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There were three main feudal social groups in Tibet prior to 1959, namely ordinary laypeople (mi ser in Tibetan), lay nobility (sger pa), and monks. The
Social_class_in_Tibet
Polyandry is a marital arrangement in which a woman has several husbands. In Tibet, those husbands are often brothers; "fraternal polyandry". Concern
Polyandry_in_Tibet
Former de facto state in East Asia
Tibet (Tibetan: བོད་, Wylie: Bod) was a de facto independent state in East Asia that lasted from the collapse of the Qing dynasty in 1912 until its annexation
Tibet_(1912–1951)
Debate about serfdom before 1951
the extent and nature of serfdom in Tibet before the annexation of Tibet by the People's Republic of China (PRC) in 1951. The debate has a political dimension
Tibet_serfdom_controversy
The modern social structure of France is complex, but generally similar to that of other European countries. Traditional social classes still have some
Social_class_in_France
Hierarchical stratification of societies
A social class or social stratum is a grouping of people into a set of hierarchical social categories, the most common ones being: the working class, the
Social_class
Concept in sociology
societies, social stratification is defined in terms of three social classes: an upper class, a middle class, and a working class; in turn, each class can be
Social_stratification
annexation of Tibet by the People's Republic of China. Before the 1950s, Tibet's social structure was marked by inequality and as a result, it was described
Human_rights_in_Tibet
located in Chengguan District, Lhasa, Tibet Autonomous Region. In September 1956 (70 years ago) (1956-09), the Tibet Public Security Training Class was established
Tibet Police Officers Institute
Tibet_Police_Officers_Institute
Forced assimilation by China
China in 1950–51, have been facilitated by a range of economic, social, cultural, religious and political changes that have been implemented in Tibet by
Sinicization_of_Tibet
Non-profit, non-governmental organization
Free Tibet (FT) is a non-profit, non-governmental organisation, founded in 1987 and based in London, England. According to their mission statement, Free
Free_Tibet
Social stratification conferring status
social classes of Tibet, especially with regards to the serfdom in Tibet controversy.[citation needed] There were three main feudal social groups in Tibet
Caste
Time period in Tibet from 1270-1350
Tibet under Yuan rule refers to the Mongol-led Yuan dynasty's rule over Tibet from approximately 1270 to 1354. During the Yuan dynasty, Tibet was administered
Tibet_under_Yuan_rule
School in Lhasa, Tibet, China
regionally-run middle school of the Tibet Autonomous Region of China, the first middle school in the history of Tibet, and is now directly under the Department
Lhasa_Middle_School
Prostitution in Tibet is thought to have existed for centuries. Testimonies of its existence were provided by outside visitors in the first half of the
Prostitution_in_Tibet
Extension of the Chinese Cultural Revolution into Tibet
Revolution in Tibet was the extension into Tibet of the Chinese Cultural Revolution. In 1966, the Cultural Revolution broke out in China. In June 1966
Cultural_Revolution_in_Tibet
obvious that incorporating Tibet into Communist PRC would bring two opposite social systems face-to-face. In western Tibet, however, the Chinese Communists
History of Tibet (1950–present)
History_of_Tibet_(1950–present)
Urban district of the City of Lhasa in Tibet
Chengguan District of Lhasa City, is the inner urban district of Lhasa City, Tibet Autonomous Region, Southwestern China. Lhasa is the second most populous
Lhasa
Sky burial Social classes of Tibet Songtsen Gampo Song–Tibet relations Sonam Gyatso South Tibet South Tibet Valley Snow Lion Tangut Tang–Tibet relations
Index of Tibet-related articles
Index_of_Tibet-related_articles
Education in Tibet is the public responsibility of the Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China. Education of ethnic Tibetans is partly
Education_in_Tibet
Prefecture-level city in Tibet, China
lhoka; Chinese: 洛卡; pinyin: Luò kǎ), is a prefecture-level city in the southeastern Tibet Autonomous Region, China. Shannan includes Gonggar County within
Shannan,_Tibet
