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Scarcity of planets between 1.5 times and twice Earth's radius
The small planet radius gap (also called the radius valley, Fulton gap, photoevaporation valley, or Sub-Neptune Desert) is an observed scarcity of planets
Small_planet_radius_gap
Planet smaller than Neptune with a low density envelope
of exoplanet smaller in radius than Neptune, but larger than the small planet radius gap. Based on their low bulk densities, these planets likely possess
Sub-Neptune
photoevaporation to explain the small planet radius gap. Core-powered mass loss and the radius distribution of small exoplanets, Sivan Ginzburg, Hilke
Core-powered_mass_loss
Types of planet by chemical mass
The following is a list of planet types by their mass, radius, orbit, physical and chemical composition, or by another classification. Hypothetical astronomical
List_of_planet_types
Planet outside of the Solar System
large that can be found near the so-called small planet radius gap. The gap, sometimes called the Fulton gap, is the observation that it is unusual to
Exoplanet
lists of planets. A planet is a large, rounded astronomical body that is neither a star nor its remnant. The best available theory of planet formation
Lists_of_planets
Planetary object disrupted by other body
In astronomy, a disrupted planet is a planet or exoplanet or, perhaps on a somewhat smaller scale, a planetary-mass object, planetesimal, moon, exomoon
Disrupted_planet
Astrophysicist
photoevaporation of exoplanet atmospheres, predicting the existence of the Small planet radius gap in 2013, four years before its confirmation. In 2019 he was awarded
James_E._Owen
Small particles between exoplanets
show the dynamical influence of extrasolar planets, and potentially indicate the presence of these planets. Because it is often located near a star's
Exozodiacal_dust
Supermassive terrestrial planet
TOI-332 b, TOI-1853 b, and Kepler-411 b. The 2.1 radius limit is chosen to be above the small planet radius gap that separates super-Earths from sub-Neptunes
Mega-Earth
Star in the constellation Fornax
structure of the two planets in spite of their similar masses implies that the two planets are on opposite sides of the small planet radius gap, making the HD
HD_15337
Sixth planet from the Sun
the sixth planet from the Sun, and is the second largest planet in the Solar System, after Jupiter. It is a gas giant, with an average radius of about
Saturn
Star in the constellation Musca
respectively. This large radius refers to the diffuse dust and gas envelope or debris disk surrounding the planet, not the planet itself; these estimates
HD_100546
Super-Earth ice exoplanet
If it is not a rocky planet, it would more closely resemble an icy gas planet like Uranus, although much smaller. The planet is notable for its large
OGLE-2005-BLG-390Lb
Accumulation of matter around a star
Perez, S.; Casassus, S. (2019-08-01). "Kinematic detection of a planet carving a gap in a protoplanetary disk". Nature Astronomy. 3 (12): 1109–1114. arXiv:1907
Circumstellar_disc
Hot sub-Neptune orbiting TOI-5734
existence, the planet likely migrated from a region of larger radii on the mass-radius diagram to its current position near the radius gap. List of exoplanets
TOI-5734_b
Disked object that eclipsed V1400 Centauri
J1407b's hypothetical disk spans a radius of about 90 million km (0.60 AU; 56 million mi) and consists of many rings and gaps which may indicate the formation
J1407b
Planetary system consisting of the Sun and objects orbiting it
has only small terrestrial and large gas giants; elsewhere planets of intermediate size are typical – both rocky and gas – so there is no "gap" as seen
Solar_System
Exoplanet orbiting K2-288B
is unusual for having a radius not commonly seen among most exoplanets. At 1.90 R🜨, it falls within the so-called Fulton gap between 1.5 and 2.0 R🜨
K2-288Bb
Large, round non-stellar astronomical object
a geophysical planet is Saturn's moon Mimas, with a radius about 3.1% of Earth's and a mass about 0.00063% of Earth's. Saturn's smaller moon Phoebe, currently
Planet
Earth-size exoplanet orbiting Kepler-1649
