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Unwanted escalation of interstate tensions
international relations, the security dilemma (also referred to as the spiral model) is when the increase in one state's security (such as increasing its military
Security_dilemma
Standard example in game theory
In game theory, the prisoner's dilemma is a thought experiment involving two rational agents, each of whom can either cooperate for mutual benefit or
Prisoner's_dilemma
Theory of international relations
article on the "security dilemma." It examines how uncertainty and the offense-defense balance may heighten or soften the security dilemma. Building on Jervis
Neorealism (international relations)
Neorealism_(international_relations)
China's strategic concern about the Strait of Malacca
The Malacca dilemma is a strategic vulnerability for the People's Republic of China due to its heavy reliance on the strait of Malacca, a critical maritime
Malacca_dilemma
Structural theory of international relations
Defensive neorealism points towards "structural modifiers," such as the security dilemma and geography, and elite beliefs and perceptions to explain the outbreak
Defensive_realism
Politics as self-interested competition
Realism also emphasizes the complex dynamics of the security dilemma, where actions taken for security reasons can unintentionally lead to tensions between
Realism (international relations)
Realism_(international_relations)
Norwegian political scientist (born 1979)
Wolfgang Wagner and Steve Wood entitled Inter-democratic Security Institutions and the Security Dilemma: EU and NATO relations with Russia after the collapse
Glenn_Diesen
Theory of international relations
the "security dilemma." The security dilemma is the scenario in which one state increases its power in order to defend themselves and create security, but
Classical realism (international relations)
Classical_realism_(international_relations)
international system. For example, Europe before World War I a Prisoner's dilemma is a situation where two states act in seemingly irrational ways due to
Glossary of international relations terms
Glossary_of_international_relations_terms
American legal academic (1908–2005)
scholar of international relations and law. He coined the concept of the security dilemma. He was born in Düsseldorf, German Empire to Carl and Elizabeth Aschaffenburg
John_H._Herz
Danish international relations scholar
thinking of the Copenhagen School of security studies. Her article "The Little Mermaid's Silent Security Dilemma and the Absence of Gender in the Copenhagen
Lene_Hansen
Structural theory of international relations
intentions—on which the whole concept of security dilemma is grounded. Aggressive great powers' measures to maximize their security threaten others which leads to
Offensive_realism
Second, a reworking of Michael Mann’s security dilemma in the Rwandan case produces the "ethnic" security dilemma: Hutus perceived that the Tutsis were
Ethnic_groups_in_Rwanda
School of thought
realism holds that said intentions are in the long run subject to the security dilemma described by thinker John H. Herz. Although realism in the context
Idealism in international relations
Idealism_in_international_relations
it as a war of choice. Some analysts describe the war as a classic "security dilemma", where both sides saw the other's military buildup as threatening
Rationale for the 2026 Iran war
Rationale_for_the_2026_Iran_war
2001 book by John Mearsheimer
between states is hard. The "tragedy" of great power politics is that even security-seeking great powers will nonetheless be forced to engage in competition
The Tragedy of Great Power Politics
The_Tragedy_of_Great_Power_Politics
Type of armed conflict between two states or non-state actors
prolonged conflict. Another common motivating factor is the existence of a security dilemma. A nation may use military intervention to install a more favorable
Proxy_war
British political scientist
(2007) Theory of World Security (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press) Booth, Ken and Wheeler, Nicholas J. (2007) The Security Dilemma: Fear, Cooperation
Ken_Booth_(academic)
American academic (born 1958)
in", International Security 19:1 (Summer 1994) and Randall Schweller, "Neorealism's Status-Quo Bias: What Security Dilemma?" Security Studies 5:3 (Spring
Randall_Schweller
Company providing armed combat or security services
and security company (PMSC) is a private company that provides armed combat and/or security services. PMCs refer to their personnel as "security contractors"