Type of fostering allegiance formed during nursing by a non-biological mother
kinship did not exclude particular groups, such that class and other hierarchal systems did not matter in terms of milk kinship participation. Traditionally
Milk_kinship
Tourism in the China-controlled Tibet Autonomous Region has recently emerged as a pivotal driver of economic development. In 2015, the region attracted
Tourism_in_Tibet
Social class
In sociology, the upper-middle class is the social group constituted by higher status members of the middle class, in contrast to the lower middle class
Upper_middle_class
Provincial-level government of Tibet, China
Tibet Autonomous Regional People's Government is the provincial administrative agency of Tibet, People 's Republic of China. The provincial government
People's Government of the Tibet Autonomous Region
People's_Government_of_the_Tibet_Autonomous_Region
Tibetan people residing outside Tibet
Tibetan people residing outside Tibet and mainland China. The diaspora mostly consists of Tibetans exiled from Tibet, their land of origin, to other nation
Tibetan_diaspora
Political debate
political debates regarding the relationship between Tibet and China. The first debate concerns whether Tibet Autonomous Region (TAR) and parts of neighboring
Tibetan_sovereignty_debate
Anti-Chinese government covert operation
autonomous Tibet alive within Tibet and among several foreign nations". The program was administrated by the CIA, and unofficially operated in coordination
CIA_Tibetan_program
Theory of advantage or entitlement
a particular identity. Privileged groups can be advantaged based on social class, wealth, education, caste, age, height, skin color, physical fitness
Social_privilege
Tibetan politician and general (1888–1959)
general in the Tibetan Army. He was a close aide of the 13th Dalai Lama and played an important role in the early twentieth century politics of Tibet. Eager
Tsarong
Position within social structure
systems of social stratification. The sociologist Max Weber outlined three central aspects of stratification in a society: class, status, and power. In his scheme
Social_status
Group or class of persons enjoying superior status
to another, consolidating power in the process. Unlike the ruling class, a social formation based on heritage and social ties, the power elite is characterized
Elite
Union territory administered by India
between Tibet Autonomous Region and Ladakh in the 1960s, international trade dwindled. Since 1974, the Government of India has encouraged tourism in Ladakh
Ladakh
Spiritual leader of Tibet since 1940
temporal leader of Tibet before 1959, and subsequently led the Tibetan government in exile represented by the Central Tibetan Administration in Dharamshala,
14th_Dalai_Lama
Country in South Asia
ruling classes fostered extensive patronage of the arts, including painting, literary forms, textiles, and architecture. Newly coherent social groups in northern
India
Policies and laws regarding Chinese languages
must include strong language on Tibet in China review". 11 January 2024. "The Politics of Language Oppression in Tibet". 12 December 2024. "Document Viewer"
Language_policy_in_China
reform policies in minority regions, and famine conditions extended to Tibet. On March 10, 1959, an armed conflict broke out in Lhasa, Tibet. The People's
Land_reform_in_Tibet
Prefecture-level city in Tibet
Lhasa is the capital and largest city of the Tibet Autonomous Region of China. It is a prefecture-level city that covers an area of 29,274 square kilometres
Lhasa_(prefecture-level_city)
Political violence and inter-ethnic tensions in Tibet
Communist Party's treatment and persecution of Tibetans. Protests in Lhasa, the capital of Tibet, by monks and nuns on 10 March have been viewed as the start
2008_Tibetan_unrest
Form of public humiliation and torture
Revolution and in Maoist China, during which people accused of being "class enemies" were publicly humiliated, accused and criticized in public—sometimes
Struggle_session
Regional legislature in China
The People's Congress of the Tibet Autonomous Region is the local people's congress of the Tibet Autonomous Region. Following decisions taken by the National
Tibet Autonomous Region People's Congress