that of Earth, and has a radius of around 1.02 times that of Earth. Based on its mass and radius, it is likely a terrestrial planet, though its proximity
Kepler-1649c
Dispersion of gas by ionising radiation
photoevaporation. Photoevaporation is one possible cause of the small planet radius gap. Examples of exoplanets with an evaporating atmosphere are HD 209458
Photoevaporation
Extrasolar planet
measure the planet's mass, but has set an upper limit of 9.0 MJ at 3-sigma (99.7%) confidence. Its radius is about 1.36 times the radius of Jupiter (RJ)
51_Eridani_b
Star in the constellation Cetus
of its radius. LHS 1140's rotational period is 130 days. No flares have been observed. As of October 2023, LHS 1140 is known to have two planets orbiting
LHS_1140
form a planet due to the gravitational influence of Jupiter. Jupiter's gravitational influence, through orbital resonance, clears Kirkwood gaps in the
List_of_minor-planet_groups
diameter of the orbit (in small stars, the radius of the planet is also an important factor). About 10% of planets with small orbits have such an alignment
Methods of detecting exoplanets
Methods_of_detecting_exoplanets
Fifth planet from the Sun
smaller changes in its mass, the radius would not change appreciably. As a result, Jupiter is thought to have about as large a diameter as a planet of
Jupiter
Region in which an astronomical body dominates the attraction of satellites
the planet with the largest Hill radius is Neptune, with 116 million km, or 0.775 au; its great distance from the Sun amply compensates for its small mass
Hill_sphere
Ring of cosmic dust orbiting an astronomical object
proportional to the average density inside the radius of the ring, or to the mass of the planet divided by the radius of the ring cubed. It is also inversely
Ring_system
Accumulation of matter around a planet
carve a gap onto the circumstellar disk around the host star. Material will flow from the edges of the circumstellar disk towards the planet in streams
Circumplanetary_disk
Circumbinary gas giant orbiting the Kepler-1647 star system
transit of the planet was identified in 2012, but at the time the single event was not enough to rule out contamination, or confirm it as a planet. It was discovered
Kepler-1647b
Proposed term for planetary objects that have masses between those of Mercury and Ceres
sizes smaller than Mercury but larger than Ceres. The term was coined by Isaac Asimov. Assuming size is defined in relation to equatorial radius, mesoplanets
Mesoplanet
that Saturn's ring was composed of multiple smaller rings with gaps between them; the largest of these gaps was later named the Cassini Division. This
Rings_of_Saturn
Small planetary-mass object
Nine likeliest dwarf planets and dates of discovery A dwarf planet is a small planetary-mass object that is in direct orbit around the Sun, massive enough
Dwarf_planet
Eighth planet from the Sun
radius of 24,764 km is nearly four times that of Earth. Neptune, like Uranus, is an ice giant, a subclass of giant planet, because they are smaller and
Neptune
Type of exoplanet larger than Earth
also used by astronomers to refer to planets bigger than Earth-like planets (from 0.8 to 1.2 Earth-radius), but smaller than mini-Neptunes (from 2 to 4 Earth-radii)
Super-Earth
Hypothetical planets further than Neptune
49 AU, respectively, suggesting that they might mark the orbital radius of an unknown planet that had dragged them into an elliptical orbit. Astronomer George
Planets_beyond_Neptune
List of largest planets by size
Stefan-Boltzmann law. Assuming the planet/brown dwarf age is 2.5 +1.5 −0.9 Myr Assuming the planet/brown dwarf age is 3.5 ± 1.5 Myr The radius estimate might have been
List_of_largest_exoplanets
Frigid super-Earth orbiting OGLE-2016-BLG-1195L
OGLE-2016-BLG-1195Lb is an extrasolar planet located about 22,000 light-years from Earth, in the galactic bulge, orbiting the 0.57±0.06 M☉ star OGLE-2016-BLG-1195L
OGLE-2016-BLG-1195Lb
Accumulation of particles into planetesimals
pebble accretion in the inner Solar System resulting in smaller terrestrial planets, a small mass of Mars and a low mass asteroid belt. In a protoplanetary
Pebble_accretion
Region between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter
