose
Celebration of the Allies' WWII victory
Glasnost Bowl Little Joe Miracle on Ice New world order (politics) Pushinka Refusenik SAGE Self-propelled barge T-36 Shvetsov M-25 Super Series Sovereignty
Berlin_Victory_Parade_of_1945
Antisemitic internet slang term
Nuremberg Laws Pale of Settlement Pogroms Russian Empire Russian Civil War Refuseniks Segregation Spanish Inquisition Attacks on institutions Yellow badge Internet
Goyslop
Juridical concept in which someone persecuted by their country may take refuge in another
person, a subcategory of displaced person List of people granted asylum Refusenik Right of return Human migration Global Compact on Refugees New York Declaration
Right_of_asylum
Passages between the northern Atlantic Ocean and the Norwegian Sea
Glasnost Bowl Little Joe Miracle on Ice New world order (politics) Pushinka Refusenik SAGE Self-propelled barge T-36 Shvetsov M-25 Super Series Sovereignty
GIUK_gap
Israeli historian and researcher
Union under German occupation in World War II. Romanovsky was a Soviet refusenik politically active since the 1970s. Private seminars on the history of
Daniel_Romanovsky
Award honoring Jews established in 2012
"Natan Sharansky gives to Weizmann COVID-19 research: Former Soviet refusenik donates his Genesis Prize money to pandemic needs worldwide". WeizmannCompass
Genesis_Prize
Badge forced to be worn by Jews
Nuremberg Laws Pale of Settlement Pogroms Russian Empire Russian Civil War Refuseniks Segregation Spanish Inquisition Attacks on institutions Yellow badge Internet
Yellow_badge
Israeli rabbi (born 1947)
Mendelevitch (or Mendelovitch) (Hebrew: 'יוסף מנדלביץ; born 1947 in Riga) is a refusenik from the former Soviet Union, also known as a "Prisoner of Zion" and now
Yosef_Mendelevitch
1959 novel by Robert A. Heinlein
2307/1986930. JSTOR 1986930. Suvin, Darko (2006). "Of Starship Troopers and Refuseniks: War and Militarism in U.S. Science Fiction, Part 2". Extrapolation. 48
Starship_Troopers
History of anti-Jewish activity in Australian society
Nuremberg Laws Pale of Settlement Pogroms Russian Empire Russian Civil War Refuseniks Segregation Spanish Inquisition Attacks on institutions Yellow badge Internet
Antisemitism_in_Australia
American lawyer and politician (1932–2009)
were productive, and Kennedy helped gain the release of Soviet Jewish refuseniks, including Anatoly Shcharansky. Although Kennedy was an accomplished legislator
Ted_Kennedy
Soviet strategic bomber aircraft, copy of B-29
Glasnost Bowl Little Joe Miracle on Ice New world order (politics) Pushinka Refusenik SAGE Self-propelled barge T-36 Shvetsov M-25 Super Series Sovereignty
Tupolev_Tu-4
FBI investigation concerning Russian espionage
Glasnost Bowl Little Joe Miracle on Ice New world order (politics) Pushinka Refusenik SAGE Self-propelled barge T-36 Shvetsov M-25 Super Series Sovereignty
Hollow_Nickel_Case
Building in the Bronx, New York
Glasnost Bowl Little Joe Miracle on Ice New world order (politics) Pushinka Refusenik SAGE Self-propelled barge T-36 Shvetsov M-25 Super Series Sovereignty
Russian_Mission_Residency
US Cold War foreign policy against communist spread
Glasnost Bowl Little Joe Miracle on Ice New world order (politics) Pushinka Refusenik SAGE Self-propelled barge T-36 Shvetsov M-25 Super Series Sovereignty
Containment
Cold War embargo of Eastern Bloc states
Glasnost Bowl Little Joe Miracle on Ice New world order (politics) Pushinka Refusenik SAGE Self-propelled barge T-36 Shvetsov M-25 Super Series Sovereignty
Coordinating Committee for Multilateral Export Controls
Coordinating_Committee_for_Multilateral_Export_Controls
Russian writer (born 1932)
Feliks Solomonovich Kandel (Russian: Феликс Соломонович Ка́ндель; born 21 October 1932) is a Russian Jewish writer, residing in Jerusalem, Israel. He was
Felix_Kandel
Immigration of diaspora Jews to the Land of Israel
Soviet authorities break up a demonstration of Jewish refuseniks in front of the Ministry of Internal Affairs for the right to immigrate to Israel, January
Aliyah
1492 decree expelling Jews from Spain
