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Status of peasants under feudalism
specifically relating to manorialism and similar systems. Unlike slaves, serfs could not be bought, sold, or traded individually, though they could, depending
Serfdom
Type of magnetometer
exchange relaxation-free (SERF) magnetometer is a type of magnetometer developed at Princeton University in the early 2000s. SERF magnetometers measure magnetic
SERF
Unfree peasant class of Tsarist Russia
In tsarist Russia, the term serf (Russian: крепостной крестьянин, romanized: krepostnoy krest'yanin, lit. 'bonded peasant') meant an unfree peasant who
Serfdom_in_Russia
2019 Russian film
Serf, also known as Son of a Rich (Russian: Холоп, romanized: Kholop) is a 2019 Russian comedy film directed by Klim Shipenko. The plot follows a wealthy
Serf_(film)
2026 Russian film
Serf 3 (Russian: Холоп 3) is a 2026 Russian comedy film written and directed by Klim Shipenko and produced by Yellow, Black and White. It is a sequel to
Serf_3
2023 Russian film
Serf 2, also known as Son of a Rich 2 (Russian: Холоп 2) is a 2023 Russian comedy film directed by Klim Shipenko and produced by Yellow, Black and White
Serf_2
Scottish saint (c. 500 – c. 583)
Saint Serf or Serbán (Servanus) (c. 500 – c. 583) is a saint of Scotland. Serf was venerated in western Fife. He is called the apostle of Orkney, with
Saint_Serf
Russian Serf Theatre refers to theatrical productions performed by serfs for their owners. Russian serf theaters dates back from the early to mid eighteenth
Russian_Serf_Theatre
Edict by Tsar Alexander II abolishing serfdom in the Russian Empire
of the serfs on private estates and of the domestic (household) serfs. By this edict more than 23 million people received their liberty. Serfs gained
Emancipation_reform_of_1861
French singer (1930–1997)
Monique Andrée Serf (9 June 1930 – 24 November 1997), known as Barbara, was a French singer. She took her stage name from her grandmother, Varvara Brodsky
Barbara_(singer)
Empress of Russia from 1762 to 1796
the provinces where most serfs lived. This is why some serfs were able to do things such as to accumulate wealth. To become serfs, people conceded their
Catherine_the_Great
Automobiles Robert Serf was a French automobile manufacturer active between 1925 and 1935. Georges Didier established a small automobile business at Colombey-les-Belles
Robert_Serf
Irish-American actor, director, writer, and producer (1928–2009)
Fitz, and directed "Many Happy Returns" and "A Change of Mind" as Joseph Serf. He also wrote "Once Upon A Time" and "Fall Out" using his own name. "MGM
Patrick_McGoohan
1963 Soviet film
The Serf Actress (Russian: Крепостная актриса, romanized: Krepostnaya aktrisa) is a 1963 Soviet musical film directed by Roman Tikhomirov. The film tells
The_Serf_Actress
1926 film
The Wings of a Serf also known as Ivan the Terrible (Russian: Крылья холопа, romanized: Krylya kholopa) is a 1926 Soviet silent historical drama film directed
The_Wings_of_a_Serf
1928 film directed by Richard Eichberg
The Serfs (German: Die Leibeigenen) is a 1928 German silent drama film directed by Richard Eichberg and starring Heinrich George, Mona Maris and Maria
The_Serfs
1993 city-building and real-time strategy video game
in May 1994, but in North America, it was published in December by SSI as Serf City: Life is Feudal. In 2018, the game was re-released for Windows as The
The Settlers (1993 video game)
The_Settlers_(1993_video_game)
Cloud-computing software company
underlying event, membership, and failure-detection mechanisms are provided by Serf, an open-source library also published by HashiCorp. Vault (first released
HashiCorp
Collar used to identify and discipline slaves
and in serf populations in Scotland. Zoninus collar, Roman slave collar dating to the 4th–5th century AD Roman collared slaves Scottish serf's collar
Slave_collar
Play by Ivan Cankar
The Serfs is a satirical play by Ivan Cankar; the Slovene title is Hlapci. In 1907, an election took place in Austro-Hungary. After the clerical-conservative
The_Serfs_(play)
Annual holiday in Tibet
Serfs' Emancipation Day, observed annually on 28 March, is a holiday in the Tibet Autonomous Region of China that celebrates the emancipation of serfs
Serfs'_Emancipation_Day
Paternal great-grandfather of Joseph Stalin
(Georgian: ზაზა ჯუღაშვილი, Russian: Заза Джугашвили; 1780–1847) was a Georgian serf in Geri, Georgia and the paternal great-grandfather of Joseph Stalin. Zaza
Zaza_Jughashvili
Mistress of Alexei Petrovich (c. 1700 – c. 1750)