a Kirkwood gap occurs as they are swept into other orbits. In 1596, Johannes Kepler wrote, "Between Mars and Jupiter, I place a planet," in his Mysterium
Asteroid_belt
Planetary mass companion orbiting GU Piscium
(3.0×1011 km), and an apparent angular separation of 42 arc seconds. The planet is located at right ascension 01h 12m 36.48s declination +17° 04′ 31.8″
GU_Piscium_b
Satellite associated with a planetary ring
A shepherd moon is a small natural satellite that clears a gap in planetary ring material or keeps particles within a ring contained. The name is a result
Shepherd_moon
Mission PEGASE Darwin EChO Eddington Space Interferometry Mission Terrestrial Planet Finder "Mt. Hamilton Telescopes: Carnegie Double Astrograph". www.ucolick
List of exoplanet search projects
List_of_exoplanet_search_projects
Metal-poor orange dwarf
multiple small exoplanets orbiting it. It is an orange dwarf, estimated to be 10.5 billion years old, and about 79% the mass and 85% the radius of the Sun
TOI-561
Exosolar object orbiting OGLE-2016-BLG-1190L
discovered lying near the planet/brown dwarf boundary. In addition, the discovery "is likely to be the first Spitzer microlensing planet in the Galactic bulge/bar
OGLE-2016-BLG-1190Lb
Ringed centaur and comet
Minor Planet Names – (2060) Chiron. Springer Berlin Heidelberg. p. 167. doi:10.1007/978-3-540-29925-7_2061. ISBN 978-3-540-00238-3. "JPL Small-Body Database
2060_Chiron
Likely extrasolar planet in the constellation Hydra
and a possible radius of 4.25 R🜨. The planet orbits a (K-type) T Tauri star named TW Hydrae. The star has a mass of 0.8 M☉ and a radius of 1.1 R☉. It
TW_Hydrae_b
Moon of Saturn
Daphnis is about 7.8 kilometers (4.8 mi) in diameter, and orbits the planet in the Keeler Gap within the A ring. Before it was photographed, the existence of
Daphnis_(moon)
Calculated property of a star or planet
way from the star, the power absorbed by the planet is given by treating the planet as a disc of radius r, which intercepts some of the power which is
Effective_temperature
Gas giant exoplanet orbiting HAT-P-67
signal. They estimated an effective planetary radius 6 times that of Jupiter, indicating that the planet's atmosphere is evaporating. HAT-P-67 is a subgiant
HAT-P-67b
Red dwarf star in the constellation Lynx
theoretical models of planet formation. A gap feature in observed radii between the super-Earths and mini-Neptunes, called the radius valley, can be explained
LHS_1903
T Tauri-type star in the constellation Centaurus
phase-mask coronagraph on the VLT. The disk has a radius of approximately 140 au. In 2012 a large gap (~65 au) in the disk was discovered, which was thought
PDS_70
American astronomer
Norman W. (2004), "The Use of Transit Timing to Detect Extrasolar Planets with Masses as Small as Earth", 2004 arXiv: 0412028; 2005 Science 307 1288. Agol,
Sarah_Ballard
Seventh planet from the Sun
envelope. The core is relatively small, with a mass of only 0.55 Earth masses and a radius less than 20% of the planet; the mantle comprises its bulk,
Uranus
Hypothetical Solar System planet
estimated to have 5–10 times the mass and 2–4 times the radius of the Earth. Brown thinks that if Planet Nine exists, its mass is sufficient to clear its orbit
Planet_Nine
Hot Jupiter orbiting WASP-103
larger than Jupiter being roughly 1.5 times its mass and 1.6 times its radius. The planet has an oval shape similar to that of a rugby ball. This is due to
WASP-103b
of a planet. A planet can be an astronomical object that dynamically dominates its region (that is, whether it controls the fate of other smaller bodies
Definition_of_planet
Extrasolar planet in the constellation Hercules
3 million km), and is notable first as a transiting planet, and second for a small measured radius (relative to mass and incoming heat) that suggests an
HD_149026_b
stars currently known, ordered by radius and separated into categories by galaxy. The unit of measurement used is the radius of the Sun (approximately 695
List_of_largest_stars
Star system in the constellation Hydra
CARMENES search for exoplanets around M dwarfs. Two planets on the opposite sides of the radius gap transiting the nearby M dwarf LP 729-54". Astronomy
