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Process that converts fat, oil, or lipid into soap and alcohol
Saponification (from Latin sapo 'soap') is a process of cleaving esters into carboxylate salts and alcohols by the action of aqueous alkali. Typically
Saponification
Milligrams of a base required to saponify 1g of fat
Saponification value or saponification number (SV or SN) represents the number of milligrams of potassium hydroxide (KOH) or sodium hydroxide (NaOH) required
Saponification_value
Caustic soda, with formula NaOH
solutions, it feels slippery with skin contact due to the process of saponification that occurs between NaOH and natural skin oils. Concentrated (50%) aqueous
Sodium_hydroxide
Compound derived from an acid
promote the forward reaction. Basic hydrolysis of esters, known as saponification, is not an equilibrium process; a full equivalent of base is consumed
Ester
Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1979 to 1990
company's physical chemistry section. Jellinek assigned her to research the saponification of α-monostearin (glycerol monostearate), which has properties as an
Margaret_Thatcher
Soapmaking technique
utilising a pre-manufactured solid soap base which has already undergone saponification, so the soap maker does not need to handle caustic alkali, i.e. lye
Melt_and_pour
Fats and oils which are derived from animals
the uses of tallow is the production of soap through a process called saponification. The tallow is boiled or heated along with lye, resulting in the production
Animal_fat
Soap consisting of a lithium salt of a fatty acid
Lithium soaps are produced by saponification of triglycerides, using lithium hydroxide or lithium carbonate as the saponification agent. Lithium soaps are
Lithium_soap
Chemical compound
esters of glycerol with long-chain carboxylic acids. The hydrolysis, saponification, or transesterification of these triglycerides produces glycerol as
Glycerol
Soap for use with seawater
made with sodium hydroxide), brings about a chemical reaction known as saponification. In this reaction, the triglyceride fats are first hydrolyzed into free
Saltwater_soap
Organic compound
base to give back the alcohol and a salt. This reaction is known as saponification because it is used in the preparation of soap. Ethanol can also form
Ethanol
Chemical reactions involving organic compounds
reactions. The oldest organic reactions are combustion of organic fuels and saponification of fats to make soap. Modern organic chemistry starts with the Wöhler
Organic_reaction
Waxy substance formed by anaerobic hydrolysis of fat
part remaineth with us. The chemical process of adipocere formation, saponification, came to be understood in the 17th century when microscopes became widely
Adipocere
Substance used for cleaning
entails the saponification of triglycerides, which are vegetable or animal oils and fats. An alkaline solution (often lye) induces saponification whereby
Soap
Cleavage of chemical bonds by the addition of water
Perhaps the oldest commercially practiced example of ester hydrolysis is saponification (formation of soap). It is the hydrolysis of a triglyceride (fat) with
Hydrolysis
4-Carbon monounsaturated fatty acid
crotonic acid was given because it was erroneously thought to be a saponification product of croton oil. It crystallizes as colorless needles from hot
Crotonic_acid
Laboratory method for determining the concentration of an analyte
acid content. Saponification value: the mass in milligrams of KOH required to saponify a fatty acid in one gram of sample. Saponification is used to determine
Titration
Oil obtained from the blubber of whales
gravity 0.920 to 0.931 at 15.6 °C (60.1 °F) Flash point 230 °C (446 °F) Saponification value 185–202 Unsaponifiable matter 0–2% Refractive index 1.4760 at
Whale_oil
16-Carbon fatty acid
through raising low-density lipoprotein. Palmitic acid was discovered by saponification of palm oil, which process remains today the primary industrial route
Palmitic_acid
Death of bone tissue due to interruption of the blood supply
