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Quantitative methods used to simulate climate
Numerical climate models (or climate system models, or earth system models) are mathematical models that can simulate the interactions of important drivers
Climate_model
Human-caused changes to climate on Earth
Present-day climate change includes both global warming—the ongoing increase in global average temperature—and its wider effects on Earth's climate system
Climate_change
Long-term weather pattern of a region
evidence—such as tree rings and coral. Climate models are mathematical models of past, present, and future climates. Climate change may occur over long and short
Climate
Type of climate model
A general circulation model (GCM) is a type of climate model. It employs a mathematical model of the general circulation of a planetary atmosphere or
General_circulation_model
Concept in climate science
Climate sensitivity is a key measure in climate science and describes how much Earth's surface will warm in response to a doubling of the atmospheric
Climate_sensitivity
the climate system and the global environment. Since 1995, the IPSL Climate Modeling Center (IPSL-CMC) has been developing and using climate models to
Climate_of_France
Actions to reduce net greenhouse gas emissions to limit climate change
Climate change mitigation, also called decarbonisation, is an action to limit the greenhouse gases in the atmosphere that cause climate change. Climate
Climate_change_mitigation
Tropical atmospheric circulation feature
Observations and climate modelling indicate that the Hadley circulation has expanded poleward since at least the 1980s as a result of climate change, with
Hadley_cell
System of surface and deep currents in the Atlantic Ocean
much of this weakening is due to climate change or the circulation's natural variability over millennia. Climate models predict the AMOC will further weaken
Atlantic meridional overturning circulation
Atlantic_meridional_overturning_circulation
Mathematical model of atmospheric motions
primitive-equation models, followed by the United Kingdom in 1972 and Australia in 1977. The development of global forecasting models led to the first climate models. The
Atmospheric_model
Collaboration for climate change study
climatology, the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP) is a collaborative framework designed to improve knowledge of climate change. It was organized
Coupled Model Intercomparison Project
Coupled_Model_Intercomparison_Project
Jonathan; Harvey, Fiona (29 April 2026). "'Suicidal' model of capitalism leading to war and fascism, climate summit told". The Guardian. Archived from the original
2026_in_climate_change
Scientific activity that produces models
debate often concerns which is the better model for a given task, e.g., which is the more accurate climate model for seasonal forecasting. Attempts to formalize
Scientific_modelling
Critical thresholds in climate science
In climate science, a tipping point is a critical threshold that, when crossed, leads to large, accelerating and often irreversible changes in the climate
Tipping points in the climate system
Tipping_points_in_the_climate_system
Weather prediction software
The Unified Model is a numerical weather prediction and climate modeling software suite originally developed by the United Kingdom Met Office from 1990
Unified_Model
NASA research facility
The Mars Climate Modeling Center (MCMC) is a NASA research facility located at the NASA Ames Research Center in Moffett Field, California, within the Planetary
Mars_Climate_Modeling_Center
Orbits where planets may have liquid surface water
developed a model for habitable zones across stars with different brightness using a simple climate model. Refinements of the climate model and extension
Habitable_zone
Global climate phenomenon
ENSO Variability and a Super-ENSO Pair in the CSIRO Mark 3 Coupled Climate Model". Monthly Weather Review. 131 (7): 1189–1210. doi:10
Super_El_Niño_events
Weather prediction using mathematical models of the atmosphere and oceans
Mathematical models based on the same physical principles can be used to generate either short-term weather forecasts or longer-term climate predictions;
Numerical_weather_prediction
American physicist (born 1941)
on Earth's climate. His development and use of global climate models has contributed to the further understanding of the Earth's climate. In 2009, his
James_Hansen
International environmental treaty
Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) is the UN process for negotiating an agreement to limit dangerous climate change. It is an international
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
United_Nations_Framework_Convention_on_Climate_Change
Scientific study of climate
(IPO). Climate models are used for a variety of purposes from studying the dynamics of the weather and climate system to predictions of future climate. The
Climatology
The Program for Climate Model Diagnosis and Intercomparison (PCMDI) is a program at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory in Livermore, California
Program for Climate Model Diagnosis and Intercomparison
Program_for_Climate_Model_Diagnosis_and_Intercomparison
American military base in Greenland (1959–1967)
Century were used to create stable isotopes analyses used to develop climate models. Analysis of soil contained in the samples suggests that the site was
Camp_Century
Category in the Köppen climate classification system
A humid continental climate is a climatic region defined by Russo-German climatologist Wladimir Köppen in 1900, typified by four distinct seasons and
Humid_continental_climate
Hypothetical climatic effect of nuclear war