LTT_3780
Astronomical theory about the Solar System
newly formed giant planets and continued slow gas accretion. Migration is caused by the interaction of the planet sitting in the gap with the remaining
Nebular_hypothesis
Herbig Ae/Be star in the constellation Chamaleon
monoxide gas velocity kink and intensity gap at 130 AUs, which is suspected to be caused by a superjovian planet. In 2019, HCO+ ion and Hydrogen cyanide
HD_97048
Brightest star in the constellation Lyra
the radius of the equator is 19% larger than the polar radius, compared to just under 11% for Saturn, the most oblate of the Solar System's planets. The
Vega
Planetary system in the Hyades cluster
outermost of the known planets of the system. Its radius of 1.565+0.077 −0.076 R🜨 places it at the lower edge of the Fulton gap. The planet's mass and density
K2-136
Accumulation of particles into a massive object by gravitationally attracting more matter
24 pc) in radius, formed at the same time as the solar nebula and occasionally releases comets into the inner Solar System as a giant planet or star passes
Accretion_(astrophysics)
Collapsed core of a massive star
similar to earthquakes. After the starquake, the star will have a smaller equatorial radius, and because angular momentum is conserved, its rotational speed
Neutron_star
Radial drifting in protoplanetary disks
and is crucial to understanding the formation of planets from protoplanetary disks. The orbital radius of larger bodies decreases about the central star
Radial_drift
Dwarf planet in the asteroid belt
known planets but for an unexplained gap between Mars and Jupiter. This formula predicted that there ought to be another planet with an orbital radius near
Ceres_(dwarf_planet)
Dim, low mass stars on the main sequence
Aquarius. The planets were discovered through the transit method, meaning we have mass and radius information for all of them. Three planets TRAPPIST-1e
Red_dwarf
Type of star larger than main-sequence but smaller than a giant
versa. For example, the stars FK Com and 31 Com both lie in the Hertzsprung Gap and are likely evolutionary subgiants, but both are often assigned giant
Subgiant
Open cluster in the constellation Cancer
Nascimbeni, V.; et al. (April 2016). "The GAPS programme with HARPS-N at TNG. XI. Pr 0211 in M 44: the first multi-planet system in an open cluster". Astronomy
Beehive_Cluster
Hot Jupiter orbiting TrES-1 in the constellation of Lyra
planet approximately 523 light-years away in the constellation of Lyra (the Lyre). The planet's mass and radius indicate that it is a Jovian planet with
TrES-1b
Star in the constellation Taurus
the disk and opening a gap via resonant dynamics. Due to the inner edge of the inner disk being located near the sublimation radius of fayalite and iron
LSPM_J0207+3331
Stellar classification
to have a very small mass, leading to their extremely long lifespan that offers plenty of time for life to develop on orbiting planets. Some of the nearest
K-type_main-sequence_star
Innermost Galilean moon of Jupiter
potassium atoms, extending outward to a distance of up to six times Io's radius. These particles originate in Io's upper atmosphere and are excited by collisions
Io_(moon)
Moon of Jupiter
minutes each Metian day. Metis lies inside Jupiter's synchronous orbit radius (as does Adrastea), and as a result, tidal forces slowly cause its orbit
Metis_(moon)
Stellar classification
very quickly, which makes it difficult to measure the small Doppler shifts induced by orbiting planets since the spectral lines are very broad. However, this
A-type_main-sequence_star
Herbig Ae star in the constellation Sagittarius
proposed. Below are the gaps and an explanation of candidate planets in those gaps: D10 gap: One work suggests that a planet carves the gap with a mass of 0
HD_163296
Binary star with at least seven exoplanets 41 light-years away
named Copernicus /koʊˈpɜːrnɪkəs/) and a smaller red dwarf (55 Cancri B). As of 2025[update], five extrasolar planets, designated 55 Cancri Ab, Ac, Ae, Af
55_Cancri
Stars that host planetary systems
majority of detected planets) are most sensitive to large planets in small orbits. Thus many known exoplanets are "Hot Jupiters", planets of Jovian mass or