Private_military_company
Book by Barry Buzan, Ole Wæver and Jaap de Wilde
November 2021). "Security: A New Framework for Analysis". Research Gate. Hansen, Lene (2000) 'The Little Mermaid's Silent Security Dilemma and the Absence
Security: A New Framework for Analysis
Security:_A_New_Framework_for_Analysis
Competition between two or more parties to have superior armed forces
International-relations scholars explain arms races in terms of the security dilemma, engineering spiral models, states with revisionist aims, and deterrence
Arms_race
Science fiction book trilogy by Liu Cixin
relations scholar Chenchen Zhang, the dark forest theory mirrors the security dilemma central to neorealism, portraying mutual suspicion, deterrence, and
Remembrance_of_Earth's_Past
Minimum weapons needed to deter an adversary
War of 1971. Minimal deterrence represents one way of solving the security dilemma and avoiding an arms race. Decision-makers often feel pressured to
Minimal_deterrence
Study of international relations from a theoretical perspective
with the security and continuation of the state's existence. The defensive view can lead to a security dilemma, where increasing one's own security can bring
International relations theory
International_relations_theory
Concept in political theory and literary theory
Similarly, Philip G. Cerny's "Neomedievalism, Civil War and the New Security Dilemma" (1998) also sees neomedievalism as a negative development and claims
Neo-medievalism
Theory regarding international relations
in anarchy and ridden by the security dilemma. There are future consequences for present actions; the prisoner's dilemma is not a one-shot event. Thus;
Regime_theory
Strategic timeline concept for China's potential military action against Taiwan
dominance Overmatch Just war theory Principles of war Philosophy of war Security dilemma Tripwire force Wargaming Simulation Exercises Combat effectiveness
Davidson_window
Problem requiring a choice between equally undesirable alternatives
A dilemma (from Ancient Greek δίλημμα (dílēmma) 'double proposition') is a problem offering two possibilities, neither of which is unambiguously acceptable
Dilemma
School of thought within international relations theory
as the only possible outcome of international relations; it questions security/warfare principles of realism; Mutual benefits and international cooperation;
Liberalism (international relations)
Liberalism_(international_relations)
Military arms and supplies
dominance Overmatch Just war theory Principles of war Philosophy of war Security dilemma Tripwire force Wargaming Simulation Exercises Combat effectiveness
Materiel
American political scientist
published a number of highly influential journal articles, including "The Security Dilemma and Ethnic Conflict" and "Command of the Commons: The Military Foundations
Barry_Posen
British academic
Studies Association. Wheeler specializes in security studies and has focused his research on the security dilemma and humanitarian intervention. Wheeler received
Nicholas_J._Wheeler
International security arrangement
in stopping aggression. Since states look at the world as having a security dilemma because of the fear of relative gain, a state does not want any state
Collective_security
Giving up control over territory or resources to another power
dominance Overmatch Just war theory Principles of war Philosophy of war Security dilemma Tripwire force Wargaming Simulation Exercises Combat effectiveness
Surrender_(military)
Military tactic
dominance Overmatch Just war theory Principles of war Philosophy of war Security dilemma Tripwire force Wargaming Simulation Exercises Combat effectiveness
Overwatch_(military_tactic)
balance of power, convoluted and fragmented governance, arms races and security dilemmas, a cult of the offensive, and military planning. Scholars seeking
Causes_of_World_War_I
Strategic military dilemma
offensive is related to the security dilemma and offensive realism theories. It stresses that conquest is easy and security difficult to obtain from a
Cult_of_the_offensive
Informal fallacy involving falsely limited alternatives
A false dilemma, also referred to as false dichotomy or false binary, is an informal fallacy based on a premise that erroneously limits what options are
False_dilemma
International relations theory
more members, and they tend to be particularly weak on issues related to security rather than economy. Using logics from historical institutionalism, John
Liberal_institutionalism
