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Use of models as a basis for simulations
Modeling and simulation (M&S) is the use of models (e.g., physical, mathematical, behavioral, or logical representation of a system, entity, phenomenon
Modeling_and_simulation
Type of computational models
behaviors into a simulation model where agent behaviors are represented Agent-based Modeling Resources, an information hub for modelers, methods, and philosophy
Agent-based_model
Simulation modeling is the process of creating and analyzing a digital prototype of a physical model to predict its performance in the real world. Simulation
Simulation_modeling
Process of mathematical modelling, performed on a computer
modeling of application performance flight simulators to train pilots weather forecasting Numerical modeling (geology) forecasting of risk simulation
Computer_simulation
Imitation of the operation of a real-world process or system over time
Architecture. Modeling and simulation as a service is where simulation is accessed as a service over the web. Modeling, interoperable simulation and serious
Simulation
Theoretical framework
conceptual modeling techniques and methods include: workflow modeling, workforce modeling, rapid application development, object-role modeling, and the
Conceptual_model
computer simulation models is conducted during the development of a simulation model with the ultimate goal of producing an accurate and credible model. "Simulation
Verification and validation of computer simulation models
Verification_and_validation_of_computer_simulation_models
Army Modeling & Simulation Office (AMSO) is a US Army organization within the Office of the Deputy Chief of Staff G-8 of the United States Army, Center
Army Modeling & Simulation Office
Army_Modeling_&_Simulation_Office
Method of estimating crop growth based on environmental factors
Messina, Carlos D. (2004). "From genome to crop: integration through simulation modeling". Field Crops Research. 90 (1): 145–163. Bibcode:2004FCrRe..90..145H
Crop_simulation_model
Type of simulation
(2000). Simulation modeling and analysis – third edition. McGraw–Hill. Bernard P. Zeigler; Herbert Praehofer; Tag Gon Kim (2000). Theory of modeling and simulation:
Discrete-event_simulation
Probabilistic problem-solving algorithm
not Monte Carlo simulations – for example, deterministic modeling using single-point estimates. Each uncertain variable within a model is assigned a "best
Monte_Carlo_method
Engineering model
Though using surrogate models in lieu of experiments and simulations in engineering design is more common, surrogate modeling may be used in many other
Surrogate_model
The Simulation Model Portability is a standard for simulation models developed by ESA together with various stakeholders in the European Space Industry
Simulation_Model_Portability
open-source equation-based modelling environment. Blender – 3D creation suite with support for modeling, animation, simulation, and rendering. Cantera -
List of computer simulation software
List_of_computer_simulation_software
Scientific activity that produces models
method) will always be more reliable than modeled estimates of outcomes. Within modeling and simulation, a model is a task-driven, purposeful simplification
Scientific_modelling
Computer modelling of a petroleum reservoir
characterization" is sometimes used to refer to reservoir modeling activities up to the point when a simulation model is ready to simulate the flow of fluids. Commercially
Reservoir_modeling
Computer model of a physical system that continuously tracks system response
put to the Eniac) electric circuit simulation robotics Established in 1952, the Society for Modeling and Simulation International (SCS) is a nonprofit
Continuous_simulation
Type of simulation
question of the model, "When will we win?" Apparently the computer replied, "You won in 1964!" Military exercise Modeling and simulation Military Operations
Military_simulation
The Modeling and Simulation Coordination Office (M&SCO) was an organization within the United States Department of Defense that provided modeling and
Modeling and Simulation Coordination Office
Modeling_and_Simulation_Coordination_Office
Multimethod simulation modeling tool
AnyLogic is a multimethod simulation modeling tool developed by The AnyLogic Company (formerly XJ Technologies). It supports agent-based, discrete event
AnyLogic
Research field that applies to methods of studying issues in social science
types of social simulation: System level simulation. System level modeling. Agent-based simulation. Agent-based modeling. A social simulation may fall within
Social_simulation
Replication of aspects of building performance