Tibet_Autonomous_Region_People's_Congress
Beauty contest
Miss Tibet is an annual beauty pageant held in McLeod Ganj, India. It is produced by Lobsang Wangyal Productions. The first-ever Miss Tibet Pageant was
Miss_Tibet
Entity manifesting from mental powers
interpreted and developed the idea independently of its uses in old Tibet. Hale claimed in a research paper that tulpamancy can be connected to religious
Tulpa
Ongoing Chinese higher education development scheme
Ningxia Ningxia University Lhasa, Tibet Tibet University According to the 'Phase 2 List of the Double First-Class Initiative' jointly published by the
Double First-Class Construction
Double_First-Class_Construction
Class of people in the United States
demonstrated through not only their entry into the middle class, but also various advances through social movements such as civil rights and immigration policy
Mexican-American_middle_class
Russian doctor and political figure (c. 1850–1920)
graduating from either one. Instead, he began cutting a figure in the city's upper social classes. He married a wealthy woman, Nadezhda Vassilyevna around 1872
Peter_Badmayev
Chinese subculture
food photographs on social media: performative Xiaozi lifestyle in Young, middle-class Chinese urbanites' WeChat 'Moments'". Social Identities. 25 (2):
Xiaozi
Marrying within a specific ethnic group, class, or social group
Endogamy is the cultural practice of only marrying within a specific social group, religious denomination, caste, or ethnic group, rejecting any from outside
Endogamy
Tibetan politician (1910–2009)
family descended from former kings of Tibet, the Horkhang. His father was governor of Chamdo in Eastern Tibet and commander of the Tibetan armed forces
Ngapoi_Ngawang_Jigme
Nondualistic tantra tradition in Tibetan Buddhism
origins are in India and its most active later history and presence has been in Tibet. The tradition contains teachings on cosmology, theology, philosophy, sociology
Kalachakra
Tibet and China governing arrangements
People provides a framework for the governance of Tibet within the People's Republic of China (PRC). In 2008 a group led by the Dalai Lama presented the
Memorandum on Genuine Autonomy
Memorandum_on_Genuine_Autonomy
Discriminatory practices against certain social groups
Baekjeong of Korea, and the Ragyabpa of Tibet, as well as the Romani people and Cagot in Europe, and the Al-Akhdam in Yemen. Traditionally, the groups characterized
Untouchability
Genocide of European Jews by Nazi Germany
essential but often lacking in Eastern Europe. Those in hiding depended on the assistance of non-Jews. Having money, social connections with non-Jews,
The_Holocaust
794 battle between Nanzhao and Tibet
Nanzhao against Tibet at Shenchuan (now Jinsha River) in 794. After the Tianbao War in 750, Nanzhao and Tibet became brother states. In 779, Yimouxun (異牟尋)
Battle_of_Shenchuan
American rapper, filmmaker, and activist
"newspapers on tape. In 2002, Riley taught a daily high school class, "Culture and Resistance: Persuasive Lyric Writing", at the School of Social Justice and Community
Boots_Riley
grassroots movements that are, in fact, controlled or funded by the Chinese government or its proxies. These groups may use social media to promote pro-CCP
Chinese government interference in Canada
Chinese_government_interference_in_Canada
Unicameral legislature of the government-in-exile of Tibet
based on social and economic justice." Before the Chinese occupation of Tibet, important decisions were taken by the Tsogdu (National Assembly), in which
Parliament of the Central Tibetan Administration
Parliament_of_the_Central_Tibetan_Administration
Ranks of officials in the Qing dynasty
liángtái), of the class of sub-prefects, were stationed at Lhasa, Tashilumbo and Ngari. The Qing imperial resident in Tibet was introduced in 1727 and most
Amban
Indian organization
Himalayan community, including language classes, vocational training, and a community kitchen. Since the annexation of Tibet by the People's Republic of China
Lha_Charitable_Trust
Determination of descent groups through one sex of ancestor
causes of the decline of unilineal descent organization – viz. statehood, class stratification and commercialization – along with one not previously considered:
Unilineality