the Great Wrath when she was captured with her brother, Ivan, and sold as serfs to Prince Nikifor Kondrat'evich Viazemskii, former tutor of Alexei Petrovich
Afrosinya
hierarchy where the targeted groups occupy the bottom rung as semi-enslaved serfs, tribute laborers, or equivalents to slaves through historical conquest
List_of_ethnic_slurs
American computer scientist and Internet pioneer (born 1943)
Vinton Gray Cerf (/sɜːrf/; born June 23, 1943) is an American Internet pioneer and is recognized as one of "the fathers of the Internet", sharing this
Vint_Cerf
JobSerf, Inc. was an employment service and job search outsourcing (JSO) company. It was founded in 2004 by three Dallas executives: Jay Martin, Phil Miller
JobSerf
2019 studio album by Fat White Family
Serfs Up! is the third studio album by British post-punk band Fat White Family. It was released in April 2019 under Domino. Serfs Up! received positive
Serfs_Up!
This is a chronological list of revolts organized by peasants. The history of peasant wars spans over two thousand years. A variety of factors fueled the
List_of_peasant_revolts
Serbian actor and producer
producer. His best known films are box office hits South Wind (2018), Serf (2019), Serf 2 and The Challenge (both 2023). Biković initially gained recognition
Miloš_Biković
St Serf's Inch or St Serf's Island is an island in Loch Leven, in south-eastern Perth and Kinross, Scotland. It was the home of a Culdee and then an Augustinian
St_Serf's_Inch
Type of social status in medieval Europe
A villein is a class of serf tied to the land under the feudal system. As part of the contract with the lord of the manor, they were expected to spend
Villein
American politician
Serphin R. Maltese (born December 7, 1932) is an American attorney and retired politician from the state of New York. A onetime chairman of the Conservative
Serphin_R._Maltese
Former gaming studio
games based on internal intellectual properties, including Island Paradise, Serf Wars, and Ranch Town. In October 2011, 26 workers were laid off. At the end
Meteor_Games
Empire in 19th century. This was the official reference to the Russian serfs freed from serfdom within the framework of the February 20, 1803 decree
Free_ploughman
Second-largest city in Russia
stone building of the new city. The city was built by conscripted peasants (serfs) from all over Russia; in some years several Swedish prisoners of war were
Saint_Petersburg
Class of peasantry in 18th–19th century Russia
periods reached half of the agricultural population. In contrast to private serfs, state peasants were considered personally free, although their freedom
State_peasant
Continent
slave trade Byzantine Empire Genoese slave trade Kholop Prague slave trade Serfs History In Russia Emancipation Thrall Venetian slave trade Balkan slave
South_America
Emperor of Russia from 1855 to 1881
and was succeeded by his son Alexander III. In addition to emancipating serfs across the Russian Empire, Alexander's reign brought several other liberal
Alexander_II_of_Russia
King of France (1314–1316) and Navarre (1305–1316)
King of Navarre (as Louis I) from 1305 until his death. He emancipated serfs, who could buy their freedom, and readmitted Jews into the kingdom. His
Louis_X_of_France
Internalized attitude of ethnic or cultural inferiority
A colonial mentality is the internalized attitude of ethnic or cultural inferiority felt by people as a result of colonization, i.e. them being colonized
Colonial_mentality
Policies of Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor (r. 1780–90)
the serf–lord relationship there by abolishing the use of fines and corporal punishment imposed upon serfs, and abolishing lords' control over serfs' marriage
Josephinism
Priory in Perth and Kinross, Scotland
The St Serf's Inch Priory (or Portmoak Priory) was a community of Augustinian canons based, initially at least, on St Serf's Inch in Loch Leven, Perth
St_Serf's_Inch_Priory
Ethnic group
the Feudum Acinganorum was established in Corfu, which mainly used Romani serfs and to which the Roma on the island were subservient. With the decline of
Romani_people
Slaves in Viking society
A thrall pronunciation was a slave or serf in Scandinavian lands during the Viking Age. The status of slave (þræll, þēow) contrasts with that of the freeman
Thrall
Debate about serfdom before 1951
publications in English to apply the term "serf" to Tibet was Marxist journalist Anna Louise Strong's 1960 When Serfs Stood up in Tibet, published by the Chinese
Tibet_serfdom_controversy
Feudal serf in Kievan Rus' and Muscovy
pronunciation: [xɐˈlop], Ukrainian pronunciation: [xoˈɫɔp]) was a type of feudal serf in Kievan Rus' from the 9th to early 12th centuries. The legal status of
