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Ṣayhadic language spoken in Yemen
Sabaic, sometimes referred to as Sabaean, was a Ṣayhadic language that was spoken between c. 1000 BC and the 6th century AD by the Sabaeans. It was used
Sabaic
Ancient South Arabian kingdom
Africa, particularly Eritrea and Ethiopia. The kingdom's native language was Sabaic, which was a variety of Old South Arabian. Among South Arabians and Abyssinians
Sheba
Pre-Islamic inscriptions
document all the known pre-Islamic Arabian languages, including Arabic, Sabaic, Hadramautic, Minaic, Qatabanic, etc. They come in many forms, from anonymously
Pre-Islamic Arabian inscriptions
Pre-Islamic_Arabian_inscriptions
Group of four extinct languages and possibly three modern languages
Yemenite, is a group of four closely related extinct languages (Sabaean/Sabaic, Qatabanic, Hadramitic, Minaic) spoken in the far southern portion of the
Ancient_South_Arabian
Languages attested in Arabia before Islam
and F Hasaitic Ancient South Arabian Sabaic Early, Middle and Late Sabaic Amiritic or North Sabaic South Sabaic and Himyaritic-related forms Minaic or
Languages of pre-Islamic Arabia
Languages_of_pre-Islamic_Arabia
South Arabian graffito inscription
Arabian graffito inscription composed in a minuscule variant of the late Sabaic language and dates to the 6th century, notable for the appearance of a pre-Islamic
Jabal_Dabub_inscription
10th century Semitic dialect of Yemen
Christian Robin or was, as more widely accepted, not a distinct language from Sabaic. The precise position inside Semitic is unknown because of the limited knowledge
Himyaritic_language
c. 980–400 BCE kingdom in Eritrea and fringes of northern Ethiopia
Kramaten. At Addi Kramaten, one altar carries both spellings, one in formal Sabaic script and the other in a rougher graffito, possibly reflecting dialect
Dʿmt
Country in East Africa
of Aksum. This new demonym was subsequently rendered as ḥbs ('Aḥbāsh) in Sabaic and as Ḥabasha in Arabic. Derivatives of this are used in some languages
Ethiopia
Belief in a single god in Arabia before Islam
systems on the Arabian Peninsula (including those in Nabataean, Safaitic, and Sabaic), where polytheistic gods and idols cease to be mentioned. South Arabian
Monotheism in pre-Islamic Arabia
Monotheism_in_pre-Islamic_Arabia
Second month of the Islamic calendar
calendar. Most of the Islamic months were named according to ancient Sabean/Sabaic weather conditions; however, since the calendar is lunar, the months shift
Safar
Country in West Asia
ISBN 9789004176881. Beeston, A.F.L.; Ghul, M.A.; Müller, W.W.; Ryckmans, J. (1982). Sabaic Dictionary. University of Sanaa, YAR. p. 168. ISBN 2-8017-0194-7. Vladimir
Yemen
Epithet for a monotheistic god in South Arabia
The form Rahmanan, as it appears in the South Arabian language known as Sabaic, is also widely agreed to be the source of the Arabic form al-Raḥmān, especially
Rahmanan
King of Sabaʾ and ḏu-Raydān
Tha'rân were found in an-Nakhla al-Hamrâ in the Dhamar Governorate of Yemen. Sabaic inscriptions on Dhamar Ali's statue reads "the two kings of Sabaʾ and ḏu-Raydān
Dhamar_Ali_Yahbur
South Semitic language of Yemen
of Sabaic such as /buː/ 'in' (Sabaic *b- 'in'), /ʔaθar/ 'after' (Sabaic *ʔθr 'after'), /baʕd/ 'after' (Sabaic *bʕd 'after') and /ʕaleː/ 'on' (Sabaic *ʕl
Razihi_language
Speech variety of Saudi Arabia
