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Function used as a performance test problem for optimization algorithms
The Shekel function or also Shekel's foxholes is a multidimensional, multimodal, continuous, deterministic function commonly used as a test function for
Shekel_function
Functions used to evaluate optimization algorithms
In applied mathematics, test functions, known as artificial landscapes, are useful to evaluate characteristics of optimization algorithms, such as convergence
Test functions for optimization
Test_functions_for_optimization
Coins of ancient Carthage
gold, electrum, silver, billon, and bronze. The base denomination was the shekel, probably pronounced /səˈḳel/ in Punic. Only a minority of Carthaginian
Carthaginian_coinage
y)=(x^{2}+y-11)^{2}+(x+y^{2}-7)^{2}} Rastrigin function — two-dimensional function with many local minima Shekel function — multimodal and multidimensional Mathematical
List of numerical analysis topics
List_of_numerical_analysis_topics
Object or record accepted as payment
world eventually developed the use of commodity money. The Mesopotamian shekel was a unit of weight, and relied on the mass of something like 160 grains
Money
Monetary authority of Israel
Article 41 and 44 of its Statute, the exclusive right to issue Israeli Shekel banknotes and coins. When Israel gained independence in 1948, the power
Bank_of_Israel
Units of measurement in Jewish religious texts
with units of the kikar (talent), mina, shekel, and giru (Hebrew Gerah), related to one another as follows: 1 shekel = 24 gerah 1 mina = 60 shekels 1 kikar
Biblical and Talmudic units of measurement
Biblical_and_Talmudic_units_of_measurement
Natural number
The ancient Phoenician shekel was a standardized measure of silver, equal to 224 grains, although other forms of the shekel employed in other ancient
224_(number)
Jewish firstborn son redeemed from a kohen
authorities believe that the Shekel HaKodesh (Holy Shekel) of the Temple was larger and of purer silver content than the standard shekel used for trade in ancient
Pidyon_haben
Governing entity in Judea (66 CE–68 CE)
symbols including pomegranate buds, lulavs, etrogs, and phrases including "Shekel of Israel," and "The Freedom of Zion" (חרות ציון Herut Zion), as political
Judean_provisional_government
Country in West Asia
of Israel as the state of the Jewish people". The Basic Laws of Israel function as an uncodified constitution. These define Israel as a Jewish and democratic
Israel
Punctuation conventions of the Hebrew language over time
which is written left to right. The shekel sign (₪) is the currency sign for the Israeli currency (the Israeli new shekel), in the way $, £, and € exist for
Hebrew_punctuation
Biblical figure and Israelite monarch
contends that further editing was done even after then—the silver quarter-shekel Saul's servant offers to Samuel in 1 Samuel 9:8 "almost certainly fixes
David
Hellenistic state in West Asia (312–63 BC)
quick to adopt the new standard. In Mesopotamia, however, the millennia-old shekel (weighing 8.33 g silver) prevailed over the Attic standard. According to
Seleucid_Empire
Base sixty numeral system
divided into 60 manû (mina), which was further subdivided into 60 šiqlu (shekel); the descendants of these units persisted for millennia, though the Greeks
Sexagesimal
Biological kingdom
never grow larger than 20 μm, and one of the smallest species (Myxobolus shekel) is no more than 8.5 μm when fully grown. The blue whale is the largest
Animal
Tractate of the order Moed of the Mishnah
main subject is the half-shekel tax that ancient Jews paid every year to make possible the maintenance and proper functioning of the Temple in Jerusalem
Shekalim_(tractate)
Privately held online brokerage firm
500 MLN Shekel Class Action Lawsuit, Israeli Paper Estimates". Finance Magnates. Retrieved 2025-04-29. Menahem, Sarit (2011-01-25). "Bottom Shekel Monte
EasyMarkets
Topics referred to by the same term
Trick The Fox Hole, a 1967 children's novel by Ivan Southall Shekel's foxholes, a test function for optimization Foxhole conversion, an aphorism used to argue
Foxhole
Currency from items of intrinsic value