bone (crescent sign) and ringed regions of radiodensity resulting from saponification and calcification of marrow fat following medullary infarcts.[citation
Avascular_necrosis
Basic, ionic salt of an alkali metal
the caustic processes that rendered soaps from fats in the process of saponification, one known since antiquity. Plant potash lent the name to the element
Alkali
Mass of congealed fat in sewers
through cooling. The lipids in fatbergs have undergone a process of saponification. Fatbergs thus require four main components: calcium, free fatty acids
Fatberg
Chemical compound
propagation of fire. With grease fires specifically, it also has a mild saponification effect, producing a soapy foam that can help smother the fire. Sodium
Sodium_bicarbonate
Chemical compound
deodorizing, and caustic effects are due to oxidation and hydrolysis (saponification). Organic dirt exposed to hypochlorite becomes water-soluble and non-volatile
Sodium_hypochlorite
Yellow organic pigment created by plants
two fatty acids bound to the two hydroxyl groups. For this reason, saponification (de-esterification) of lutein esters to yield free lutein may yield
Lutein
Adhesive used for porous materials
or completely hydrolysed to give polyvinyl alcohol. This reversible saponification and esterification reaction was a strong hint for Hermann Staudinger
Polyvinyl_acetate
Chemical compound
polyethylene glycol derivatives of the acids and alcohols obtained from the saponification of jojoba oil. With an average ethoxylation value of 80, it is known
Jojoba_wax_esters
18-Carbon fatty acid
decarboxylation). Stearic acid is obtained from fats and oils by the saponification of the triglycerides using hot water (about 100 °C). The resulting mixture
Stearic_acid
alcoholic functional group through the ester linkage which can undergo a saponification reaction. The fatty acids are released upon base-catalyzed ester hydrolysis
Saponifiable_lipid
Pale-yellow, edible fat extracted from the cocoa bean
Solidity at 20 °C (68 °F) solid Refractive index 1.44556–1.44573 Iodine value 32.11–35.12, 35.575 Acid value 1.68 Saponification value 191.214, 192.88–196.29
Cocoa_butter
Semi-solid white pork fat product
121–218 °C (250–424 °F) Specific gravity at 20 °C (68 °F) 0.917–0.938 Iodine value 45–75 Acid value 3.4 Saponification value 190–205 Unsaponifiable 0.8%
Lard
Physical and chemical properties of pure water
hydrolysis is said to occur. Notable examples of hydrolysis are the saponification of fats and the digestion of proteins and polysaccharides. Water can
Properties_of_water
Antihistamine medication
xylene solvent to produce the Sn2 substitution product in 28% yield. Saponification of the acetate ester is done by refluxing with potassium hydroxide in
Cetirizine
Vegetable oil derived from peanuts
with other vegetable oils, can be used to make soap by the process of saponification. Peanut oil is safe for use as a massage oil.[citation needed] Peanut
Peanut_oil
Seed oil from Citrullus lanatus
watermelon seed oil Refractive Index (40 °C) 1.4630–1.4670 Iodine value 115–125 Saponification value 190–198 Unsaponifiable matter 1.5% max Moisture 0.5% max Colour
Watermelon_seed_oil
Abrasive blasting technique using sodium bicarbonate
graffiti removal, molecular steel passivation against rust, oil removal by saponification and translocation, masonry cleaning and restoration, soot remediation
Soda_blasting
Species of tree
Property Range Refractive index, at 400C 1.472-1.476 Iodine value 98–103 Saponification value 198–204 Acid value Max. 25.0% Melting point 20–25 °C Specific
Hydnocarpus_pentandrus
Unprogrammed cell death caused by external cell injury
membrane by splitting the triglyceride esters into fatty acids through fat saponification. Calcium, magnesium, or sodium may bind to these lesions to produce
Necrosis
Chemical compound
dry soap powders. It has detergent properties through the process of saponification, which converts fats and grease to water-soluble salts (specifically
Sodium_carbonate
Substance that lowers surface tension
Examples can be found in the List of food additives. The alkalization (saponification) of cocoa fat in drinking cocoa powder serves to reduce the surface