presumably Late Sabaic. The demonstrative pronouns of Rijāl Almaʿ are remarkable in that they are most similar to the forms found in Late Sabaic, with the pronoun
Rijal_Alma_language
City in Najran Province, Saudi Arabia
with the South Arabian kingdom of Sheba. The name Najran is used in local Sabaic inscriptions, as well as Greek, Latin, Nabataean, and Ge'ez sources. Minaean
Najran
Country in East Africa
coast. This word is related to Azania, the Greek name (possibly from a Sabaic name) for the same coast, mentioned in Periplus of the Erythraean Sea, a
Tanzania
Ancient Yemeni kingdom
Ḥaḍramawt (Hadrami: 𐩢𐩳𐩧𐩣𐩩, romanized: ḥḍrmt; Sabaic, Minaic, Qatabānic: 𐩢𐩳𐩧𐩣𐩥𐩩, romanized: ḥḍrmwt) was an ancient South Semitic-speaking kingdom
Kingdom_of_Hadhramaut
Sabaic inscription
Ja 1028 is a Sabaic inscription dating to the late Himyarite Kingdom. It was commissioned by an army commander of Dhu Nuwas named S²rḥʾl Yqbl in which
Ja_1028
Country in West Asia
ancient Bedouin tribe mentioned in pre-Islamic inscriptions, particularly in Sabaic inscriptions from the reign of Sha'r Awtar (210–230 CE). Oman has been known
Oman
Arabian god
takes the grammatical form khlm (Kāhilim) with a final mimation. In one Sabaic dictionary, khl means 'old, wise'. Generally, it is a Semitic root that
Kahl_(god)
Extinct Old South Arabian language
script. The sounds of the language were essentially the same as those of Sabaic. Noteworthy characteristics of Ḥaḍramautic include its tendency, especially
Hadramautic_language
Former kingdom in ancient Yemen
high god Rahmanan, "the Lord of Heaven" or "Lord of Heaven and Earth". A Sabaic inscription dating to this time, titled Ja 856 (or Fa 60), describes the
Himyar
Semitic deity associated with Venus
consort of ʿAttar is itself not attested in Aramaic, but is recorded in Sabaic as 𐩠𐩥𐩨𐩪 (Huwbis) or 𐩠𐩨𐩪 (Hūbis), which was derived from the South
ʿAṯtar
Arab tribe
abode was said to be Yemen. Irfan Shahîd wrote that M. al-Iryani printed a Sabaic inscription in 1974 identifying it as a South Arabian tribe; previous theories
Jurhum
Historical figure in the Abrahamic religions
theory suggests that the Ophel inscription in Jerusalem was written in the Sabaic language and that the text provides evidence for trade connections between
Queen_of_Sheba
Central Semitic language
of Old Arabic was thought to be a single 1st century CE inscription in Sabaic script at Qaryat al-Faw, in southern present-day Saudi Arabia. However,
Arabic
3rd century AD Sabaic poem
also known as the Hymn to Almaqah or MB 2004 I-94, is a 3rd century AD Sabaic poem discovered as a votive inscription stored at the Temple of Awwam in
Zaid_Inan_11
Human history in the Arabian Peninsula before 610 CE
the locus for the birth of South Arabian civilization. The kingdom spoke Sabaic and constructed many impressive architectural complexes, such as the Marib
Pre-Islamic_Arabia
Ancient South Semitic language
southern branch. Inscriptions dating to the mid-1st millennium BCE, written in Sabaic in the Ancient South Arabian script, have been found in the kingdom of dʿmt
Geʽez
course of his D.Phil. under D. S. Margoliouth, on the subject of several Sabaic inscriptions, he accepted a post at the Bodleian Library. He completed the
Alfred_Felix_Landon_Beeston
Largest of four islands of the Socotra Archipelago, Yemen
name that is derived from the name of a South Arabian tribe mentioned in Sabaic and Ḥaḍramitic inscriptions as Dhū-Śakūrid (s³krd). Another theory is that
Socotra
Yemeni tribal confederation