Building performance simulation (BPS) is the replication of aspects of building performance using a computer-based, mathematical model created on the basis
Building performance simulation
Building_performance_simulation
Creating a computer model of all or part of a brain
capabilities. Some simulations may only consider the behaviour of areas without modeling individual neurons. Other simulations model the behaviour of individual
Brain_simulation
Mathematical modeling of transportation systems
Traffic simulation or the simulation of transportation systems is the mathematical modeling of transportation systems (e.g., freeway junctions, arterial
Traffic_simulation
Modeling financial systems
Financial modeling is the task of building an abstract representation (a model) of a real world financial situation. This is a mathematical model designed
Financial_modeling
Typically mathematical representation of an ecological system
ecological modeling. CRC Press. pp. 403–404. ISBN 978-1-56670-202-7. Grant, William Edward & Swannack, Todd M. (2008). Ecological modeling: a common-sense
Ecosystem_model
Process of building computer models of energy systems in order to analyze them
Energy modeling or energy system modeling is the process of building computer models of energy systems in order to analyze them. Such models often employ
Energy_modeling
Computer modeling of time-varying behavior of a dynamical system
Dynamical system simulation or dynamic system simulation is the use of a computer program to model the time-varying behavior of a dynamical system. The
Dynamical_system_simulation
The agent-based modeling (ABM) community has developed several practical agent based modeling toolkits that enable individuals to develop agent-based
Comparison of agent-based modeling software
Comparison_of_agent-based_modeling_software
Simulation of wildfire behavior
Wildfire modeling is concerned with numerical simulation of wildfires to comprehend and predict fire behavior. Wildfire modeling aims to aid wildfire
Wildfire_modeling
Discovering chemical properties by physical simulations
molecular modeling List of software for nanostructures modeling Molecular design software Molecular engineering Molecular graphics Molecular model Molecular
Molecular_modelling
Software that models a real phenomenon with a set of mathematical formulas
Simulation software is software that models a real phenomenon with a set of mathematical formulas. It allows a user to see the results of an action without
Simulation_software
Form of computer-aided engineering
or used in a computer simulation of physical phenomena. 3D models may be created automatically or manually. The manual modeling process of preparing geometric
3D_modeling
Carlo molecular modeling List of software for nanostructures modeling Molecular design software Molecular dynamics Molecular modeling on GPUs Molecule
Comparison of software for molecular mechanics modeling
Comparison_of_software_for_molecular_mechanics_modeling
Agent-based social simulation (or ABSS) consists of social simulations that are based on agent-based modeling, and implemented using artificial agent technologies
Agent-based_social_simulation
Balci (2012), "A Life Cycle for Modeling and Simulation," Simulation: Transactions of the Society for Modeling and Simulation International 88, 7, 870–883
Software_Process_simulation
Video game genre
(2000): Theory of Modeling and Simulation, Elsevier Academic Press Wikimedia Commons has media related to Simulation video games. Simulation & Gaming – An
Simulation_video_game
ChemCad and MATLAB, PRO are the commonly used process simulators for modeling, simulation and optimization of a distillation process in the chemical industries
Modeling and simulation of batch distillation unit
Modeling_and_simulation_of_batch_distillation_unit
Simulation-based optimization (also known as simply simulation optimization) integrates optimization techniques into simulation modeling and analysis.
Simulation-based_optimization
Simulation software
simulation Computer model Process optimization Simulation software List of discrete event simulation software Concannon et al. Simulation Modeling with SIMUL8
Simul8
Simulation software
healthcare systems modeling environment (FlexSim HC). FlexSim development began in late-2001 as an unnamed development project of F&H Simulations, Inc., a U.S
FlexSim
Latin phrase referring to computer simulations
the simulation of clinical trials: the paradigm of in silico radiation oncology". SIMULATION: Transactions of the Society for Modeling and Simulation International
In_silico
Mathematical field
chemical reactions, diffusion). Statistical modeling techniques are increasingly integrated into multiscale modeling frameworks to bridge information between
Multiscale_modeling