trade and market economy based originally on the commodity money of the Shekel, which was a certain weight measure of barley, while the Babylonians and
Commodity_money
Governing body in the West Bank
government of Israel in 1981, in order to carry out practical bureaucratic functions within the territories captured by Israel in 1967. While formally separate
Israeli_Civil_Administration
Client state of Israel (1979–1984)
which only the military force of the self-proclaimed state continued to function, rebranded as the South Lebanon Army (SLA). During the first two years
State_of_Free_Lebanon
Israeli telecommunications company
012 Smile.Communications, is a publicly traded company. It currently functions as a holding company of Bezeq and is headquartered in Ramat Gan, Israel
Bezeq
Rigid, usually twisted ring worn around the neck or arm, often of precious metal
examples seem to be made at fixed weights that are multiples of the Phoenician shekel. With bracelets, torcs are "the most important category of Celtic gold"
Torc
Portion of the annual Jewish cycle of Torah reading
upon one's parentage or sibling birth order. Numbers 18:16 reports that a shekel equals 20 gerahs. This table translates units of weight used in the Bible:
Korach_(parashah)
Language of ancient Sumer and Babylon
ten shekels", respectively), 𒂆 gig̃4 "one-sixtieth", lit. "a shekel" (since a shekel is one-sixtieth of a mina). Smaller fractions are formed by combining
Sumerian_language
Controversial social news site subreddits
already been terminated earlier that year. Associated subreddits r/BillionShekelSupreme, r/milliondollarextreme2, r/ChadRight, and several others were subsequently
Controversial Reddit communities
Controversial_Reddit_communities
Part of the First Jewish–Roman War
assemblies and judicial bodies, and functioned as one of the city's largest marketplaces. An obligatory half-shekel tax was collected annually from Jewish
Siege_of_Jerusalem_(70_CE)
Production and trading of goods and services
records. The ancient economy was based primarily on subsistence farming. The Shekel are the first to refer to a unit of weight and currency, used by the Semitic
Economy
Association of artisans or merchants
in each city. Code of Hammurabi Law 234 (c. 1755–1750 BC) stipulated a 2-shekel wage for each 60-gur (300-bushel) vessel constructed in an employment contract
Guild
Rebellion against Roman rule (66–73/74 CE)
labeled as the "shekel of Israel", "Israel" possibly denoting the state's name. Their denominations (shekel, half-shekel, quarter-shekel) revived the biblical
First_Jewish–Roman_War
decline in the shekel's value and a loss of investor confidence. A report from The Times of Israel on March 5, 2023, noted that as the shekel depreciated
Economy_of_Israel
List of reactions to the 2023 Israeli judicial reform
Governor Andrew Abir reported that the shekel was being harmed by "political uncertainty". That same day, the shekel declined to its weakest level since
Reactions to the 2023 Israeli judicial reform
Reactions_to_the_2023_Israeli_judicial_reform
Ancient Mesopotamian civilization from 3300 to 1900 BC
was nominated in silver. The interest rate was set at 1/60 a month (one shekel per mina) some time before 2000 BC and it remained at that level for about
Sumer
Country in West Asia
persisted during this period, including the continued use of the silver shekel. Babylonian chronicle fragments record Seleucid rulers engaging with local
Iraq
33rd weekly Torah portion
priests, the land, and dedicated animals. Leviticus 27:25 reports that a shekel equals 20 gerahs. This table translates units of weight used in the Bible:
Bechukotai
Temple in Jerusalem in Abrahamic religions
previously, two First Temple period stone weights used for weighing half-shekel Temple donations were found during excavations under Robinson's Arch at
Solomon's_Temple
Temple in Jerusalem (c. 516 BCE–70 CE)
that his masterpiece was the Temple of Jerusalem. Later, the sanctuary shekel was reinstituted to support the temple as the temple tax. According to Josephus
Second_Temple
American philosopher (born 1981)
fired Lieberman and assumed the DM position himself. (FYI, I never took a shekel from the Israelis. In fact, I cut them off when I was offered money.)" (Tweet)