(sha`b) since the 1st millennium BCE and it was very frequently mentioned in Sabaic inscriptions. The Hashid, alongside the tribes Humlan and Yarsum, were a
Hashid
Historical region in West Asia
Northern Yemen Beeston, A.F.L.; Ghul, M.A.; Müller, W.W.; Ryckmans, J. (1982). Sabaic Dictionary. University of Sanaa, YAR. p. 168. ISBN 2-8017-0194-7. Vladimir
South_Arabia
541–549 AD in the Byzantine Empire, later northern Europe
documented as far south as in the southern region of the Arabian Peninsula, in Sabaic inscriptions from the Himyarite Kingdom. Procopius said that plague sufferers
Plague_of_Justinian
linguistically diverse, and communities spoke: Greek, Aramaic, Arabic and Sabaic. The centers of Arabian Judaism were in the Northwest and South of the Arabian
Judaism_in_pre-Islamic_Arabia
Lunar calendar used by most Muslims
and the corpus of Qur'anic exegesis. This is corroborated by an early Sabaic inscription, where a religious ritual was "postponed" (ns'w) due to war
Islamic_calendar
Branch of the Afroasiatic languages
Gurage Mesqan Sebat Bet Sebat Bet Gurage Inor Old South Arabian (Ṣayhadic) Sabaic (extinct) Minaean (extinct) Qatabanian (extinct) Awsānian (extinct) Hadramautic
Semitic_languages
Arabic poetry composed between 540 and 620 AD
al-Jimal Yazid Hima Paleo-Arabic Ri al-Zallalah Umm Burayrah Dumat al-Jandal Sabaic Jabal Dabub Ja 1028 CIH 541 Zaid Inan 11 YM 1200 Other lanaguages Ruwafa
Pre-Islamic_Arabic_poetry
Slavonic Old English Old German Old Khmer Old Malay Old Turkic Norse Pali Sabaic Saka Sogdian Telugu Tibetan Tocharian Welsh Medieval by century 10th 11th
Literature_by_country
Polity in Africa and Arabia before 960
language, it has attestations written in the Old South Arabian language Sabaic. In the fourth century, Ezana of Axum promoted the Geʽez script and made
Kingdom_of_Aksum
Capital and largest city of Yemen
5th century BCE and it is mentioned as ṣnʿw, which is derived from the Sabaic word maṣna'a "fortress." The city of Sanaa was founded by the Kingdom of
Sanaa
Niche in a mosque indicating the direction of prayer
different sources and scholars. It may come from Old South Arabian (possibly Sabaic) 𐩣𐩢𐩧𐩨 mḥrb meaning a certain part of a palace, as well as "part of a
Mihrab
Archaeological site in northwest Saudi Arabia
al-Jimal Yazid Hima Paleo-Arabic Ri al-Zallalah Umm Burayrah Dumat al-Jandal Sabaic Jabal Dabub Ja 1028 CIH 541 Zaid Inan 11 YM 1200 Other lanaguages Ruwafa
Hegra
Slavonic Old English Old German Old Khmer Old Malay Old Turkic Norse Pali Sabaic Saka Sogdian Telugu Tibetan Tocharian Welsh Medieval by century 10th 11th
Japanese_literature
Tribe of Sabaean Arabs
Bahah in what is today Saudi Arabia. Pre-Islamic inscriptions, specifically Sabaic inscriptions from Sha'r Awtar's reign (210-230 CE), indicate that the land
Azd
Welsh-language literature in the Middle Ages
Slavonic Old English Old German Old Khmer Old Malay Old Turkic Norse Pali Sabaic Saka Sogdian Telugu Tibetan Tocharian Welsh Medieval by century 10th 11th
Medieval_Welsh_literature
Slavonic Old English Old German Old Khmer Old Malay Old Turkic Norse Pali Sabaic Saka Sogdian Telugu Tibetan Tocharian Welsh Medieval by century 10th 11th
14th_century_in_literature
Christian Arab tribe
al-Jimal Yazid Hima Paleo-Arabic Ri al-Zallalah Umm Burayrah Dumat al-Jandal Sabaic Jabal Dabub Ja 1028 CIH 541 Zaid Inan 11 YM 1200 Other lanaguages Ruwafa
Ghassanids
Yemeni tribal group