Surfactant
Edible vegetable oil from the fruit of oil palms
Biodiesel production Fat hydrogenation Fractionation Hydrolysis Milling Saponification Transesterification Products Biodiesel by region Neste Bioplastics Cellulosic
Palm_oil
12-Carbon fatty acid
laurate, which is a soap. Most commonly, sodium laurate is obtained by saponification of various oils, such as coconut oil. These precursors give mixtures
Lauric_acid
Chemical compound
is the ricinolein. Ricinoleic acid is manufactured for industries by saponification or fractional distillation of hydrolyzed castor oil. The first attempts
Ricinoleic_acid
Soap of olive and laurel oil from Aleppo
content of the soap (the alkaline which did not react with the oil during saponification) breaks down upon slow reaction with air. The moisture content of the
Aleppo_soap
Chemical reaction
4-hydroxy-3-carboalkoxyquinoline is formed, which exist mostly in the 4-oxo form. Saponification results in the formation of an acid. This step is followed by decarboxylation
Gould–Jacobs_reaction
Carboxylic acid
triglycerides that have been hydrolyzed. Neutralization of fatty acids, like saponification, is a widely practiced route to metallic soaps. Hydrogenation of unsaturated
Fatty_acid
Species of green alga
of lutein from the microalga Chlorella vulgaris by extraction after saponification". Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 50 (5): 1070–1072. Bibcode:2002JAFC
Chlorella_vulgaris
Chemicals used to unblock drains
substances such as hair, fats, oils, etc. and breakdown occurs via a saponification reaction of a base and triglyceride. The hydroxide ions from the dissolution
Chemical_drain_cleaners
Oil from the seeds of Kalahari melon
± 0.001 Iodine value 118.61 ± 1.03 p-Anisidine value 1.69 ± 0.17 Acid value 1.63 ± 0.059 Peroxide value 2.98 ± 0.20 Saponification value 187.86 ± 2.42
Kalahari_melon_oil
Converting wastewater into an effluent for return to the water cycle
oxidation or polishing. Grease and oil may be recovered for fuel or saponification. Solids often require dewatering of sludge in a wastewater treatment
Wastewater_treatment
Frozen dessert
quality of cake and pie fillings as well as ice-cream, and researched saponification. In the 1960s, ice cream machine manufacturers introduced mechanized
Soft_serve
Inorganic compound (KOH)
solubility of potassium phosphate is desirable in fertilizers. The saponification of fats with KOH is used to prepare the corresponding "potassium soaps"
Potassium_hydroxide
Topics referred to by the same term
bloom, an efflorescence of wax or stearic acid affecting oil pastels Saponification in art conservation, a chalky white efflorescence on old oil paintings
Bloom
Process in which bodies break down
injuries. After death, when a body is submerged in water, a process called saponification occurs. This is the process in which adipocere is formed. Adipocere
Corpse_decomposition
Waxy liquid obtained from sperm whales
sperm oil specific gravity 0.884 at 15.6 °C flash point 260–266 °C saponification value 120–150.3 unsaponifiable matter 17.5–44.0% refractive index 1
Sperm_oil
Standard for engine oil
specific gravity, flash point, fire point, pour point, acid number, and saponification number were devised to distinguish between petroleum and animal/vegetable
SAE_J300
Chemical compound
flavorings. Sodium stearate is produced as a major component of soap upon saponification of oils and fats. The percentage of the sodium stearate depends on the
Sodium_stearate
Active fire protection device
soapy foam blanket over the burning oil through the chemical process of saponification (a base reacting with a fat to form a soap) and by the water content
Fire_extinguisher
Measure of ester content in fats and oils
equivalent to the difference of the saponification value and the acid value. Acid value Iodine value Saponification value Triglyceride Fatty acid "Ester
Ester_value
Chemical compound
Phenyl acetate can be separated into phenol and an acetate salt, via saponification: heating the phenyl acetate with a strong base, such as sodium hydroxide