Planet-hosting_star
Second brightest star in the southern constellation of Pictor
used to aid in the direct imaging discovery of a planet. It has an estimated mass of 2.4±0.6 MJ, a radius of 1.26±0.03 RJ, a temperature of 600+45 −60 K
Beta_Pictoris
; Santos, N. C. (27 January 2005). "A planet-sized transiting star around OGLE-TR-122. Accurate mass and radius near the hydrogen-burning limit". Astronomy
List_of_red_dwarfs
Star in the constellation Cygnus
Cygnus. Five-planet system discovered in January 2012 by the Kepler spacecraft, it shows a 0.58 ± 0.05 solar mass (M☉), a 0.53 ± 0.04 solar radius (R☉), and
Kepler-32
Geology of Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars and Ceres
states. Terrestrial planets have a compact, rocky surfaces, and Venus, Earth, and Mars each also has an atmosphere. Their size, radius, and density are all
Geology of solar terrestrial planets
Geology_of_solar_terrestrial_planets
Main-belt asteroid
Ulula is a main belt asteroid. It is orbiting the Sun near the 3:1 Kirkwood Gap with a period of 4.04 years and an eccentricity of 0.057. It was discovered
714_Ulula
Dennis M.; Schwarz, Richard P. (24 May 2024). "GJ 238 b: A 0.57 Earth Radius Planet Orbiting an M2.5 Dwarf Star at 15.2 pc". The Astronomical Journal. 167
List of exoplanets discovered in 2024
List_of_exoplanets_discovered_in_2024
its electrical charge fairly quickly. Since the small dust particles partially corotate with the planet, they will move outward during the shadow pass
Rings_of_Jupiter
Astrometric binary system in the constellation Caelum
called LHS 1678 A) which has 0.345 times the mass and 0.329 times the Sun's radius. It has a surface effective temperature of 3,490 K (3,220 °C), which is
LHS_1678
Third-largest asteroid
point it had been speculated by astronomers that there should be a planet in the gap between Mars and Jupiter. Now, unexpectedly, a second such body had
2_Pallas
circular orbits. The radius vector joining the planet and the Sun has an equal area in equal periods. The square of the period of the planet (one revolution
Historical models of the Solar System
Historical_models_of_the_Solar_System
Possible dwarf planet
represents the evolutionary transition between small, low-density TNOs and large, high-density dwarf planets. William Grundy and his team originally hypothesized
120347_Salacia
Star in the constellation Cygnus
Behmard, Aida; Blunt, Sarah (2022). "The California-Kepler Survey. X. The Radius Gap as a Function of Stellar Mass, Metallicity, and Age". The Astronomical
Kepler-84
than the mass of an orbiting planet, the barycenter may actually be located within the radius of the star, such that the planet appears to orbit the star
Glossary_of_astronomy
Transiting exoplanet in Triangulum
from HAT-P-38 causes the planet to bloat to 82.5% the radius of Jupiter. It has an equilibrium temperature of 1,082 K. The planet has a density of 590 kg/m3
HAT-P-38b
Area of the Solar System beyond the planets, comprising small bodies
Newsletter Wm. Robert Johnston's TNO page Minor Planet Center: Plot of the Outer Solar System, illustrating Kuiper gap List of TNOS Portals: Astronomy Stars Spaceflight
Kuiper_belt
Gas giant exoplanet orbiting HD 209458
informally called Osiris. The radius of the planet's orbit is 0.047 AU (7.0 million km; 4.4 million mi), or one-eighth the radius of Mercury's orbit (0.39 AU
HD_209458_b
Stellar core remnant
redshift, and for small variations in brightness identified by light curve shape or spectrum. The relationship between the mass and radius of white dwarfs
White_dwarf
Type of neutron star with beams of radiation
confirm the existence of gravitational radiation. The first extrasolar planets were discovered in 1992 around a pulsar, specifically PSR B1257+12. In
Pulsar
Natural satellites of the planet Saturn
most of any planet in the Solar System. Saturn's moons are diverse in size, ranging from tiny moonlets to Titan, which is larger than the planet Mercury and
Moons_of_Saturn
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SMALL PLANET-RADIUS-GAP
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