Chinese naval strategy hypothesised by the U.S. in 2004
Although it has been claimed that China's actions are creating a security dilemma between China and India in the Indian Ocean, that has been questioned
String of Pearls (Indian Ocean)
String_of_Pearls_(Indian_Ocean)
Theory of international relations
International political economy Neo-Gramscianism Postcolonialism Postmodernism Security dilemma Self-defence in international law Youth bulge theory Classifications
English school of international relations theory
English_school_of_international_relations_theory
dominating, the relations between two states is equivalent to the prisoner's dilemma (PD), neatly fitting the realist's view of PD being the model for the international
Relative gain (international relations)
Relative_gain_(international_relations)
Concept in sociology
S2CID 144700292. Mitzen, J. (2016-07-24). "Ontological Security in World Politics: State Identity and the Security Dilemma". European Journal of International Relations
Ontological_security
Study of geography's effects on politics
of Geography in National Security Decision-Making (August 2019), The University Of Texas At Austin, Texas National Security Review, doi:10.26153/TSW/6664
Geopolitics
Lists of wars throughout history
dominance Overmatch Just war theory Principles of war Philosophy of war Security dilemma Tripwire force Wargaming Simulation Exercises Combat effectiveness
Lists_of_wars
School of academic thought
hdl:10536/DRO/DU:30050279. Hansen, Lene (June 2000). "The Little Mermaid's Silent Security Dilemma and the Absence of Gender in the Copenhagen School". Journal of International
Copenhagen School (international relations)
Copenhagen_School_(international_relations)
Alliance between different states with the purpose to cooperate militarily
Capabilities". Security Studies. 34: 28–58. doi:10.1080/09636412.2025.2467140. ISSN 0963-6412. Snyder, Glenn H. (1984). "The Security Dilemma in Alliance
Military_alliance
Way in which power is distributed within the international system
countries a voice, reduced great power uncertainty, and mitigated the security dilemma. The liberal basis of U.S. hegemony—a transparent democratic political
Polarity (international relations)
Polarity_(international_relations)
Brief excursion of one military unit from a strongpoint
dominance Overmatch Just war theory Principles of war Philosophy of war Security dilemma Tripwire force Wargaming Simulation Exercises Combat effectiveness
Sortie
Subdivision of the national armed forces
dominance Overmatch Just war theory Principles of war Philosophy of war Security dilemma Tripwire force Wargaming Simulation Exercises Combat effectiveness
Military_branch
Chinese secret police
(2025-11-05). "Data Flows Meet Great Power Politics: The Emerging Digital Security Dilemma Between China and the US". Politics and Governance. 13 10234. doi:10
State_Security_Police
Strategic approach in military deterrence theory
present an offensive threat, it can be deployed without triggering the security dilemma. The term "glass plate" has been used as a synonym for tripwire force;
Tripwire_force
Policy of protecting the interests of established inhabitants against those of immigrants
College Station. 1995. Alexseev, Mikhail A. Immigration Phobia and the Security Dilemma: Russia, Europe, and the United States (Cambridge University Press
Nativism_(politics)
Latin adage translated as, "If you want peace, prepare for war"
of DWM. Jus ad bellum Paradox of tolerance Peace through strength Security dilemma Vegetius Renatus, Flavius. "Epitoma Rei Militaris [Book 3]" (in Latin)
Si_vis_pacem,_para_bellum
American diplomat and politician (1923–2023)
politician. A member of the Republican Party, he served as the 7th national security advisor from 1969 to 1975 and as the 56th United States secretary of state
Henry_Kissinger
Social theory in international relations
first is the end of the Cold War, which temporarily suspended the security dilemma, altered the distribution of power, and ushered in a period of peace
Constructivism (international relations)
Constructivism_(international_relations)
Concept in international relations
1999 and is composed of 17 member states. Through the Common Foreign and Security Policy the EU has developed a role in external relations and defence. Permanent
Intergovernmentalism
Military strategy of wearing down the enemy
dominance Overmatch Just war theory Principles of war Philosophy of war Security dilemma Tripwire force Wargaming Simulation Exercises Combat effectiveness