famine, and an animal mass extinction event. Climate researchers study nuclear winter via computer models and scenarios. Results are highly dependent on
Nuclear_winter
Parametrization (or parameterization) in an atmospheric model (either weather model or climate model) is a method of replacing processes that are too small-scale
Parametrization (atmospheric modeling)
Parametrization_(atmospheric_modeling)
Climate and weather data provider
to climate and weather model data. To address a growing need for remote access to high volume numerical weather prediction and global climate models and
NOAA National Operational Model Archive and Distribution System
NOAA_National_Operational_Model_Archive_and_Distribution_System
Climatic effect causing a planet's atmosphere to trap heat and prevent cooling
is strongly dependent on the model used to calculate the Simpson–Nakajima or moist greenhouse limit. The climate models used to calculate these limits
Runaway_greenhouse_effect
mathematics, atmospheric science, as well as climate modelling. He is the author of a book Models for Tropical Climate Dynamics: Waves, Clouds, and Precipitation
Boualem_Khouider
The Community Climate System Model (CCSM) is a coupled general circulation model (GCM) developed by the University Corporation for Atmospheric Research
Community Climate System Model
Community_Climate_System_Model
Aspect of meteorological history
development of global forecasting models led to the first climate models. The development of limited area (regional) models facilitated advances in forecasting
History of numerical weather prediction
History_of_numerical_weather_prediction
Natural disaster in Europe
derived from a data‑assimilation (Reanalysis) approach that integrates climate model simulations with documentary evidence and tree‑ring proxy records. Temperature
The year-round heat and drought of 1540 in Europe
The_year-round_heat_and_drought_of_1540_in_Europe
Feedback related to climate change
CO2 and methane emissions in ways that are difficult to model. Climate change scenarios use models to estimate how Earth will respond to greenhouse gas emissions
Climate_change_feedbacks
measure and model climate change. Research during this period has been summarized in the Assessment Reports by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
History of climate change science
History_of_climate_change_science
Algorithmic technique in ecology
anticipation of climate change). There are two main types of SDMs. Correlative SDMs, also known as climate envelope models, bioclimatic models, or resource
Species distribution modelling
Species_distribution_modelling
Measurement of electromagnetic radiation
from solar power plants, the heating and cooling loads of buildings, climate modeling and weather forecasting, passive daytime radiative cooling applications
Solar_irradiance
estimates of past climate changes suggest that the recent changes in global surface temperature are unusual. Advanced climate models are unable to replicate
Causes_of_climate_change
Feedback between climate change and the effect of clouds on radiation
climate model from the 1980s onwards. Observations and climate model results now provide high confidence that the overall cloud feedback on climate change
Cloud_feedback
Fully coupled numerical simulation of Earth systems
climate model providing state-of-art simulations of the Earth's past, present, and future. It is the successor of the Community Climate System Model (CCSM)
Community_Earth_System_Model
Computer model of climate change
Dynamic Integrated Climate-Economy model, referred to as the DICE model or Dice model, is a neoclassical integrated assessment model developed by 2018
DICE_model
Large-scale methods to reflect sunlight and cool Earth
earth. Climate models have consistently shown that SRM could reduce global warming and many effects of climate change, including some potential climate tipping
Solar_radiation_modification
Major feature of the supercontinent
Bette L. (15 September 1993). "Tropical mountains and coal formation: A climate model study of the Westphalian (306 MA)". Geophysical Research Letters. 20
Central_Pangean_Mountains
Holocene climate period during which northern Africa was wetter than today
the African humid period has been investigated with archaeology, climate modelling and paleoproxies. with archaeological sites, Deposits left by wind
African_humid_period
Weather prediction and a climate model
The Climate Forecast System or coupled forecast system (CFS) is a medium to long range numerical weather prediction and a climate model run by the National
Climate Forecast System (NCEP)
Climate_Forecast_System_(NCEP)
1967 influential scientific article on climate
dedicated to climate modelling. It is often considered to be the most influential paper in history of climate change science: the climate model that it describes
Thermal Equilibrium of the Atmosphere with a Given Distribution of Relative Humidity
Thermal_Equilibrium_of_the_Atmosphere_with_a_Given_Distribution_of_Relative_Humidity
Climate Modeling Alliance (CliMA), a multi-institutional initiative to develop a new Earth system model that uses machine learning to improve climate
Tapio_Schneider
The Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model (WACCM) is used to generate computer simulations of the dynamic processes interacting between the terrestrial
Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model
Whole_Atmosphere_Community_Climate_Model
Effect of emissions from aircraft engines
routes can be optimized: modelling CO2, H 2O and NO x effects of transatlantic flights in winter shows westbound flights climate forcing can be lowered
Environmental impact of aviation
Environmental_impact_of_aviation
Climatological research institute