Quantitative methods used to simulate climate
Advancing Climate Modeling". Archived from the original on 18 October 2012. Retrieved 3 October 2012. Loft, Richard (2020). "Earth System Modeling Must Become
Climate_model
Models replicating electronic behavior
simulation uses mathematical models to replicate the behavior of an actual electronic device or circuit. Simulation software allows for the modeling of
Electronic_circuit_simulation
multiphase modeling, e. g. for transmission of COVID-19 in elevators based on CFD Onset of Symptoms of COVID-19 simulation (Stochastic Progression Model) by
List of COVID-19 simulation models
List_of_COVID-19_simulation_models
concept of multi-use simulation models relates to the notion of pre-designed templates that are developed for use in simulation projects that simulate
Multi-use_simulation_models
Model of movement
Multi-scale behavioral models for urban crisis training simulation (PDF). 16th Conference on Behavior Representation in Modeling and Simulation 2007. p. 317. Archived
Crowd_simulation
implications in terms of modeling choices (see further). System-level simulation shares some other characteristics with CPS simulation in general: SLS involves
System-level_simulation
Technology used for training aircrew
require an aerodynamic model, but accurate systems modeling is required. FAA FTD Level 5 – Aerodynamic programming and systems modeling is required, but it
Flight_simulator
Model simulating an emergency evacuation
Evacuation models are simulation tools designed to predict the movement and behaviour of individuals during an emergency evacuation. These models are today
Evacuation_model
American entrepreneur and business executive (born 1965)
simulation modeling for a software integration company. In 1988, Saylor became an internal consultant at DuPont, where he developed computer models to
Michael_J._Saylor
System of multiple interacting agents
Pattern-oriented modeling PlatBox Project Reinforcement learning Scientific community metaphor Self-reconfiguring modular robot Simulated reality Social simulation Software
Multi-agent_system
Using computer models to predict the flow of fluids through porous media
Reservoir simulation is an area of reservoir engineering in which computer models are used to predict the flow of fluids (typically, oil, water, and gas)
Reservoir_simulation
Academic journal
Defense Modeling and Simulation is a quarterly peer-reviewed academic journal that covers the field of engineering, especially modeling and simulation as it
The Journal of Defense Modeling and Simulation
The_Journal_of_Defense_Modeling_and_Simulation
Interdisciplinary field of engineering
of these tools can be seen here: System architecture System model, modeling, and simulation Mathematical optimization System dynamics Systems analysis
Systems_engineering
Mesohabitat simulation model (MesoHABSIM), created by Dr. Piotr Parasiewicz, addresses the requirements of watershed-based management of running waters
Mesohabitat_simulation_model
"Mechanistic Virtual Modeling: Coupling a Plant Simulation Model with a Three-dimensional Plant Architecture Component". Environmental Modeling and Assessment
Plant_Simulation
Standard for distributed simulation
the Defense Modeling and Simulation Office (DMSO) the task of “assuring interoperability and reusability of defense models and simulations”. In 1995 DMSO
High_Level_Architecture
Discrete event simulation software
Arena is a discrete event simulation and automation software developed by Systems Modeling and acquired by Rockwell Automation in 2000. It uses the SIMAN
Arena_(software)
In co-simulation, the different subsystems that form a coupled problem are modeled and simulated in a distributed manner. Hence, the modeling is done
Co-simulation
German electronics and software company
that will run on an ECU, usually by modeling them graphically. This process can be performed with Simulink, modeling software from MathWorks, and is outside
DSPACE_(company)
Visual programming language for system dynamics modeling
personal lives". STELLA's approach to modeling systems shares some similarities with a precursor, the DYNAMO simulation language. DYNAMO explicitly defined
STELLA_(programming_language)
normal distribution. Simulation necessary. A Nevo (2000). "Practitioners Guide to Estimation of Random Coefficients Logit Models of Demand," Journal of
Choice_model_simulation
Use of mathematical models to simulate turbulent flow
In fluid dynamics, turbulence modeling is the construction and use of a mathematical model to predict the effects of turbulence. Turbulent flows are commonplace
Turbulence_modeling
Traffic simulation product
network. TransModeler is a traffic simulation package applicable to a wide array of traffic planning and modeling tasks. TransModeler can simulate many