Kholop
Russian state from 1721 to 1917
of serfs received less education. These serfs were heavily taxed, making them the poorest of any Russians. In 1861, Emperor Alexander II saw serfs as
Russian_Empire
Spiritual leader of Tibet since 1940
to the highest stratum of the Tibetan aristocracy and acquired land and serf holdings, as with the families of previous Dalai Lamas. In 1959, at the age
14th_Dalai_Lama
Country in Central Europe
Corviniana were inscribed on UNESCO's Memory of the World Register in 2005. The serfs and common people considered him a just ruler because he protected them
Hungary
English rock band
studio albums: Champagne Holocaust (2013), Songs for Our Mothers (2016), Serfs Up! (2019) and Forgiveness Is Yours (2024). In 2022, Lias Saoudi and writer
Fat_White_Family
Country in Eastern Europe
intelligentsia committed to national rebirth and social justice emerged. The serf-turned-national-poet Taras Shevchenko (1814–1861) and political theorist
Ukraine
Country in Eastern Europe and West Asia
change to Georgia, with new social classes emerging: the emancipation of the serfs freed many peasants but did little to alleviate their poverty; the growth
Georgia_(country)
serfs increased: the landlord controlled who the serfs could marry. Indeed, the Senate passed legislation which allowed nobles to exile their serfs to
History_of_Russia_(1721–1796)
European history from the 5th to 15th centuries
had previously owed to their landlords into cash rents. The percentage of serfs among the peasantry declined from a high of 90 to closer to 50 percent by
Middle_Ages
Hierarchical stratification of societies
Precariat Proletariat Working poor Under Ant tribe Outcast Outlaw / Prisoner Serf Plebeian Rat tribe Slave Freedman Untouchable By country or region United
Social_class
English feudal social class
who was not a serf. In the feudal system under which people were tied to land which they did not own (or "own directly", etc.), serfs were in bondage
Franklin_(class)
Peasant farmer
/ Gentleman / Landed gentry Franklin / Yeoman / Retinue Husbandman Free tenant Domestic servant Vagabond Serf / Villein / Bordar / Cottar Slave v t e
Cotter_(farmer)
Human settlement in Scotland
city on the Firth of Forth and is believed to have been founded by Saint Serf during the 6th century. The civil parish had a population of 4,348 in 2011
Culross
helots in the ancient Greek city-state of Sparta resembled that of medieval serfs. By the 3rd century AD, the Roman Empire faced a labour shortage. Large
History_of_serfdom
English charter of freedoms made in 1215
focused on the rights of free men—in particular, the barons. The rights of serfs were included in articles 16, 20 and 28. Its style and content reflected
Magna_Carta
Anglo-Saxon senior official
on the demesne land; such reeves acted generally as the overseer of the serfs and peasants on the estate. He was also responsible for many aspects of
Reeve_(England)
Missionary in the British Kingdom of Strathclyde (518–614)
Mungo was born. Mungo was brought up by Saint Serf who was ministering to the Picts in that area. It was Serf who gave him his popular pet-name. At the age
Saint_Mungo
Ethnic group indigenous to North Africa
streamed down from the mountains and invaded Punic territory, carrying the serfs of the countryside along with them. The Carthaginians were obliged to withdraw
Berbers
King of Scotland from 1306 to 1329
in Melrose Abbey, and his internal organs were embalmed and placed in St Serf's Church, Dumbarton. Robert the Bruce was born on 11 July 1274. His place
Robert_the_Bruce
Leader of the Soviet Union from 1922 to 1924
that influenced her children. Ilya Ulyanov was from a family of former serfs; Ilya's father's ethnicity remains unclear, with suggestions that he was
Vladimir_Lenin
Landholder obliged to provide military services to an ispán in medieval Hungary
A castle warrior or castle serf (Hungarian: várjobbágy, Latin: iobagio castri) was a landholder obliged to provide military services to the ispán or head
Castle_warrior
Island country in the Mediterranean Sea
medieval period, the former assumption that Greeks were treated only as serfs on the island is no longer considered by academics to be accurate. It is
Cyprus
Ownership of people as property
converted the household slaves into house serfs. Russian agricultural slaves were formally converted into serfs earlier in 1679. Slavery in Poland was forbidden
Slavery
King of England from 1199 to 1216