Jason_Jorjani
Carthaginian general and statesman (247–183/181 BC)
constitutional forms that the complicated machinery of government continued to function even amidst disaster—there are few states in the ancient world in which
Hannibal
Use of a foreign currency in parallel to or instead of a domestic currency
the Zimbabwean ZiG) Jordanian dinar: West Bank (alongside the New Israeli shekel) Mauritanian ouguiya: Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (de facto independent
Currency_substitution
Wars between Rome and Carthage (264–146 BC)
Herman (1956). The Boarding-bridge of the Romans: Its Construction and its Function in the Naval Tactics of the First Punic War. Groningen: J.B. Wolters. OCLC 458845955
Punic_Wars
Israeli poet (1911–1970)
Bluwstein, Shaul Tchernichovsky, and Alterman. The design of the 100 new shekel banknote includes the portrait of Leah Goldberg and her poem "In the land
Leah_Goldberg
Oslo II division of the West Bank under full Israeli control
government of Israel in 1981, in order to carry out practical bureaucratic functions within the territories occupied by Israel since 1967. While formally separate
Area_C
Medieval Jewish philosopher (1135/1138–1204)
Israeli New Shekel featured an illustration of Maimonides on the obverse and the place of his burial in Tiberias on the reverse on its 1-shekel bill. Maimonides
Maimonides
original on 28 January 2023. Retrieved 25 November 2022. The Mauritian Shekel: The Story of Jewish Detainees in Mauritius, 1940–1945 by Geneviéve Pitot
History_of_Israel
economy based originally on the ancient coin, usually of silver, of the shekel which was a certain weight measure of barley, while the Babylonians and
Economic_history_of_the_world
Territory in West Asia
strengthened after them, which has been interpreted as suggesting their function is to assert control over Palestinians, and as a sign of an unwillingness
West_Bank
Alphabet of the Hebrew language
niqqud. In both biblical and rabbinic Hebrew, the letters י ו ה א can also function as matres lectionis, which is when certain consonants are used to indicate
Hebrew_alphabet
place under Darius. Coinage, in the form of the daric (gold coin) and the shekel (silver coin), was standardized (coinage had been invented over a century
History_of_Iran
Prime Minister of Israel from 1969 to 1974
slowed down my heart." This event was commemorated by the Israeli 10,000-shekel banknote issued in November 1984. It bore a portrait of Meir on one side
Golda_Meir
Phoenician city-state
council of elders that held considerable political power, its primary function was overseeing the actions of generals and other officials to ensure they
Ancient_Carthage
Period of Roman history (c. 509 – 27 BC)
Senate... he showed no sign of wanting to replace the Senate in its normal functions". Amid wide-ranging and popular reforms to create grain subsidies, change
Roman_Republic
civilization developed a large-scale economy based on commodity money. The shekel was the unit of weight and currency, first recorded c. 2150 BC, which was
History_of_money
Country in West Asia
intelligence agencies, which were established during the Oslo Accords. Their function is to maintain internal security and enforce law in the PA-controlled areas
Palestine
Kind of contract in labour law
those of shekels. Codex Hammurabi Law 234 (c. 1755–1750 BC) stipulated a 2-shekel prevailing wage for each 60-gur (300-bushel) vessel constructed in an employment
Employment_contract
Standardization of money
at large vs. the government's precious metal reserves). Some currencies function as legal tender in certain jurisdictions, or for specific purposes, such
Currency
Jewish rebellion against Roman rule (132–136 CE)
the zuz (denarius), with four zuzim equaling one sela. A rare half-sela (shekel) is also documented. The nature of the bronze coinage remains debated, with
Bar_Kokhba_Revolt
Currency of China
released by the People's Bank of China in August 2020, said that renminbi's function as international reserve currency has gradually emerged. In the first quarter
Renminbi
American reality television series episodes