TransModeler
Modeling for semiconductor fabrication
Semiconductor process simulation is the modeling of the fabrication of semiconductor devices such as transistors. It is a branch of electronic design automation
Semiconductor process simulation
Semiconductor_process_simulation
Military unit
Agency for Modeling and Simulation (AFAMS) in June 1996 at Orlando, Florida. AFAMS mission is to enhance and leverage Modeling & Simulation to support
Air Force Agency for Modeling and Simulation
Air_Force_Agency_for_Modeling_and_Simulation
Use of conceptual models
models the systems modeling, analysis, and design efforts the systems modeling and simulation, such as system dynamics any specific systems modeling language
Systems_modeling
Branch of physics
(CEM), computational electrodynamics or electromagnetic modeling is the process of modeling the interaction of electromagnetic fields with physical objects
Computational electromagnetics
Computational_electromagnetics
Programming environment
extends Simulink with support for physical modeling. Developed by MathWorks, it enables the modeling and simulation of multidomain physical systems by connecting
Simulink
Type of data analysis
collaborative processes in combining rapid scenario prototyping, simulation modeling, design of experiments, high performance computing, and analysis
Data_farming
System design principle that deals with the inter-relationships of components
parts. In simulation theory, current literature distinguishes between Composability of Models and Interoperability of Simulation. Modeling is understood
Composability
American sociologist (1941–2020)
major simulation work, between 2009 and 2012, addresses college student retention. He and demographer, Martin Spielauer, developed a computer model called
Ronald_Anderson
mixed-mode processes. There are three main ExtendSim simulation model building packages: CP for modeling continuous processes; DE which adds discrete event
ExtendSim
engineering problems and includes computational fluid dynamics, simulation, modeling, and seismic tomography (particularly in the petrochemical industry)
High-performance technical computing
High-performance_technical_computing
Agent-based segregation model
computed over the iterations of the simulation as is done with other physical systems. The canonical Schelling model does not consider variables which may
Schelling's model of segregation
Schelling's_model_of_segregation
Type of computer modelling
Asset Modeling (IAM) software enables the coupling of a wide number of simulation software applications including reservoir simulation models (Eclipse
Integrated_asset_modelling
United States Air Force general
for Simulation, a non-profit, national membership organization (based in Orlando, Florida) which works to expand awareness of simulation modeling, training
Thomas_L._Baptiste
Video game terminology
Computer games, simulations, models, and operations research programs often require a mechanism to determine statistically how likely the engagement between
Probability_of_kill
The Policy Simulation Model (PSM) is a static microsimulation model which encapsulates the tax and benefits system, and population, of Great Britain. It
Policy_Simulation_Model
Digital replica of a living or non-living physical entity
(2020-03-11). "How to tell the difference between a model and a digital twin". Advanced Modeling and Simulation in Engineering Sciences. 7 (1) 13. doi:10
Digital_twin
Software application
simulation models and increase the flexibility in the connection of external simulation tools and models. SimulationX is used for designing, modeling
SimulationX
Simulation platform
GAMA (GIS Agent-based Modeling Architecture) is a simulation platform with a complete modelling and simulation integrated development environment (IDE)
GAMA_Platform
Virtual recreation of a destructive car crash
A crash simulation is a virtual recreation of a destructive crash test of a car or a highway guard rail system using a computer simulation in order to
Crash_simulation
train the model, low-fidelity data can sometimes be used. For example, low-fidelity data can be acquired by using a distributed simulation platform, such
Multifidelity_simulation
Computer simulations to discover and understand chemical properties
structure-based drug discovery modeling, vis-à-vis the need for many modeled compounds, Hatmal et al. proposed a combination of MD simulation and ligand-receptor
Molecular_dynamics
providing modeling and simulation applications, and as such, is an emerging area of investigation within the simulation community. Web-based simulation is used
Web-based_simulation
Simulation software by CreateASoft Inc.