for political reform, albeit one focusing on the rights of free men, not serfs and unfree labour. It promised the protection of church rights, protection
John,_King_of_England
1785 charter issued by Catherine II
the rights of the serfs. As Richard Pipes explains: Although the 1785 Charter referred only to land and made no reference to serfs, it had the effect
Charter_to_the_Gentry
Island country in the Atlantic Ocean
Scandinavians, immigrated to Iceland, bringing with them thralls (i.e., slaves or serfs) of Gaelic origin. The island was governed as an independent commonwealth
Iceland
countries could encourage international flight. In the 18th century the Russian serfs were escaping from Russia to the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth (where previously
Fugitive_peasants
Aristocratic Republic in Europe (1569–1795)
agricultural sector was dominated by feudalism based on the plantation system (serfs). Slavery was forbidden in Poland in the 15th century, and formally abolished
Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
Polish–Lithuanian_Commonwealth
American filmmaker, actor, comedian and songwriter (born 1926)
hidden in a set of 12 antique chairs. Brooks makes a cameo as an alcoholic ex-serf who "yearns for the regular beatings of yesteryear". Gene Siskel wrote "Brooks's
Mel_Brooks
Russian entrepreneur
company, a predecessor of both Smirnoff and Smirnov companies. He was born a serf in Kayurovo [ru], a small Russian village, on 9 January 1831, and rose to
Pyotr_Arsenievich_Smirnov
Dutch humanist (c. 1466–1536)
(February 1983). "Georges Chantraine, S. J., Erasme et Luther: Libre et serf arbitre, etude Historique et Theologique. Paris: Éditions Lethielleux / Presses
Erasmus
Country in Southeast Europe
area of the white Drin. Vlachs and Albanians had to carry salt and provide serf labour for the monastery. Medieval Monuments in Kosovo is a combined UNESCO
Kosovo
Church in Glasgow, Scotland
St Serf's Church is an early 20th-century church building of the Scottish Episcopal Church, located in the Shettleston area of Glasgow. The Episcopal congregation
St_Serf's_Church,_Shettleston
Russian noblewoman and serial killer (1730–1801)
from Moscow. She became notorious for torturing and killing many of her serfs, mostly women. Saltykova has been compared by many to the Hungarian "Blood
Darya_Nikolayevna_Saltykova
Geographic information system for surface models
LandSerf is a free geographic information system for editing, processing and visualizing spatial data. It is particularly suited to handling Digital Elevation
LandSerf
Autonomous territory of Denmark
committed manslaughter. With his extended family and his thralls (slaves or serfs), he set out in ships to explore an icy land known to lie to the northwest
Greenland
Country in Northern Europe
serfdom, legal reforms under King Charles XI of Sweden strengthened both serfs' and free tenant farmers' land usage and inheritance rights, resulting in
Estonia
7th episode of the 1st series of The Prisoner
Anthony Skene and directed by Patrick McGoohan (using the pseudonym Joseph Serf). The thirteenth episode produced, it was the seventh episode to be broadcast
Many Happy Returns (The Prisoner)
Many_Happy_Returns_(The_Prisoner)
German saying describing a principle of law in the Middle Ages
a significant amount of time. From the 11th century onwards, liberated serfs and other members of the Third Estate founded settlements alongside the
Stadtluft_macht_frei
French historian (1886–1944)
doctoral thesis—a study of 10th-century French serfdom—was titled Rois et Serfs, un Chapitre d'Histoire Capétienne. Although it helped mould Bloch's ideas
Marc_Bloch
Scientific study of human society and relationships
of class struggles. Freeman and slave, patrician and plebeian, lord and serf, guild-master and journeyman, in a word, oppressor and oppressed, stood in
Sociology
Russian writer (1828–1910)
diaries detailing his extensive sexual past and the fact that one of the serfs on his estate had borne him a son. Even so, their early married life was
Leo_Tolstoy
Afanasy Grigoriev (1782–1868), Russian serf and Neoclassical architect. Afrosinya (1699/1700–1748), Russian serf, possibly a Finnish captive, enslaved
List_of_slaves
Imperial dynasty of Russia (1613–1917)
Imperial Russian Army, giving increased autonomy to Finland, and freeing the serfs in 1861, he gained much popular support for his reign.[citation needed]
House_of_Romanov
Series of reforms enacted by the Emperor and Autocrat of all Russia
important was the emancipation reform of 1861 which freed the 23 million serfs from an inferior legal and social status, and helped them buy farmland.