The Canadian Centre for Climate Modelling and Analysis (CCCma) is part of the Climate Research Division of Environment Canada and is located at the University
Canadian Centre for Climate Modelling and Analysis
Canadian_Centre_for_Climate_Modelling_and_Analysis
Effects of climate change are well documented and growing for Earth's natural environment and human societies. Changes to the climate system include an
Effects_of_climate_change
Data visualization graphics of long-term trends of annual temperature anomalies
A climate spiral (sometimes referred to as a temperature spiral) is an animated data visualization graphic designed as a "simple and effective demonstration
Climate_spiral
Scenario of civilization collapse or human extinction by nuclear weapons
in part due to a long-lasting nuclear winter. According to modern climate models, the average temperature of Earth following a full thermonuclear war
Nuclear_holocaust
Hypothetical representation of potential future conditions
technologies. Economic and energy models, such as World3 and POLES, quantify the effects of these parameters. Climate change scenarios exist at a national
Climate_change_scenario
German oceanographer and climate modeller
[klaʊs ˈhasl̩man] ; born 25 October 1931) is a German oceanographer and climate modeller. He is Professor Emeritus at the University of Hamburg and former Director
Klaus_Hasselmann
Indian climate scientist
studying climate modeling and climate change. "A leading climate scientist", his work is cited as supporting evidence for significant stratospheric climate change
Venkatachalam_Ramaswamy
(Millions of Years Ago) Recent observations and modeling are producing information not only about the present climate and atmospheric conditions on Mars but also
Climate_of_Mars
American climatologist and climate change skeptic (born c. 1953)
include hurricanes, remote sensing, atmospheric modeling, polar climates, air-sea interactions, climate models, and the use of unmanned aerial vehicles for
Judith_Curry
Carbon-oxygen gas
of these increased CO2 concentrations, which are the primary cause of climate change. Its concentration in Earth's pre-industrial atmosphere since late
Carbon_dioxide
American climate scientist
editorial board of Climate Dynamics. Stouffer has been both a member and chair of the Working Group on Climate Modeling of the World Climate Research Program
Ronald_J._Stouffer
Scientific modeling that combines society, economy and the climate system
one modelling framework. The goal of integrated assessment modelling is to accommodate informed policy-making, usually in the context of climate change
Integrated assessment modelling
Integrated_assessment_modelling
Japanese–American meteorologist and climatologist
his contributions to the physical modeling of Earth's climate, quantifying its variability, and predictions of climate change. Born in 1931 in Shinritsu
Syukuro_Manabe
Atmospheric phenomenon
to Antarctic ozone depletion: An update with Chemistry-Climate Model Initiative (CCMI) models". Environmental Research Letters. 13 (5): 054024. Bibcode:2018ERL
Ozone_depletion
Denial of the scientific consensus on climate change
Climate change denial (also global warming denial) is a form of science denial characterized by rejecting, refusing to acknowledge, disputing, or fighting
Climate_change_denial
Large rainforest in South America
biodiversity, carbon storage and climate change at a global scale. Research from 2025 using hundreds of climate-model simulations says even passing 1.5C
Amazon_rainforest
Simplified, minimalistic lifestyle
Taylor, Matthew (2019-05-22). "Much shorter working weeks needed to tackle climate crisis – study". The Guardian. Retrieved 2021-11-02. "Low Income/Simple
Simple_living
Climate effect
Climate models with smaller baseline sea ice extent and thinner sea ice coverage exhibit stronger polar amplification. Some models of modern climate exhibit
Polar_amplification
at the Earth surface–atmosphere interface. They are key component of climate models. Over the past two decades, they have evolved from oversimplified schemes
Land_surface_models_(climate)
Interactions that create Earth's climate
to open ocean has a more moderate climate than land farther from the ocean. For the purpose of modelling the climate, the land is often considered static
Climate_system
Overview of climate-related ExxonMobil controversies
was influencing global climate change. In 1979–1982, Exxon conducted a research program of climate change and climate modeling, including a research project
ExxonMobil climate change denial
ExxonMobil_climate_change_denial
Projections used in climate change modeling
Fifth Assessment Report (AR5) began to use these four pathways for climate modeling and research in 2014. The higher values mean higher greenhouse gas
Representative Concentration Pathway
Representative_Concentration_Pathway
Applied mathematician and climate scientist
research is focused on atmospheric physics, climate modeling, aerosols, radiative transfer, fluid dynamics, climate impacts of volcanic eruptions, and mineral
Georgiy_L._Stenchikov
Change in the statistical distribution of climate elements for an extended period
Climate variability includes all the variations in the climate that last longer than individual weather events, whereas the term climate change only refers
Climate variability and change
Climate_variability_and_change
American meteorologist (born 1955)
percent. [...] Right now, all climate models predict that clouds will amplify warming. I'm betting that if the climate models' 'clouds' were made to behave
Roy_Spencer_(meteorologist)
Severe weather patterns
and windy climate. The Bureau of Meteorology is Australia’s governing body for monitoring climate drivers and model data. All climate models developed