simulation approaches, including discrete-event simulation, agent-based simulation, stochastic modeling, continuous modeling, mathematical modeling,
Simcad_Pro
Systems engineering methodology
more Modeling and Simulation topics, in an attempt to bridge the gap between system model specifications and related system software simulations. As a
Model-based systems engineering
Model-based_systems_engineering
graphical modeling tool used to depict interactions among objects within a system. It is commonly used in the field of discrete event simulation, following
Activity_cycle_diagram
Estimation of the production of a wind farm
use in external wind data analysis software, wind flow modeling software, or wind farm modeling software. Many data logger manufacturers offer wind data
Wind_resource_assessment
includes the scientific modeling of history. This might also be termed computer modeling of history, historical simulation, or simulation of history - allowing
Historical_dynamics
Video game genre
car's brakes and tires. Damage is often modeled as a single variable, with more accurate simulations modeling damage to different areas of the car with
Vehicle_simulation_game
Simulated environment
conflict. MNE4 required an extensive international modeling and simulation (M&S) development effort with models provided by France, Germany and the United States
Synthetic Environment for Analysis and Simulations
Synthetic_Environment_for_Analysis_and_Simulations
Simulating computer networks
access points, links, etc. Most simulators use discrete event simulation in which the modeling of systems in which state variables change at discrete points
Network_simulation
Virginia Modeling, Analysis and Simulation Center (VMASC) is a multi-disciplinary research center of Old Dominion University. VMASC supports the University's
Virginia Modeling, Analysis and Simulation Center
Virginia_Modeling,_Analysis_and_Simulation_Center
Iterative decision analytic framework
below: exploratory modeling and scenario discovery. Many RDM analyses use an exploratory modeling approach, with computer simulations used not as a device
Robust_decision-making
Tool for modeling the design and behavior of a microprocessor
Microarchitecture simulation is an important technique in computer architecture research and computer science education. It is a tool for modeling the design
Microarchitecture_simulation
Academic journal
International Journal of Modelling and Simulation is a leading peer-reviewed scientific journal covering the fields of modeling and simulation. The editor-in-chief
International Journal of Modelling and Simulation
International_Journal_of_Modelling_and_Simulation
SIMULATION MODELING
SIMULATION MODELING
Surname or Lastname
English
English : habitational name from any of the various places so called from their situation on a stream with this name. Humber is a common prehistoric river name, of uncertain origin and meaning.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : topographic name for someone who lived on the bank of a river or on a slope (from Old English Åfer ‘seashore’, ‘riverbank’, or from the originally distinct word ofer ‘slope’, ‘bank’, ‘ridge’). The two terms, being of similar meaning as well as similar form, fell together in the Middle English period. The surname may also be a habitational name from places named with one or other of these words, which can only be distinguished with reference to their situation. Over in Cambridgeshire is on a riverbank, whereas examples in Cheshire and Derbyshire are not; Over in Gloucestershire is on the bank of the Severn, but also at the foot of a hill.North German : topographic name denoting someone who lived above or beyond a settlement or feature.Swedish (Över) : ornamental name of unexplained origin.
Surname or Lastname
Chinese
Chinese : variant of Tang 2.Chinese : variant of Tang 3.Chinese : from a modification of the character Zhong (). In the Xia dynasty (2205–1766 bc), there existed a senior adviser whose name was Zhonggu. Much later, in the Ming dynasty (1368–1644 ad), some descendants settled along a river that became known as the Tong Family river. As the Manchus moved southwards, some took up residence by this river and they too adopted Tong as their surname.Chinese : from Lao Tong, the ‘style name’ given to a son of Zhuan Xu, legendary emperor of the 26th century bc. Two of his sons became important advisers to the next emperor, Ku. Some descendants of Lao Tong adopted a character from his style name as their surname.Chinese : see also Dong.English : metonymic occupational name for a maker or user of tongs (Old English tang(e)), or a habitational name from one of the places named with this word (there are examples in Lancashire, Shropshire, and West Yorkshire), from their situation by a fork in a road or river, considered as resembling a pair of tongs.English : topographic name for someone who lived on a tongue of land, or a habitational name from a place named with this word (Old English tunge, Old Norse tunga), for example Tonge in Leicestershire.Dutch : from a short form of the personal name Antonius (see Anthony). It could also be from Dutch tong ‘tongue’ and hence a nickname for a chatterbox or scold, or possibly a shortening of Van Tongeren, a habitational name for someone from Tongeren in the province of Gelderland.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : habitational name from any of the extremely numerous places throughout England so called from Old English stÄn ‘stone’ + tÅ«n ‘enclosure’, ‘settlement’. Most of them are named for their situation on stony ground, but in the case of Stanton Harcourt in Oxfordshire and Stanton Drew in Avon the reference is to the proximity of prehistoric stone monuments. The name has also sometimes been chosen by Ashkenazic Jews as an Americanized form of various like-sounding Jewish surnames. This surname has long been established in Ireland also.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : from a Middle English personal name. This is either Aldan, a variant of Healfdane (see Haldane), or Aldine, Old English Ealdwine, literally ‘old friend’, but probably to be interpreted as ‘friend of the past’.Norwegian : habitational name from a farmstead in western Norway, so named because of its situation below a high mountain.John Alden (c.1599–1687) was one of the Pilgrim Fathers who sailed on the Mayflower in 1620. He moved from Plymouth to Duxbury, MA, about 1627. Many of his descendants were merchant seamen, among them James Alden (1810–77), who twice circumnavigated the globe.