between their desks. 214 30 "Shekel and Hyde" February 25, 2013 (2013-02-25) Items appraised include an ancient Tyrian shekel; two original Duesenberg presentation
List_of_Pawn_Stars_episodes
officers, and a pair of suffetes replaced the king in some of the civic functions and eventually kings were no longer elected. Records show that two families
History_of_Carthage
Palestinian activist (born 2001)
prosecutors whereby she would serve eight months in prison and pay a 5,000-shekel ($1,437) fine. As part of the agreement, she pleaded guilty to one count
Ahed_Tamimi
Currency of Singapore
basket of currencies from 1973 to 1985. Before 1970, the various monetary functions associated with a central bank were performed by several government departments
Singapore_dollar
the Israeli new shekel is the main currency of the Palestinian territories. In the West Bank the Jordanian dinar is also used. The shekel is used for most
Economy_of_Palestine
Currency of Egypt
tender, the smallest denomination currently minted being the 25 PT coin (functioning as one-quarter of E£1), these terms have mostly fallen into disuse and
Egyptian_pound
Autonomous territory in the Middle East
no policing functions in Gaza and Hamas gained extensive control over the territory, but continued Israeli control over certain functions significantly
Gaza_Strip
Israeli Air Force Combat Search and Rescue Unit
mandatory service. Cost of training is estimated to be 1 million Israeli new shekel per individual. A typical rescue team from 669 consists of a mix of 669
Unit_669
Israel's health ministry allocated Arab communities less than 1% of its 277 m-shekel (£35m) budget (1.6 m shekels {£200,000}) to develop healthcare facilities
Arab_citizens_of_Israel
Former synagogue in Peki'in, Israel
who was then President of Israel. The Second Series of the Israeli new shekel (NIS), put in circulation in 1999 and phased out in the 2010s, features
Peki'in_Synagogue
Amount of matter present in an object
from the mina (unit) used by ancient civilizations. A smaller unit was the shekel, and a larger unit was the talent. The magnitude of these units varied from
Mass
Global decentralized trading of international currencies
main participants are the larger international banks. Financial centres function as anchors of trading between a range of multiple types of buyers and sellers
Foreign_exchange_market
Compulsory contribution to state revenue
of fixed tax. One of the earliest taxes mentioned in the Bible of a half-shekel per annum from each adult Jew (Ex. 30:11–16) was a form of the poll tax
Tax
the Roman period, including one at Puteoli and another at Rome. They functioned as institutional bases for Tyrian traders. In 174 AD, Tyrian merchants
History_of_Tyre,_Lebanon
For instance, the price of one gur of barley normally was valued at one shekel of silver, but at this time one had to pay 20 talents of silver to acquire
Bala_taxation
Capital of the northern Kingdom of Israel
predicted, "a measure of fine flour was sold for a shekel, and two measures of barley for a shekel, in the gates of Samaria" (2 Kings 6–7). Towards the
Samaria_(ancient_city)
Kurdish-inhabited region in Iraq
Tameanko, M. 2005: 'Adiabene, the Ancient Jewish Kingdom, and its Coins' Shekel 38, 16–25. Frye, Richard Nelson (1984). (1984). The History of Ancient Iran
Iraqi_Kurdistan
Unit of currency in various countries
similar coins in antiquity, such as the Greek drachma, the Carthaginian shekel, and the Roman denarius. Forms of these seem to have reached as far as Norway
Penny
Laws that govern the relationship between workers, employers, unions and governments
for shekels. Code of Hammurabi Law 234 (c. 1755–1750 BC) stipulated a 2-shekel prevailing wage for each 60-gur (300-bushel) vessel constructed in an employment
Labour_law
called Sha'are Zion might have been the first to popularize the Zionist shekel in North Africa (Sha'are Zion sent 200 shekelim to the Zionist Federation
Zionism_in_Morocco
to the dissemination of Zionist literature and the popularization of the shekel. In 1919, the Tetuani Rabbi Judah Leon Jalfón [he], a pillar of Zionism
Jewish_community_of_Tétouan
Book of Jewish law by Rabbi Joseph Karo