Phenyl_acetate
Liquid fat made from olives
maximum: 6.6%[inconsistent] (refined and pomace) 0.8% (extra virgin) Saponification value 184–196 (virgin and refined) 182–193 (pomace) Peroxide value 20
Olive_oil
1385-5:1977 Part 5: Determination of ester content — Titrimetric method after saponification [Withdrawn without replacement] ISO 1386:1983 Solvent acetates for industrial
List_of_ISO_standards_1–1999
Lake located in Olympic National Park, Washington, United States
minerals in the lake water interacting with body fat in a process called saponification. Her husband, Montgomery J. "Monty" Illingworth, was later convicted
Lake_Crescent
Type of detergent used for cleaning laundry
detergency is 9–10.5. Alkalis may also enhance wash performance via the saponification of fats. Builder and surfactant work synergistically to achieve soil
Laundry_detergent
Natural wax produced by honey bees of the genus Apis
Beeswax can be classified generally into European and Oriental types. The saponification value is lower (3–5) for European beeswax, and higher (8–9) for Oriental
Beeswax
Process of breaking down organic matter
conditions (underwater, but also cool, damp soil), bodies may undergo saponification and develop a waxy substance called adipocere, caused by the action
Decomposition
International Nomenclature of Cosmetic Ingredients List of cleaning companies Saponification Soap dispenser Surfactant Terminal cleaning UK Cleaning Products Industry
List_of_cleaning_products
Chemical compound
particularly useful against kitchen fires. Its alkaline pH encourages saponification to insulate the fuel from oxidizing air, and the endothermic dehydration
Potassium_citrate
Dry extinguishing agent for firefighting
inappropriate for certain metal fires (Class-D) and does not possess a saponification characteristic and should therefore not be used on Class K / Class F
ABC_dry_chemical
Type of vegetable oil
700 kJ (880 kcal) Smoke point 216 °C (421 °F) Iodine value 124-143 Saponification value 126 (NaOH) 180-196 (KOH) Unsaponifiable 0.3% - 1.6% Peroxide value
Grape_seed_oil
Mass of iodine absorbed by 100 grams of a given substance
chromatography Bromine number Epoxy value Hydroxyl value Peroxide value Saponification value ^ The interaction between mercuric chloride and iodine chloride
Iodine_value
Edible plant oil
Splitting of oils and fats by hydrolysis, or under basic conditions saponification, yields fatty acids, with glycerin (glycerol) as a byproduct. The split-off
Palm_kernel_oil
Organic compound
varnishes and enamels, and brake fluids. It is used to determine the saponification values of oils and as a neutral solvent for mineral oil-soap and mineral
2-(2-Ethoxyethoxy)ethanol
Chemical compound (OH–)
Hardinger, Steven A. (2017). "Illustrated Glossary of Organic Chemistry: Saponification". Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, UCLA. Retrieved April 10,
Hydroxide
Chemical compound
antioxidant in napalm and others fuel thickeners. An catalyst in the saponification of fatty esters. 1-Naphthol has been described as "moderately toxic"
1-Naphthol
Oil extracted from Pilu tree seeds
property range Refractive index 40 °C 1.4465 Saponification value 251.2 Iodine value 15.6 polenske value 10.9 Reichert-Meissl value 5.9 solidifying point
Pilu_oil
Chemical compound
lab from trimethylarsine and ethyl bromoacetate, followed by basic saponification of the resulting ester such as by using a Dowex 2 (HO-) exchange resin
Arsenobetaine
Chemical group (RCOO); conjugate base of a carboxylic acid
Carboxylates arise by many other routes, such as the base hydrolysis (saponification) of esters: RCO2R' + NaOH → RCO2Na + R'OH Carboxylates arise by the
Carboxylate
Chemical compound
chemoselective reaction. Under basic conditions BBP can undergo saponification. The saponification number of BBP is 360 mg KOH/g. The amount of carboxylic functional
Benzyl_butyl_phthalate
Drug-containing solution for intentionally ending life
cells directly. Sodium hypochlorite disrupts the cell processes by saponification of fatty acids and denaturation of proteins while formaldehyde poses