following the Muslim conquest of Iraq in the 630s. The Hamdan was mentioned in Sabaic inscriptions as qayls of Hashid, who later acquired control over a part
Banu_Hamdan
Temporary capital of Yemen
Al Jazeera. Retrieved 10 January 2026. AFL Beeston. foreign loanwords in Sabaic 1994 pp.39–45 Janet C E Watson; ʻAbd al-Salām ʻAmri.Wasf San'a : texts in
Aden
1st millennium BC process
Ancient South Arabian script in Sabaic that mention dʿmt, the title mlk (king), and mkrb, most often interpreted as the Sabaic title mukarrib (or possibly
Sabaeans in the Horn of Africa
Sabaeans_in_the_Horn_of_Africa
Mosque in Sanaa, Yemen
this relation is an inscription in the pre-Islamic language of the region, Sabaic, in a reused stone arch support implies it is connected to Byzantine architecture
Great_Mosque_of_Sanaa
Northwest Semitic supreme deity
including the stem ʾl are found with similar patterns in both the Amorite and Sabaic languages. There is evidence that the Canaanite/Phoenician and Aramean conception
El_(deity)
Script for Old South Arabian languages
languages of the Southern Arabian peninsula and the Horn of Africa, including Sabaic, Qatabanic, Hadramautic, Minaean, Hasaitic, and Geʽez. It was eventually
Ancient_South_Arabian_script
History of Arabia from the third to seventh centuries CE
the political, linguistic, calendrical, and eventually religious, with Sabaic becoming the main written language of royal inscriptions. Beginning in the
Arabia_in_late_antiquity
Dramatic tradition of classical India
Slavonic Old English Old German Old Khmer Old Malay Old Turkic Norse Pali Sabaic Saka Sogdian Telugu Tibetan Tocharian Welsh Medieval by century 10th 11th
Indian_classical_drama
al-Jimal Yazid Hima Paleo-Arabic Ri al-Zallalah Umm Burayrah Dumat al-Jandal Sabaic Jabal Dabub Ja 1028 CIH 541 Zaid Inan 11 YM 1200 Other lanaguages Ruwafa
Siege_of_Najran_(523–525)
Ancient Arab tribal grouping
against nomadic groups, among them Ma'add. Ma'add is mentioned in two Middle Sabaic texts which suggest Ma'add is in central Arabia, slightly at odds with the
Ma'add
Slavonic Old English Old German Old Khmer Old Malay Old Turkic Norse Pali Sabaic Saka Sogdian Telugu Tibetan Tocharian Welsh Medieval by century 10th 11th
Latin_literature
Archaeological site in Yemen
pre-Islamic date. Inside one of the four city gates there is a text written in Sabaic, describes the roads in the area. Zafar, Yemen Rulers of Sheba and Himyar
Maṣna'at_Māriya
al-Jimal Yazid Hima Paleo-Arabic Ri al-Zallalah Umm Burayrah Dumat al-Jandal Sabaic Jabal Dabub Ja 1028 CIH 541 Zaid Inan 11 YM 1200 Other lanaguages Ruwafa
List of wars and battles in pre-Islamic Arabia
List_of_wars_and_battles_in_pre-Islamic_Arabia
Slavonic Old English Old German Old Khmer Old Malay Old Turkic Norse Pali Sabaic Saka Sogdian Telugu Tibetan Tocharian Welsh Medieval by century 10th 11th
13th_century_in_literature
Writing system where each symbol stands for a consonant
right-left, boustrophedon 29 none Southern Arabia (Sheba) Southern Arabians Sabaic c. 500 BCE Byblos Ethiopic (Eritrea & Ethiopia) Parthian no no right-left
Abjad
Historical Eastern Christian community in southern Arabia
saint in the Catholic tradition and as a martyr in Islam. There are three Sabaic inscriptions which refer to the event: Ry 507, Ry 508, and Ja 1028. The
Christian_community_of_Najran
Standard form of the Hebrew language
Gura Gyeto Sayhadic Faifi Hadramautic Minaean Qatabanian Rijal Alma Razihi Sabaic Himyaritic History Proto-Semitic Ancient Semitic-speaking peoples Studies