Nuremberg Laws Pale of Settlement Pogroms Russian Empire Russian Civil War Refuseniks Segregation Spanish Inquisition Attacks on institutions Yellow badge Internet
Alhambra_Decree
death, persecution of Jews would continue until the late 1980s (see: refuseniks). While Jews have been present in the Middle East since ancient times
Persecution_of_Jews
Nuremberg Laws Pale of Settlement Pogroms Russian Empire Russian Civil War Refuseniks Segregation Spanish Inquisition Attacks on institutions Yellow badge Internet
Antisemitism_in_Mexico
Russian-language daily newspaper published in Israel
December 2018, the newspaper went out of print. The paper was edited by the refusenik Eduard Kuznetsov from 1992 to 1999. In 1996 Vesty was read by around 200
Vesti_(Israeli_newspaper)
Opposition to Zionism within the Soviet Union
Jews in the Soviet Union Izabella Tabarovsky Racism in the Soviet Union Refusenik Jackson–Vanik amendment Rootless cosmopolitan Doctors' plot Slánský trial
Soviet_anti-Zionism
1948 Cold War political scandal in New York
Glasnost Bowl Little Joe Miracle on Ice New world order (politics) Pushinka Refusenik SAGE Self-propelled barge T-36 Shvetsov M-25 Super Series Sovereignty
Kasenkina_Case
Governor of Pennsylvania since 2023
Day School, he began writing letters to Avi Goldstein, a Soviet Jewish refusenik in Tbilisi, Soviet Georgia, and enlisted others in an international pen
Josh_Shapiro
Jewish-American anti-Soviet movement during the Cold War
1970s Jewish Defense League National Coalition Supporting Soviet Jewry Refusenik (Soviet Union) Student Struggle for Soviet Jewry Union of Councils for
Soviet_Jewry_movement
Prayer for Refuseniks (1) Editor Prière pour refusniks (2) Prayer for Refuseniks (2) Editor 2008 Prière pour Refusniks (2) Prayer for Refuseniks (2) Editor
Jean-Luc_Godard_filmography
Ukrainian-born activist and murderer
Chronicle. The Wisconsin Jewish Chronicle. Retrieved 10 May 2018. "Onetime refusenik imprisoned for ax slaying of her husband". No. May 3, 1996. The Jewish
Rita_Gluzman
Russian code name for transported war casualties
Originally used for medicine, but has recently seen use to refer to "refuseniks" (conscientious objectors) Cargo 600: Prisoners of War Cargo 700: Money
Cargo_200_(code_name)
2026 film by Michael Russell Gunn
rights violations, specifically on the refusal to grant emigration for refuseniks, which stretches into a bout of geopolitical whataboutery. In private
The_Brink_of_War
1970 aircraft hijacking attempt
hijack a small civilian aircraft on 15 June 1970 by a group of 16 Soviet refuseniks in order to escape to Israel. Even though the attempt was unsuccessful
Dymshits–Kuznetsov hijacking affair
Dymshits–Kuznetsov_hijacking_affair
Glasnost Bowl Little Joe Miracle on Ice New world order (politics) Pushinka Refusenik SAGE Self-propelled barge T-36 Shvetsov M-25 Super Series Sovereignty
Air-to-air combat losses between the Soviet Union and the United States
Air-to-air_combat_losses_between_the_Soviet_Union_and_the_United_States
Nuremberg Laws Pale of Settlement Pogroms Russian Empire Russian Civil War Refuseniks Segregation Spanish Inquisition Attacks on institutions Yellow badge Internet
Donald_Trump_and_antisemitism
Prime Minister of Norway since 2021
student in Paris, he was active in the efforts to support the Jewish refuseniks in the Soviet Union. Støre was a career special adviser and director-general
Jonas_Gahr_Støre
American conspiracy theory and political movement
Nuremberg Laws Pale of Settlement Pogroms Russian Empire Russian Civil War Refuseniks Segregation Spanish Inquisition Attacks on institutions Yellow badge Internet
QAnon
List and timeline of mass departure of Jews, forced or otherwise
Soviet Union prompted hundreds of thousands of Soviet Jews, known as Refuseniks because they had been denied official permission to leave, to flee; most
Expulsions and exoduses of Jews
Expulsions_and_exoduses_of_Jews
travel, tourism, insurance
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travel, tourism, insurance