Effects of the El Niño–Southern Oscillation in Australia
Effects_of_the_El_Niño–Southern_Oscillation_in_Australia
Economic analysis of climate change uses economic tools and models to calculate the scale and distribution of damages caused by climate change. It can also
Economic analysis of climate change
Economic_analysis_of_climate_change
Climate model
AGCM is a climate model that was developed by Cecil Leith beginning in 1958; it is likely the oldest atmospheric general circulation model. Leith published
Leith_AGCM
Atmospheric scientist
field of Earth Systems modeling and hydrologic processes. She is known for her contributions to the development of local climate models, and for her understanding
Lai-yung_Ruby_Leung
The climate of Australia is the second driest of any continent, after Antarctica. According to the Bureau of Meteorology (BOM), 80% of the land receives
Climate_of_Australia
(1953–), Swiss climate scientist. Lennart Bengtsson (1935–), Swedish meteorologist and climate scientist André Berger, (1942–), Belgian, modeling climatic changes
List_of_climate_scientists
Anion of sulfur with 4 oxygen atoms
Report being the first to include an estimate of their impact on climate, and every major model able to simulate them by the time IPCC Fourth Assessment Report
Sulfate
Climatic and oceanographic cycle affecting Southeast Asia, Australia and Africa
Ocean Mean-State Biases in Climate Models on the Representation of the East African Short Rains" (PDF). Journal of Climate. 31 (16): 6611–6631. Bibcode:2018JCli
Indian_Ocean_Dipole
Climate change scenarios
various Integrated Assessment Models (IAMs) to explore possible future pathways both with regard to socioeconomic and climate pathways. The five scenarios
Shared_Socioeconomic_Pathways
Mathematical simulation of how air pollutants disperse in the ambient atmosphere
Atmospheric dispersion modeling is the mathematical simulation of how air pollutants disperse in the ambient atmosphere. It is performed with computer
Atmospheric dispersion modeling
Atmospheric_dispersion_modeling
Time period c. 12,900–11,700 years ago
meridional overturning circulation (AMOC). This is consistent with climate model simulations, as well as a range of proxy evidence, such as the decreased
Younger_Dryas
Research project
much of the Pacific Ocean were warmer than they are today. To date, no climate model has been able to reproduce the proposed warming in the Pacific (Yin
Climate: Long range Investigation, Mapping, and Prediction
Climate:_Long_range_Investigation,_Mapping,_and_Prediction
Mathematical estimate of planetary temperatures
a model with 2 atmospheric layers, and which accounts for convection, is available online. Atmospheric model Climate model Multi-compartment model Planetary
Idealized_greenhouse_model
Predicted climate oscillation
Pacific Centennial Oscillation is a climate oscillation predicted by some climate models. In the Pacific Ocean, variability in sea surface temperatures
Pacific Centennial Oscillation
Pacific_Centennial_Oscillation
the climate model output data collected for Coupled model intercomparison projects, which are widely used for the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
Climate and Forecast Metadata Conventions
Climate_and_Forecast_Metadata_Conventions
"master class in climate destruction. 7 April 2025: a study published in npj Climate and Atmospheric Science found that the climate extremes of 2023–2024
2024_in_climate_change
Field of scientific study
composites from baskets of different proxy observations; and numerical climate models. On millennial timescales, paleoclimate indicators have been compared
Solar_activity_and_climate
American professor of geography
of global climate change. They have also tackled rainfed crop management, modeling and optimization. The group developed a hydrologic model based on meteorological
David_Legates
The Educational Global Climate Model or EdGCM is a fully functional global climate model (GCM) that was ported for use on desktop computers (Windows PCs
EdGCM
Climate change activists
Paleoclimate Modeling Program. She is an expert in using computer-based models of Earth's climate system to investigate past climate change and climate variability
Women_in_climate_change
Atmospheric heat retention
Anti-greenhouse effect Climate change feedback Climate model Global dimming Idealized greenhouse model Illustrative model of greenhouse effect on climate change Solar
Greenhouse_effect
BOINC based volunteer computing project researching climate models
reduce uncertainties in climate modelling. It aims to do this by running hundreds of thousands of different models (a large climate ensemble) using the donated
Climateprediction.net
Diplomatic summit resulting in the Paris Agreement
The 2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference, COP 21 or CMP 11 was held in Paris, France, from 30 November to 12 December 2015. It was the 21st yearly
2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference
2015_United_Nations_Climate_Change_Conference
American meteorologist and climate scientist
an American meteorologist, climate scientist, and pioneer of climate modelling. He created one the earliest climate models and was one of the first scientists
William_D._Sellers
Concept for social justice in climate change context
Climate justice is a type of environmental justice that focuses on the unequal impacts of climate change on marginalized or otherwise vulnerable populations
Climate_justice
Climate scientist
Australian-German physical oceanographer and climate scientist known for climate models assessing the impact of abrupt climate change on terrestrial and marine biogeochemical
Katrin_Meissner_(scientist)
CLIMATE MODEL
CLIMATE MODEL
Boy/Male
Polynesian
Bright.