Modern_Hebrew
Text that contains both LTR and RTL text
Boustrophedon is a writing style found in ancient Greek inscriptions, Old Sabaic (an Old South Arabian language), Hungarian runes, and the Rongorongo script
Bidirectional_text
Valley north of Medina in Saudi Arabia
al-Jimal Yazid Hima Paleo-Arabic Ri al-Zallalah Umm Burayrah Dumat al-Jandal Sabaic Jabal Dabub Ja 1028 CIH 541 Zaid Inan 11 YM 1200 Other lanaguages Ruwafa
Wadi_al-Qura
mazmūrā (Syriac: ܡܙܡܘܪܐ). The word zubur may have also originally come from Sabaic, where the verb sbr (Ge'ez: ሰብር) means "to write" or "to sign" and the noun
Islamic_view_of_the_Bible
Slavonic Old English Old German Old Khmer Old Malay Old Turkic Norse Pali Sabaic Saka Sogdian Telugu Tibetan Tocharian Welsh Medieval by century 10th 11th
21st_century_in_literature
Slavonic Old English Old German Old Khmer Old Malay Old Turkic Norse Pali Sabaic Saka Sogdian Telugu Tibetan Tocharian Welsh Medieval by century 10th 11th
List of years in Australian literature
List_of_years_in_Australian_literature
Slavonic Old English Old German Old Khmer Old Malay Old Turkic Norse Pali Sabaic Saka Sogdian Telugu Tibetan Tocharian Welsh Medieval by century 10th 11th
List_of_years_in_literature
Slavonic Old English Old German Old Khmer Old Malay Old Turkic Norse Pali Sabaic Saka Sogdian Telugu Tibetan Tocharian Welsh Medieval by century 10th 11th
Tibetan_literature
Peninsula in West Asia
al-Jimal Yazid Hima Paleo-Arabic Ri al-Zallalah Umm Burayrah Dumat al-Jandal Sabaic Jabal Dabub Ja 1028 CIH 541 Zaid Inan 11 YM 1200 Other lanaguages Ruwafa
Arabian_Peninsula
write many important languages in the history of South Arabia, including Sabaic, Minaic, Qatabanic, and Hadramautic. Ancient North Arabian (ANA) refers
Writing systems of pre-Islamic Arabia
Writing_systems_of_pre-Islamic_Arabia
Middle Eastern goddess, worshipped from the Bronze Age through classical antiquity
the Bronze Age. The line 𒄿𒈾 𒌋𒐋 𒌓𒈪 𒍝𒁺 𒊭 𒀭𒀸𒁯 also parallels the Sabaic hallowed phrase "the day when he performed the hunt for ʿAṯtar" (𐩺𐩥𐩣
Astarte
Arab monarchy (c. 268–602)
al-Jimal Yazid Hima Paleo-Arabic Ri al-Zallalah Umm Burayrah Dumat al-Jandal Sabaic Jabal Dabub Ja 1028 CIH 541 Zaid Inan 11 YM 1200 Other lanaguages Ruwafa
Lakhmid_kingdom
Roman province (106–630s)
al-Jimal Yazid Hima Paleo-Arabic Ri al-Zallalah Umm Burayrah Dumat al-Jandal Sabaic Jabal Dabub Ja 1028 CIH 541 Zaid Inan 11 YM 1200 Other lanaguages Ruwafa
Arabia_Petraea
Ancient Yemeni kingdom
al-Jimal Yazid Hima Paleo-Arabic Ri al-Zallalah Umm Burayrah Dumat al-Jandal Sabaic Jabal Dabub Ja 1028 CIH 541 Zaid Inan 11 YM 1200 Other lanaguages Ruwafa
Ma'in
Mesopotamian writings, 23rd–6th century BC
Slavonic Old English Old German Old Khmer Old Malay Old Turkic Norse Pali Sabaic Saka Sogdian Telugu Tibetan Tocharian Welsh Medieval by century 10th 11th
Akkadian_literature
Stele still standing in Axum in present-day Ethiopia
ancient languages, including the Ethiopian Semitic Geʽez, the South Arabian Sabaic, and Greek. The king's engravings in stone provided a trilingual monument
Ezana_Stone
Tribal confederation in pre-Islamic Arabia
al-Jimal Yazid Hima Paleo-Arabic Ri al-Zallalah Umm Burayrah Dumat al-Jandal Sabaic Jabal Dabub Ja 1028 CIH 541 Zaid Inan 11 YM 1200 Other lanaguages Ruwafa
Thamud
Language of the Mandaean religion and community