Attrition_warfare
American political scientist
international economic affairs reflected state power, and that states' security interests shaped international economic cooperation. He was a proponent
Robert_Gilpin
American academic and author
International political economy Neo-Gramscianism Postcolonialism Postmodernism Security dilemma Self-defence in international law Youth bulge theory Classifications
Kenneth_W._Thompson
American political scientist (born 1947)
International Security Affairs from 1987 to 1990. Mearsheimer is a member of the editorial boards of the academic journals International Security, Security Studies
John_Mearsheimer
Transformation of a subject into a matter of state security
issues into matters of "security". While the "Copenhagen School" originally focused on a logic of exception, where security is defined by crisis and
Securitization (international relations)
Securitization_(international_relations)
Act of forceful subjugation
dominance Overmatch Just war theory Principles of war Philosophy of war Security dilemma Tripwire force Wargaming Simulation Exercises Combat effectiveness
Conquest
Deployment of a state's military to fight abroad
dominance Overmatch Just war theory Principles of war Philosophy of war Security dilemma Tripwire force Wargaming Simulation Exercises Combat effectiveness
Expeditionary_warfare
Police organization part of the military of a state
police may support the main fighting force with force protection, convoy security, screening, rear reconnaissance, logistic traffic management, counterinsurgency
Military_police
International political economy Neo-Gramscianism Postcolonialism Postmodernism Security dilemma Self-defence in international law Youth bulge theory Classifications
Poststructuralism (international relations)
Poststructuralism_(international_relations)
War crime involving breaking of a promise
dominance Overmatch Just war theory Principles of war Philosophy of war Security dilemma Tripwire force Wargaming Simulation Exercises Combat effectiveness
Perfidy
American political scientist and academic (1940–2021)
Relations scholarship. Charles Glaser described Jervis's work on the security dilemma as "among the most important works in international relations of the
Robert_Jervis
Political theory in international relations
International political economy Neo-Gramscianism Postcolonialism Postmodernism Security dilemma Self-defence in international law Youth bulge theory Classifications
Liberal_intergovernmentalism
International political economy Neo-Gramscianism Postcolonialism Postmodernism Security dilemma Self-defence in international law Youth bulge theory Classifications
Strategic_realism
Basque separatist group (1960–2018)
Basque separatist group ETA. Celso, Anthony N. (2006). "Spain's Dual Security Dilemma: Strategic Challenges of Basque and Islamist Terror during the Aznar
ETA_(separatist_group)
Type of military conflict
dominance Overmatch Just war theory Principles of war Philosophy of war Security dilemma Tripwire force Wargaming Simulation Exercises Combat effectiveness
Undeclared_war
Aphorism used by Martin Luther King Jr.
violence Turning the other cheek Mitzvah goreret mitzvah Blowback Security dilemma "Mr. Corbett's Address. Prefixed to the First Number of his Register
Violence_begets_violence
Theory explaining why preemptive attacks occur
Mexican standoff Presumption of guilt Prisoner's dilemma Realism (international relations) Security dilemma Baliga, Sandeep; Sjöström, Tomas (21 September
Hobbesian_trap
Attentional phenomenon
dominance Overmatch Just war theory Principles of war Philosophy of war Security dilemma Tripwire force Wargaming Simulation Exercises Combat effectiveness
Target_fixation
Act of reducing, limiting, or abolishing weapons, usually on a national scale
capabilities can increase the security dilemma. The Budapest Memorandum is an example where disarmament without effective security assurances contributed to
Disarmament
South African military officer
UK Parliament. Retrieved 21 December 2022. Mercenaries : an African security dilemma. Abdel-Fatau Musah, Kayode Fayemi. London: Pluto Press. 2000. p. 194
Eeben_Barlow
Measures taken to ensure mutual safety
neorealism are balance of power theory, balance of threat theory, security dilemma theory, offense-defense theory, hegemonic stability theory and power
International_security
dominance Overmatch Just war theory Principles of war Philosophy of war Security dilemma Tripwire force Wargaming Simulation Exercises Combat effectiveness
Lists_of_weapons