Girl/Female
Indian, Tamil
Ultimate Music
Girl/Female
Gujarati, Hindu, Indian, Malayalam, Marathi
Ultimate
Girl/Female
Indian
Different; Ultimate
Girl/Female
Tamil
Ultimate
Boy/Male
Tamil
Ultimate
Boy/Male
Hindu
Ultimate
Girl/Female
Gujarati, Hindu, Indian, Kannada, Telugu
Light Climate; Goddess Lakshmi
Boy/Male
Indian, Sanskrit
Ultimate
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian
Ultimate Bliss
Girl/Female
Hindu, Indian
Cool Climate
Boy/Male
Arabic
Zenith; Climax
Girl/Female
Tamil
Ultimate
Girl/Female
Hindu, Indian
Wonderful; Loved and Blessed One; Sent from God
Boy/Male
Arabic, Hindu, Indian
Ultimate
Boy/Male
Indian, Sanskrit
Ultimate Bliss
Girl/Female
Indian
Wonderful, Loved, Blissful, Sent from God
Boy/Male
British, English
Ultimate Star
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian, Traditional
Ultimate
Girl/Female
Gujarati, Hindu, Indian, Kannada, Malayalam, Marathi, Sindhi, Telugu
Ultimate
CLIMATE MODEL
CLIMATE MODEL
Girl/Female
Algerian, Arabic, French
Sand
Girl/Female
Hawaiian American
Mist of heaven.
Boy/Male
Hindu
Patience, Consolation
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian, Marathi, Tamil
One who Knows the Arts and the Skills
Girl/Female
Hungarian
Flower.
Girl/Female
Muslim
Noble
Boy/Male
Arabic, Hindu, Indian, Muslim, Punjabi, Sikh, Tamil
Symbol
Male
Egyptian
, the name of a palace chief.
Boy/Male
Arthurian Legend Welsh
Arthur's nephew.
Boy/Male
Hindu
Controller of the senses
CLIMATE MODEL
CLIMATE MODEL
CLIMATE MODEL
CLIMATE MODEL
CLIMATE MODEL
n.
A climate; a tract or region of the earth. See Climate.
v. i.
One of thirty regions or zones, parallel to the equator, into which the surface of the earth from the equator to the pole was divided, according to the successive increase of the length of the midsummer day.
a.
Climatic.
n.
Celibate state; celibacy.
n.
The wheather; the climate.
a.
Presiding over, or regulating, climates.
a.
Having the margin dentate and also ciliate or fringed with hairs.
a.
Climatic.
n.
A description of climates.
a.
Of or pertaining to a climate; depending on, or limited by, a climate.
a.
Incapable of further analysis; incapable of further division or separation; constituent; elemental; as, an ultimate constituent of matter.
v. i.
The condition of a place in relation to various phenomena of the atmosphere, as temperature, moisture, etc., especially as they affect animal or vegetable life.
v. t. & i.
To acclimate or become acclimated.
v. t.
To burn; to reduce to ashes by the action of fire, either directly or in an oven or retort; to incremate or incinerate; as, to cremate a corpse, instead of burying it.
v. i.
To dwell.
v. t.
To render smooth; to polish.
v. t.
To give powers to, or to heighten the powers or effect of; as, to animate a lyre.
v. t.
To habituate to a climate not native; to acclimatize.
n.
A climate.
a.
Unmarried; single; as, a celibate state.