Government reforms of Alexander II of Russia
Government_reforms_of_Alexander_II_of_Russia
Title of address for a noble man
burgesses, and franklins, and the unfree peasantry including villeins and serfs. Even as late as 1400, the word gentleman still only had the descriptive
Gentleman
Merchants' organization in the Russian Empire
nobility. Part of merchants of that period supported the idea of bonding serfs to factories, thus, making themselves more equal to landed gentry. Merchants
Merchant guild (Russian Empire)
Merchant_guild_(Russian_Empire)
Region in East Asia
shamans, entertainers, and nobi, the equivalent of slaves, bondservants, or serfs. In 1592 and again in 1597, the Japanese invaded Korea; the Korean military
Korea
punishment. Serfs held plots of land, which was essentially a form of "payment" that the lord offered in exchange for the serf's service. Serfs worked part-time
Slavery_in_medieval_Europe
Phoenician city-state
manpower for defense), the Spartan Kingdom (subject peoples serving as serfs for the Punic elite and state) and, to a lesser extent, the Roman Republic
Ancient_Carthage
Russian serial killer (1776–1836)
landowner and socialite, as well as torturer and serial killer of her own serfs, who operated in the Kursk, Yekaterinoslav, and Saint Petersburg Governorates
Olga_Briscorn
Mapping brain activity by recording magnetic fields produced by currents in the brain
interference devices) are currently the most common magnetometer, while the SERF (spin exchange relaxation-free) magnetometer is being investigated for future
Magnetoencephalography
Open space surrounded by covered walks or open galleries
barrier... that effectively separates the world of the monks from that of the serfs and workmen, whose lives and works went forward outside and around the cloister
Cloister
American poet, composer, and musician (died 2020)
began his musical career as the guitarist and primary songwriter for The Serfs, who achieved some fame in and around the band's home state of Kansas. In
Lane_Tietgen
Region of France
consisted of serfs, accounting for 400,000 out of the 1 million French serfs. Landowners took one-twelfth of the sale's price if a serf (mainmortable)
Franche-Comté
SERF
SERF
Surname or Lastname
English
English : habitational name from any of the numerous places called Charlton, mainly in southern England, from Old English Ceorlatūn ‘settlement (Old English tūn) of the peasants’. Old English ceorl denoted originally a free peasant of the lowest rank, later (but probably already before the Norman conquest) a tenant in pure villeinage, a serf or bondsman.Irish : altered form of Carlin.
Surname or Lastname
English (Lancashire)
English (Lancashire) : habitational name from a place near Kirkham, named with Middle English thrall ‘serf’ (Old Norse þrǽll) + fall ‘clearing’, ‘place where the trees have been felled’.
Surname or Lastname
English (Cumbria)
English (Cumbria) : habitational name from Threlkeld in Cumbria, so named from Old Norse þrǽll ‘thrall’, ‘serf’ + kelda ‘spring’.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : status name denoting a serf, Middle English, Old French vass(e), from Late Latin vassus, of Celtic origin. Compare Welsh gwas ‘boy’, Gaelic foss ‘servant’.English : variant of Vause.Swedish : variant of Wass.South German : variant of Fass.Hungarian : from vas ‘iron’, hence a metonymic occupational name for a blacksmith, or a nickname for a resilient, tough man.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : term of status for someone who was born a free man (from Old English frēo ‘free’ + boren ‘born’), rather than a serf emancipated in late life. Compare Freedman.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : habitational name from any of various places called Walford. Examples in Herefordshire and Shropshire are named with Old English (West Midlands) wæll(a) ‘spring’, ‘stream’ + ford ‘ford’. A second place of the same name in Herefordshire was named with Old English w(e)alh ‘foreigner’, ‘Briton’, ‘serf’ (see Wallace) as the first element, and one in Dorset with Old English wealt ‘unsteady’, ‘difficult’.