Boy/Male
Indian
Situation
Surname or Lastname
English and German
English and German : from a Middle English personal name, Ode, in which personal names of several different origins have coalesced: principally Old English Od(d)a, Old Norse Od(d)a and Continental Germanic Odo, Otto. The first two are short forms of names with the first element Old English ord, Old Norse odd ‘point of a weapon’. The Continental Germanic names are from a short form of compound names with the first element od- ‘possessions’, ‘riches’. The situation is further confused by the fact that all of these names were Latinized as Odo. Odo was the name of the half-brother of the Conqueror, archbishop of Bayeux, who accompanied the Norman expedition to England and was rewarded with 439 confiscated manors. The German name Odo or Otto was a hereditary name in the Saxon ruling house, as well as being borne by Otto von Wittelsbach, who founded the Bavarian ruling dynasty in the 11th century, and the 12th-century Otto of Bamberg, apostle of Pomerania.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : habitational name from a place in West Yorkshire called Bland, the origin of which is uncertain. Possibly it is from Old English (ge)bland ‘storm’, ‘commotion’ (from blandan ‘to blend or mingle’), with reference to its exposed situation. The modern English adjective bland did not come into English (from Latin) until the 15th century, and is therefore unlikely to have given rise to surnames.French : nickname from Old French blant ‘flattering’ (Latin blandus).
SIMULATION MODELING
SIMULATION MODELING
Girl/Female
Spanish American
pleasantness.
Boy/Male
Arabic, Muslim
Name of a Companion of the Prophet PBUH
Surname or Lastname
English and Scottish
English and Scottish : habitational name from any of various places called Whitestone, Whitestone Farm, or Whitstone, in Sussex, county Durham, Perth, and elsewhere.
Boy/Male
Gujarati, Hindu, Indian, Kannada
Full of Strength
Boy/Male
Indian, Russian, Turkish
Little
Girl/Female
Arabic, Hindu, Indian, Kannada, Malayalam, Marathi, Sanskrit, Tamil, Telugu
Goddess Durga; Partner; Participant; Autumn
Surname or Lastname
Norwegian
Norwegian : habitational name from any of several farmsteads, so named from Old Norse hlað ‘pile or stack’ (for example, of wood or stones) or ‘pavement’.North German : short form of Ladwig, a variant of Ludwig.English : topographic name for someone living by a road, path, or watercourse, Middle English lade, lode (Old English (ge)lÄd).
Girl/Female
Hindu, Indian
Endowed with Complete Concentration
Boy/Male
Indian
Relevant, Pertinent, Correct, Right
Boy/Male
Hindu
Nectar, Wine
SIMULATION MODELING
SIMULATION MODELING
SIMULATION MODELING
SIMULATION MODELING
SIMULATION MODELING
n.
The act of stipulating; a contracting or bargaining; an agreement.
n.
The situation, arrangement, and structure of the stipules.
n.
Stipulation; agreement.
n.
Stimulation.
n.
The act of heaping together; a heap. See Accumulation.
p. pr. & vb. n.
of Simulate
n.
A pricking; stimulation.
n.
The act of stimulating, or the state of being stimulated.
n.
Place; situation.
n.
Stimulation.
n.
The time of remaining in the nest.
n.
Manner in which an object is placed; location, esp. as related to something else; position; locality site; as, a house in a pleasant situation.
n.
Assimilation.
n.
Utterance with a hissing sound; also, the sound itself; a hiss.
n.
Emulation; rivalry.
n.
That which is stipulated, or agreed upon; that which is definitely arranged or contracted; an agreement; a covenant; a contract or bargain; also, any particular article, item, or condition, in a mutual agreement; as, the stipulations of the allied powers to furnish each his contingent of troops.
n.
The act of simulating, or assuming an appearance which is feigned, or not true; -- distinguished from dissimulation, which disguises or conceals what is true.
n.
Permanent position or employment; place; office; as, a situation in a store; a situation under government.
n.
The irritating action of various agents (stimuli) on muscles, nerves, or a sensory end organ, by which activity is evoked; especially, the nervous impulse produced by various agents on nerves, or a sensory end organ, by which the part connected with the nerve is thrown into a state of activity; irritation.
n.
A material article of an agreement; an undertaking in the nature of bail taken in the admiralty courts; a bargain.