commonly called "Zabian" (abbreviated Zab.), not to be confused with Sabaean (Sabaic), an unrelated South Arabian language. The name derives from one of several
Mandaic_language
Pre-Islamic deity in South Arabia
especially by the Bedouins. The name Dhū Samāwī means The Heavenly One in the Sabaic language. He was seen as a sky deity. He was also named Malik al-Dhū Samāwī
Dhu_Samawi
Ancient Yemenite royal title
kingdoms of Saba, Hadhramaut, Qataban, and Awsan. The title is also found on Sabaic inscriptions from Ethiopia. The title mukarrib has no equivalent in other
Mukarrib
al-Jimal Yazid Hima Paleo-Arabic Ri al-Zallalah Umm Burayrah Dumat al-Jandal Sabaic Jabal Dabub Ja 1028 CIH 541 Zaid Inan 11 YM 1200 Other lanaguages Ruwafa
Archaeology of the Arabian Peninsula
Archaeology_of_the_Arabian_Peninsula
Kingdom in northwestern Yemen (1918–1970)
February 2015. Beeston, A.F.L.; Ghul, M.A.; Müller, W.W.; Ryckmans, J. (1982). Sabaic Dictionary. University of Sanaa, YAR. p. 168. ISBN 2-8017-0194-7 Vladimir
Kingdom_of_Yemen
Ancient Yemeni kingdom
al-Jimal Yazid Hima Paleo-Arabic Ri al-Zallalah Umm Burayrah Dumat al-Jandal Sabaic Jabal Dabub Ja 1028 CIH 541 Zaid Inan 11 YM 1200 Other lanaguages Ruwafa
Qataban
Ancient Sabean ruler from early 7th century BCE
name Karibʾīl (𐩫𐩧𐩨𐩱𐩡, krbʾl), variously transliterated, is probably Sabaic for "blessed by God"; in the case of the early Sabaeans, it could refer
Karib'il_Watar
of pre-Islamic Arabian inscriptions, written in scripts like Safaitic, Sabaic, and Paleo-Arabic, pre-Islamic poetry, external sources such as Jewish and
Religion in pre-Islamic Arabia
Religion_in_pre-Islamic_Arabia
Governorate of Yemen
texts of the Old South Arabian languages (Ḥaḍramitic, Minaic, Qatabanic and Sabaic), though the second form is not found in any known Ḥaḍramitic inscriptions
Hadhramaut_Governorate
Governorate of Medina Region, Saudi Arabia
al-Jimal Yazid Hima Paleo-Arabic Ri al-Zallalah Umm Burayrah Dumat al-Jandal Sabaic Jabal Dabub Ja 1028 CIH 541 Zaid Inan 11 YM 1200 Other lanaguages Ruwafa
Al-Ula
Classic texts of Chinese literature
Slavonic Old English Old German Old Khmer Old Malay Old Turkic Norse Pali Sabaic Saka Sogdian Telugu Tibetan Tocharian Welsh Medieval by century 10th 11th
Chinese_classics
Slavonic Old English Old German Old Khmer Old Malay Old Turkic Norse Pali Sabaic Saka Sogdian Telugu Tibetan Tocharian Welsh Medieval by century 10th 11th
List_of_European_literatures
Ancient South Arabian kingdom
al-Jimal Yazid Hima Paleo-Arabic Ri al-Zallalah Umm Burayrah Dumat al-Jandal Sabaic Jabal Dabub Ja 1028 CIH 541 Zaid Inan 11 YM 1200 Other lanaguages Ruwafa
Awsan
Wissmannsche Südarabischen-Reise. This inscription is also written in the Sabaic language and shows an instance of monotheism in pre-Islamic Arabia. Albert
CIH_6
Arabian inscription, dated 548 CE
stele, is a pre-Islamic Arabian inscription dated to 548 CE and written in Sabaic. It was commissioned by Abraha, the ruler of the Himyarite Kingdom, to symbolize
CIH_541
Corpus of writing in the Hittite language
Slavonic Old English Old German Old Khmer Old Malay Old Turkic Norse Pali Sabaic Saka Sogdian Telugu Tibetan Tocharian Welsh Medieval by century 10th 11th
Hittite_inscriptions
Arabic term for the last two suras (chapters) of the Qur'an
nfṯ, to a similar violation described with the same root in an earlier Sabaic inscription. The two texts both seek to attain protection from the deity
Al-Mu'awwidhatayn
travel, tourism, insurance
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