State in northeast India
claimed by China as Southern Tibet as part of the Tibet Autonomous Region; China occupied some regions of Arunachal Pradesh in 1962 but later withdrew its
Arunachal_Pradesh
1962 book by Lobsang Trinley Chökyi Gyaltsen
the People's Republic of China in Tibet. It remains the "most detailed and informed attack on China's policies in Tibet that would ever be written." For
70,000_Character_Petition
Nazi social-welfare organization
Volkswohlfahrt, NSV) was a social welfare organization during the Third Reich. The NSV was originally established in 1931 as a small Nazi Party-affiliated
National Socialist People's Welfare
National_Socialist_People's_Welfare
German expression referring to the unity of a people, folk, nation or race
class – a secret wartime report by the Social Democrats stated that "the working classes thoroughly welcome the fact that 'the better off' have, in practical
Volksgemeinschaft
punishment in China, the one-child policy (prior to abolishing it in 2015), and human rights in Tibet. In a human rights report that assesses social, economic
Human_rights_in_China
Tibetan monk (1933–2018)
monk. Arrested for protesting during the Chinese invasion of Tibet, he spent 33 years in Chinese prisons and labor camps, where he was extensively tortured
Palden_Gyatso
Country in East Asia
pro-democracy movement in the SAR and removed much of its political autonomy. China has cracked down on political expression in Tibet and strengthened surveillance
China
Tibetan politician
India in 1959, he was also the executive chairman of the International Campaign for Tibet. Lodi Gyari was born on 25 August 1949 in Nyarong in western
Lodi_Gyari
within the fabric of social harmony. Western politicians rely on utilizing these social cleavages to garner support from voters. In Chinese culture it would
Democracy_in_China
Lieutenant general of the People's Liberation Army and Chinese politician
was born in Hunan Province and his birth name was Zhang Renshan (Chinese: 张仁山). He and Zhang Guohua chaired the CCP Tibet Work Committee in 1951. Zhang
Zhang_Jingwu
Society organized in dwellings
House society is a hybrid, transitional form between kin-based and class-based social orders, and is not one of Lévi-Strauss' 'elementary structures' of
House_society
Tibetic-speaking ethnic group of India
The Bhutias (exonym; Nepali: भुटिया, 'People from Tibet') or Drejongpas (endonym; Tibetan: འབྲས་ལྗོངས་པ་, Wylie: Bras-ljongs-pa, THL: dre-jong pa, 'People
Bhutia
his death, the Sikh kingdom extended from Tibet and Kashmir to Sind and from the Khyber Pass to the Himalayas in the east. It spanned 600 miles from east
List_of_largest_empires
National highway in Xinjiang and Tibet, China
western Tibetan Plateau to Gyirong Port on the China–Nepal border in Gyirong County, Tibet. The official route kilometrage reaches K3525+850 at the Gyirong
China_National_Highway_216
Mating system in which the female partner may have multiple partners
periods, of a man from the household. In Tibet the practice was particularly popular among the priestly Sakya class. The female equivalent of fraternal
Polyandry
Most populous city in Canada
second highest in Canada (of 31 cities). The local purchasing power was the sixth lowest in Canada, mid-2017. The average monthly social assistance caseload
Toronto
Status of peasants under feudalism
other classes of serf, were bound legally: by taxation in the case of the former, and economically and socially in the latter. The decline of serfdom in Western
Serfdom
Communists and socialists who joined the Nazi Party
in his 1936 book Hitler: A Biography, remarking that in the Sturmabteilung (Brownshirts, SA) ranks there were "large numbers of Communists and Social
Beefsteak_Nazi
Form of dyadic relationship
has multiple context-dependent meanings—genetic, sexual, social, and marital—each varying in interpretation across cultures and disciplines, making its
Monogamy
Nepalese traditional social stratification system
consisting of four broad social classes or varna: Brahmin, Kshatriya, Vaishya, Sudra. The caste system defines social classes by a number of hierarchical
Caste_system_in_Nepal
Group of pseudoscientific theories and societal practices