Euthanasia_solution
Organic reaction
carboxylic acid and alcohol. Alkaline hydrolysis of esters is also known as saponification. A base such as sodium hydroxide is required in stochiometric amounts
Ester_hydrolysis
Chemical compound
water and cold ethanol. Iodine value = 4.5–12.6 Acid value = 6–209 Saponification value = 220 Claude Leray "Waxes" in Kirk-othmer encyclopedia of chemical
Japan_wax
NaOH and KOH are also used in the production of soap and detergents (saponification). Due to their hygroscopic properties, alkali hydroxides are used as
Alkali_hydroxide
Oil pressed from the seed of Helianthus annuus
225 °F Density (25 °C) 918.8 kg/m3 Refractive index (25 °C) ≈1.4735 Saponification value 188–194 Iodine value 120–145 Unsaponifiable matter 1.5–2.0% Viscosity
Sunflower_oil
Number of volatile water-soluble fatty acids in saponified fat
volatile fatty acid can be extracted from a particular fat or oil through saponification. It is equal to the number of millilitres of 0.1 normal hydroxide solution
Reichert_value
indicator of how much volatile fatty acid can be extracted from fat through saponification. It is equal to the number of milliliters of 0.1 normal alkali solution
Polenske_value
Oil extracted from the hard outer brown layer of rice
per 100 g (3.5 oz) 3,700 kJ (880 kcal) Smoke point 232 °C (450 °F) Iodine value 99-108 Acid value 1.2 Saponification value 180-190 Unsaponifiable 3-5
Rice_bran_oil
Chemical washing process
into soluble salts with the help of alkali. This treatment is called Saponification. Foreign matter in addition to fiber is known as "impurities." Textile
Scouring_(textiles)
French chemist and pharmacist (1780–1855)
between filter papers (Ann Chimie 1815, 93, 225). Furthermore, after saponification and acidification Braconnot separated a solid fraction similar to "adipocire"
Henri_Braconnot
Liquid products used for cleaning the body
away of oily dirt. The surfactants of shower gels do not come from saponification, that is by reacting a type of oil or fat with lye. Instead, it uses
Shower_gel
Chemical compound
in the presence copper propionate (c.f. Gilman reagent), followed by saponification of the ester group furnished 21-Hydroxy-16alpha-methylpregna-1,4,9(11)-triene-3
Tirilazad
Ethyl ester of acetoacetic acid
synthesis or the Knoevenagel condensation. After its alkylation and saponification, thermal decarboxylation is also possible. The dianion of ethyl acetoacetate
Ethyl_acetoacetate
Type of soap that contains glycerin, typically translucent
home- and hand-made soaps that still contain glycerin left over from saponification, the grating, melting and cooking can proceed without the addition of
Glycerin_soap
Study of vegetable oils and animal oils and fats
base proceeds more quickly than hydrolysis, the process being saponification. Saponification however produces soap, whereas the desired product of hydrolysis
Oleochemistry
Chemical compound
Conjugate addition of cyanide gives (2). Hydrolysis of both nitrile groups, saponification of the ester and decarboxylation gives the diacid, CID:164137621 (3)
Profadol
Kind of soap
"harder" and allowing it to float on the surface. Through the process of saponification, fats (like tallow, pig, and bone fats) or vegetable oils react with
Hard_soap
40-Carbon fatty acid
natural sources like beeswax or carnauba wax. The process begins with saponification of the wax, then it is acidified to isolate free fatty acids. These
Tetracontanoic_acid
Process of removing a mark or spot
are mostly used in the removal of oil-based stains via the process of saponification. Sodium hydroxide is also commonly used in drain cleaners. It allows
Stain_removal
Chemical compound
stereochemically inverted by formation of a formyl ester followed by saponification. The secondary alcohol is mixed directly with DCC, formic acid, and
N,N'-Dicyclohexylcarbodiimide
property range Refractive index at 40 °C 1.465–1.471 Saponification value 189–195 Iodine value 93–107 Acid value < 6.0 Unsaponifiable matter < 2.5% by
Ambadi_seed_oil
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