Structuring of armed forces of a state
and security forces, including equivalents such as paramilitary forces, militia, internal troops and police tactical unit, are an internal security service
Military_organization
Type of concealed or secretive government activity
The CIA's authority to conduct covert action comes from the National Security Act of 1947. President Ronald Reagan issued Executive Order 12333 titled
Covert_operation
Topics referred to by the same term
electronic devices Offense–defense balance, a theory concerning the security dilemma Operational Detachment Bravo, otherwise known as 'B Team' or Special
ODB
Town in Sri Lanka
(1995). Security Dilemma of a Small State: Internal crisis and external intervention in Sri Lanka. South Asian Publishers. p. 134. Security dilemma of a
Valvettithurai
Soldier or small unit tasked with early warning and screening for larger forces
dominance Overmatch Just war theory Principles of war Philosophy of war Security dilemma Tripwire force Wargaming Simulation Exercises Combat effectiveness
Picket_(military)
Australian academic
International political economy Neo-Gramscianism Postcolonialism Postmodernism Security dilemma Self-defence in international law Youth bulge theory Classifications
Hedley_Bull
5th-century BC Chinese military treatise
General Colin Powell, Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, National Security Advisor, and Secretary of State. According to some authors, the strategy
The_Art_of_War
Long-term strategy employed by a nation to further its interests
the use of international institutions will hopefully overcome the security dilemma and deter interstate conflict.[citation needed] Posen and Ross propose
Grand_strategy
University professor and Afghan politician
Cooperation, US Foreign Policy towards Afghanistan, Afghanistan's Peace and Security Dilemma, Political Development in Afghanistan, and Foreign Policy of Afghanistan:
Faramarz_Tamanna
Military position
dominance Overmatch Just war theory Principles of war Philosophy of war Security dilemma Tripwire force Wargaming Simulation Exercises Combat effectiveness
Take_point
Belief that human nature and state competitiveness dominate international relations
Moravcsik, Andrew (2006-03-29). "Is Anybody Still a Realist?". International Security. 24 (2): 5–55. doi:10.1162/016228899560130. S2CID 10474923. Walt, Stephen
Neoclassical_realism
Undersea warfare which takes place on or in relation to the bottom of the ocean
systems has grown, so too has their strategic significance within national security planning. Seabed warfare has been shaped by broader, complex geopolitical
Seabed_warfare
Global justice theory
International political economy Neo-Gramscianism Postcolonialism Postmodernism Security dilemma Self-defence in international law Youth bulge theory Classifications
Critical international relations theory
Critical_international_relations_theory
Person specializing in combat or warfare
dominance Overmatch Just war theory Principles of war Philosophy of war Security dilemma Tripwire force Wargaming Simulation Exercises Combat effectiveness
Warrior
Island of Somalia
islands. Jasiirada Khuuri Mwangi, Oscar Gakuo. "Jubaland: Somalia’s new security dilemma and state-building efforts." Africa Review 8.2 (2016): 120–132. 1°00′25″S
Chula_(island)
Concept in international relations theory
International political economy Neo-Gramscianism Postcolonialism Postmodernism Security dilemma Self-defence in international law Youth bulge theory Classifications
Absolute gain (international relations)
Absolute_gain_(international_relations)
1997), and others due to Iraq's failure to comply with United Nations Security Council resolutions regarding Weapons of Mass Destruction. Sources: Sources:
List_of_wars_by_death_toll
Area or place where important military events occur or are progressing
dominance Overmatch Just war theory Principles of war Philosophy of war Security dilemma Tripwire force Wargaming Simulation Exercises Combat effectiveness
Theater_(warfare)
Type of military victory
dominance Overmatch Just war theory Principles of war Philosophy of war Security dilemma Tripwire force Wargaming Simulation Exercises Combat effectiveness
Decisive_victory
Disagreements between IR scholars
Hamchi, "IR Fourth Debate: Pluralistic or Hegemonic? Limitations to Bridging the Gap," Algerian Review of Security and Development, Issue 1, July 2011.
Great Debates (international relations)
Great_Debates_(international_relations)
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