evolution and "survival of the fittest" to the social realm, especially in regard to issues involving social class, economics, and politics. Despite erroneously
Social_Darwinism
Vice Chairperson of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference since 2023
roles in Tibet, he rose through the ranks of the Communist Youth League, eventually returning to Beijing and becoming its first secretary in 2006. In 2008
Hu_Chunhua
students from class one to twelve.[citation needed] Chungtak, a student of sociology in Hindu college, University of Delhi was crowned Miss Tibet in 2006 at
Tsering_Chungtak
Extra- or para-legal rounding-up of political opponents
groups in Nazi Germany. It was sometimes officially defended as necessary to protect them from the "righteous" wrath of the German population. In other
Protective custody (Nazi Germany)
Protective_custody_(Nazi_Germany)
River in Nepal
Bhote Koshi in Nepal and Poiqu in Tibet (both names roughly mean "Tibetan river") is the name given to the upper course (main tributary) of the Sun Koshi
Bhotekoshi_River
Book by Peter Mattis and Matthew Brazil
episodes in Chinese intelligence history unknown to most in the west. The book is up front about the relative confidence of the authors in different
Chinese_Communist_Espionage
Cultural rule that prohibits incest
meant by "incest", and what the consequences of "incest" were, in order to map out social relationships within the community.[citation needed] This excerpt
Incest_taboo
linking India and Tibet through Sikkim was shut down by the Sino-Indian War in 1962. Subsequently, the merchants and craftsmen based in Tibet closed up shop
Lhasa_Newar
American anthropologist
anthropologist and social theorist who made major contributions to the study of egalitarian societies, the evolution of the status of women in society, Marxism
Eleanor_Leacock
but the classes bear no overall relation to genetic closeness. If a total stranger marries into the society, for example, they may be placed in the appropriate
Classificatory_kinship
American political commentator (born 1991)
China as his preferred model of socialism, likened China's absorption of Tibet to the Union's defeat of the Confederacy, called Uyghur detention facilities
Hasan_Piker
Official privileged social class
Nobility is a social class found in many societies that have an aristocracy. It is normally appointed by and ranked immediately below royalty. Nobility
Nobility
As of 2023, the five largest cities in China by population are Chongqing (31.91 million), Shanghai (24.87 million), Beijing (21.86 million), Chengdu (21
List of cities in China by population
List_of_cities_in_China_by_population
Taiwanese and American businessman (born 1963)
million in 2024 and was projected to distribute $369 million in 2025. In 2026, Huang donated $10 million to relief efforts for the 2026 Nepal–Tibet floods
Jensen_Huang
Mainland period of the Republic of China
Inner Mongolia The province was abolished in 1950 and incorporated into Heilongjiang province. Now part of Tibet and Sichuan Now part of Inner Mongolia Now
Republic_of_China_(1912–1949)
Indian/Nepali/ caste of Smiths, coppersmiths, metal casters
Tamrakars of Kathmandu participated in the traditional Tibet trade, and used to operate shops in Lhasa in Tibet, Ladakh in India and other trade centers on
Tamrakar
Puppet state of Nazi Germany (1943–1945)
Axis troops in Italy in May 1945. The German occupation triggered widespread national resistance against it and the Italian Social Republic during the
Italian_Social_Republic
Religious group
Udasi while returning from Mount Kailash in Tibet. Nanak is said to have stayed at Balaju and Thapathali in Kathmandu. The Nanak Math shrine at Balaju
Sikhs
East Asian liquid condiment
Annotated Bibliography and Sourcebook, Including Manchuria, Hong Kong and Tibet. Soyinfo Center. ISBN 9781928914686. Chung, Oscar (1 January 2010). "A Sauce
Soy_sauce
National flag of Germany (1935–1945)
added new symbolism to the colours, stating that "[t]he red expressed the social thought underlying the movement. White the national thought", and that the
Flag_of_Nazi_Germany
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SOCIAL CLASS-IN-TIBET
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SOCIAL CLASS-IN-TIBET
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