("Entry to Responsa") by Hayyim Mordecai Margolioth Machatzit HaShekel ("Half-Shekel") by Samuel Loew While these major commentaries enjoy widespread
Shulchan_Aruch
Supernatural being
were widely venerated. In the Sumerian pantheon, deities had multiple functions, which included presiding over procreation, rains, irrigation, agriculture
Deity
channel and the Pool of Siloam in the Lower City silted up and ceased to function, and in many places the city walls collapsed. [...] Following the destruction
History_of_Jerusalem
City in Israel
to Israel's first atomic reactor, an image of which appeared on a 0.50 Shekel stamp. When Mayor Meir Sheetrit assumed office in 1974, the city became
Yavne
Tactile writing system
Mexican bank notes, Australian bank notes, Indian rupee notes, Israeli new shekel notes and Russian ruble notes also have special raised symbols to make them
Braille
Emissary soliciting funds for Jewish settlements in Israel
destruction of the Second Temple. Historically, the Diaspora would send the half-shekel Temple tax to Jerusalem to fund Temple sacrifices and communal needs, but
Meshulach
Metals suitable for making coins
similar silver coin, the siglos, (from Ancient Greek σίγλος, Hebrew שֶׁקֶל (shékel)) represented the bimetallic monetary standard of the Achaemenid Persian
Coinage_metals
Interim government in Western Asia
for over $270 million". Ynetnews. Retrieved 16 July 2025. "A One-Billion-Shekel Lawsuit Accuses the Palestinian Authority of Funding and Supporting the
Palestinian_Authority
1944–1948 paramilitary terror campaign
B. Dear and M. R. D. Foot. Oxford University Press, 2001. The Mauritian shekel: the story of the Jewish detainees in Mauritius, 1940–1945 by Geneviève
Jewish insurgency in Mandatory Palestine
Jewish_insurgency_in_Mandatory_Palestine
De facto government in the Gaza Strip
said the Ismail Haniyeh government would remain in office and continue to function as the government of the Palestinian National Authority. With Hamas in
Gaza_Strip_under_Hamas
Monetary system
3100 to 2500 BC, along with barley. Sometime before 2500 BC, the silver shekel became their standard currency, with tablets recording the price of timber
Silver_standard
Economist, Governor of the Bank of Israel
bonds as collateral; supporting the foreign exchange market through dollar/shekel swaps; helping to increase the supply of credit to small and micro businesses
Amir_Yaron
2012. Nathan, D. L. “A Hebrew Letter on the New World's First Coins?” The Shekel. Vol. XXXIX, No. 1, January-February 2006, pp. 8-14. http://numismatics
History_of_the_Jews_in_Mexico
(skŭlędzĭ), probably derived from West Germanic schilling, shilling or shekel (a pound in Hebrew), likely refer to dirhams. In the northern regions, Western
Money_of_Kievan_Rus'
if an ox gores a slave, the ox owner must pay the servant's master a 30 shekel fine. The murder of slaves by owners was prohibited in the Law covenant
The_Bible_and_slavery
Series of standards for 8-bit character encodings
be used in conjunction with a separate standard defining the control functions associated with these bytes, such as ISO 6429 or ISO 6630. To this end
ISO/IEC_8859
Pro-Israel media monitoring organization
2026. Lis, Jonathan (September 30, 2025). "Israel approves 150-million-shekel boost to Foreign Ministry's hasbara budget". Haaretz. Retrieved February
HonestReporting
Israeli organized crime group
Ofer Maximov, that led to his sister Etti Alon's embezzling 250 million shekel. The money was given out as loans to Israeli businesspeople in the United
Abergil_crime_family
Legal frameworks for the right to know
via FOIL—i.e., an official letter designated as such and including the 95 shekel fee. Thus an Israeli citizen in many cases cannot simply write a letter
Freedom of information laws by country
Freedom_of_information_laws_by_country
23rd weekly Torah portion or parashah
Bezalel, Oholiab, and their coworkers used. The silver came from the half-shekel a head for each man 20 years old or older who was counted in the census
Pekudei
SHEKEL FUNCTION
SHEKEL FUNCTION
Boy/Male
Indian, Sanskrit
Good Character
Female
English
Variant spelling of English Cheryl, possibly SHERYL means "darling beryl."
Surname or Lastname
English
English : variant of Sherrin.