Surname or Lastname
English (chiefly East Anglia)
English (chiefly East Anglia) : nickname or status name from Old English frēo ‘free(-born)’, i.e. not a serf.North German : topographic or habitational name from a place named Frede or Frede(n).North German : nickname from a variant of Middle Low German wrēd ‘crooked’.
Surname or Lastname
English (Yorkshire)
English (Yorkshire) : status name in the feudal system for a serf who had been freed.Jewish (American) : Americanized form of Friedmann (see Fried).
Surname or Lastname
English
English : status name from Old English þrǣl ‘thrall’, ‘serf’ (from Old Norse þræll).
Surname or Lastname
Irish (co. Cork)
Irish (co. Cork) : reduced Anglicized form of Gaelic Mac Oitir ‘son of Oitir’, a personal name borrowed from Old Norse Óttarr, composed of the elements ótti ‘fear’, ‘dread’ + herr ‘army’.English : status name from Middle English cotter, a technical term in the feudal system for a serf or bond tenant who held a cottage by service rather than rent, from Old English cot ‘cottage’, ‘hut’ (see Coates) + -er agent suffix.Probably an Americanized spelling of German Kotter.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : habitational name from any of the places, in Essex, Hertfordshire, and North Yorkshire, named Walden, from Old English w(e)alh ‘foreigner’, ‘Briton’, ‘serf’ (see Wallace) + denu ‘valley’.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : status name for a peasant farmer or husbandman, Middle English bonde (Old English bonda, bunda, reinforced by Old Norse bóndi). The Old Norse word was also in use as a personal name, and this has given rise to other English and Scandinavian surnames alongside those originating as status names. The status of the peasant farmer fluctuated considerably during the Middle Ages; moreover, the underlying Germanic word is of disputed origin and meaning. Among Germanic peoples who settled to an agricultural life, the term came to signify a farmer holding lands from, and bound by loyalty to, a lord; from this developed the sense of a free landholder as opposed to a serf. In England after the Norman Conquest the word sank in status and became associated with the notion of bound servitude.Swedish : variant of Bonde.
SERF
SERF
Male
African
born on Tuesday.
Boy/Male
British, English, Hebrew
God is Gracious
Girl/Female
Australian, Bengali, Danish, Dutch, Finnish, French, German, Hebrew, Indian, Italian, Japanese, Spanish, Swiss, Teutonic
God's Promise; Laughter; Salvation of God; The Lord Helps Me; Variant of Elizabeth; Pledged to God; A Lord; Strong-willed
Girl/Female
Indian
A narrator of Hadith
Surname or Lastname
English
English : habitational name, probably from Long Riston in East Yorkshire, named from Old English hrīs ‘brushwood’ + tūn ‘farmstead’.
Girl/Female
Celtic
Beauty.
Boy/Male
Indian, Punjabi, Sikh
Having the Priceless Diamond of Naam
Boy/Male
Indian
Diamond of Family
Boy/Male
Indian
Happiness
Boy/Male
Tamil
Couple or union
SERF
SERF
SERF
SERF
SERF
n.
Alt. of Serfdom
n.
A woman born in the state of villeinage; a female serf.
v. t.
To work for; to labor in behalf of; to exert one's self continuously or statedly for the benefit of; to do service for; to be in the employment of, as an inferior, domestic, serf, slave, hired assistant, official helper, etc.; specifically, in a religious sense, to obey and worship.
n.
The state of a villain, or serf; base servitude; tenure on condition of doing the meanest services for the lord.
n.
The state of a free person; exemption from subjection to the will of another claiming ownership of the person or services; freedom; -- opposed to slavery, serfdom, bondage, or subjection.
n.
A slave in ancient Sparta; a Spartan serf; hence, a slave or serf.
n.
A slave; a villain; a serf; a bondman.
n.
A vassal or serf; a slave.
n.
The state or condition of a serf.
v. t.
A servant or slave employed in husbandry, and in some countries attached to the soil and transferred with it, as formerly in Russia.
n.
Serfage.
a.
Held to service as attached to the soil; -- said of feudal serfs.
n.
One of an aboriginal people of Southern India, regarded by the four castes of the Hindoos as of very low grade. They are usually the serfs of the Sudra agriculturalists. See Caste.
n.
Serfage; slavery; servitude.
n.
One held to service as attached to the glebe or estate; a feudal serf.
n.
Alt. of Serfism