Boy/Male
Muslim
All comprehensive, Complete
Boy/Male
Hindu
Character, Custom, Nature
Male
English
Anglicized form of Hebrew Shemuwel, SHEMUEL means "heard of God," "his name is El," or "name of God." In the bible, this is the name of several characters, including a son of Elkanah by Hannah.
Girl/Female
Muslim
Pretty
Surname or Lastname
English (Shropshire)
English (Shropshire) : unexplained. Origin unidentified.
Male
Hebrew
(דֶּקֶל) Hebrew name DEKEL means "date/palm tree."
Surname or Lastname
English
English : habitational name from Shell, a place in Worcestershire, so named from Old English scylf ‘bank’, ‘shelf’.Jewish (Ashkenazic) : ornamental name from German Schelle ‘bell’.Americanized spelling of German Schall or Schill.
Male
Hebrew
(ש×ֶמֶר) Hebrew name SHEMER means "dregs (of wine)." In the bible, this is the name of several characters, including the owner of the hill where Samaria was built.Â
Male
Yiddish
Pet form of Yiddish Eizik, SEKEL means "he will laugh."Â
Surname or Lastname
English
English : perhaps a variant form of Sewell.
Male
Hebrew
(הֶבֶל) Hebrew name HEBEL means "breath, breathing." In the bible, this is the name of the second son of Adam and Eve who was killed by his jealous brother Cain. Also spelled Hevel.
Girl/Female
Biblical
Half a shekel.
Biblical
half a shekel
Male
Hebrew
Contracted form of Hebrew Shemuwel, SHMUEL means "heard of God," "his name is El," or "name of God."Â
Female
Hindi/Indian
(शीला) Hindi name SHEELA means "conduct."
Female
English
Variant spelling of English Sherry, SHEREE means "darling."
Male
English
Short form of English unisex Shelley, SHELL means "clearing near a ledge/slope."
SHEKEL FUNCTION
SHEKEL FUNCTION
Boy/Male
Muslim
Rock
Girl/Female
Tamil
Combination of rose and Anna
Boy/Male
Arabic, Indian
Sweet Moment
Boy/Male
German
From the Linden Tree Mountain
Boy/Male
Gujarati, Hindu, Indian, Kannada, Malayalam, Marathi, Sanskrit, Tamil, Telugu
Purifier; Water; Air; Pure; Sacred; Breeze; Wind
Girl/Female
Arabic, Australian
Wise
Girl/Female
Hindu
Musical, Music
Girl/Female
Indian
Respect, Cover, Contentment
Female
Yiddish
Variant spelling of Yiddish Yentel, YENTL means "aristocratic; noble," or, literally, "nice; well-meaning; good-hearted."Â
Boy/Male
Christian, Dutch, French, German, Greek, Netherlands
Royal; Kingly; King; Basil (the Herb); Diminutive of Basil
SHEKEL FUNCTION
SHEKEL FUNCTION
SHEKEL FUNCTION
SHEKEL FUNCTION
SHEKEL FUNCTION
v. t.
To take up and throw with a shovel; as, to shovel earth into a heap, or into a cart, or out of a pit.
v. t.
To strip or break off the shell of; to take out of the shell, pod, etc.; as, to shell nuts or pease; to shell oysters.
v. t.
To put under a sheal or shelter.
v. t.
To expand, as a sheet.
n.
An instrument or implement made of steel
v. t.
To furnish with a sheet or sheets; to wrap in, or cover with, a sheet, or as with a sheet.
v. i.
To fall off, as a shell, crust, etc.
n.
A spinning wheel. See under Spinning.
n.
A shekel.
n.
A person or thing that shakes, or by means of which something is shaken.
a.
Caused to shake; agitated; as, a shaken bough.
n.
To overlay, point, or edge with steel; as, to steel a razor; to steel an ax.
a.
Cracked or checked; split. See Shake, n., 2.
v. t.
To gather up as with a shovel.
n.
A potter's wheel. See under Potter.
p. p.
of Shake
v. i.
Being only what it seems to be; obvious; simple; mere; downright; as, sheer folly; sheer nonsense.
n.
A shell or pod.