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Chemical solution in solid form
A solid solution, a term commonly used for metals, is a homogeneous mixture of two compounds in solid state and having a single crystal structure. Many
Solid_solution
Homogeneous mixture of a solute and a solvent
In chemistry, a solution is defined by IUPAC as "A liquid or solid phase containing more than one substance, when for convenience one (or more) substance
Solution_(chemistry)
Type of alloying which improves strength of pure metals
In metallurgy, solid solution strengthening is a type of alloying that can be used to improve the strength of a pure metal. The technique works by adding
Solid_solution_strengthening
Rules for elements dissolving in a solid metal
conditions under which an element could dissolve in a metal, forming a solid solution. The rules are named after metallurgist William Hume-Rothery, who enumerated
Hume-Rothery_rules
Capacity of a substance to dissolve in a homogeneous way
can be a solid, a liquid, or a gas, while the solvent is usually solid or liquid. Both may be pure substances, or may themselves be solutions. Gases are
Solubility
Mixture with a lower melting point than its constituents
defined as follows: Liquid → cooling eutectic temperature α solid solution + β solid solution {\displaystyle {\text{Liquid}}\quad
Eutectic_system
Mineral
solid solution series between carrollite and linnaeite. Also, Ni substitutes for both Co and Cu in the carrollite structure, giving a solid solution from
Carrollite
Austenitic nickel-chromium superalloys
crystal vacancies. Inconel's high-temperature strength is developed by solid solution strengthening or precipitation hardening, depending on the alloy. Inconel
Inconel
Substance formed when two or more constituents are physically combined
solid-liquid solution is divided into two halves of equal volume, the halves will contain equal amounts of both the liquid medium and dissolved solid
Mixture
Alunite supergroup, potassium iron basic sulfate mineral
each other and substitution between them occurs, resulting in several solid solution series. The alunite supergroup has the general formula AB3(TO4)2(OH)6
Jarosite
Alloys with high proportions of several metals
reported to form a single-phase FCC (face-centred cubic crystal structure) solid solution. Today, potential applications include use in state-of-the-art race
High-entropy_alloy
Metalworking process
In solid solution strengthening, a soluble alloying element is added to the material desired to be strengthened, and together they form a “solid solution”
Hardening_(metallurgy)
Rule in materials science
mixtures. In 1921, Lars Vegard discovered that the lattice parameter of a solid solution of two constituents is approximately a weighted mean of the two constituents'
Vegard's_law
Critical temperature of miscibility in a mixture
temperature where both metals are liquid). A solid state example is the palladium-hydrogen system which has a solid solution phase (H2 in Pd) in equilibrium with
Upper critical solution temperature
Upper_critical_solution_temperature
Group of rock-forming minerals
plagioclase feldspar. Only limited solid solution occurs between K-feldspar and anorthite, and in the two other solid solutions, immiscibility occurs at temperatures
Feldspar
Mixture or metallic solid solution composed of two or more elements
(consisting of two or more phases) or intermetallic. An alloy may be a solid solution of metal elements (a single phase, where all metallic grains (crystals)
Alloy
Trade name of age-hardenable aluminium alloy
a homogeneous solid solution. Quenching: Rapid cooling (quenching) after solution annealing freezes the high-temperature solid solution, preventing the
Duralumin
Cubic crystalline form of zirconium dioxide
rates tend to be opaque indicating partial phase separation in the solid solution (likely due to diffusion in the crystals remaining in the high temperature
Cubic_zirconia
Group of inosilicate minerals
solid solution series, at least at elevated temperature. Ferrous iron usually substitutes freely for magnesium in amphiboles to form continuous solid
Amphibole
Common iron oxide mineral
(FeTiO 3). With this crystal structure geometry it forms a complete solid solution at temperatures above 950 °C (1,740 °F). Hematite occurs naturally in
Hematite
Alloy with higher durability than normal metals
innovations. Superalloys develop high temperature strength through solid solution strengthening and precipitation strengthening from secondary phase precipitates
Superalloy
Feldspar mineral series
mineral with a specific chemical composition, plagioclase is a continuous solid solution series, more properly known as the plagioclase feldspar series. This
Plagioclase
Natural zeolite mineral
heulandite-Ca solid solution series Clinoptilolite-K – heulandite-K solid solution series Clinoptilolite-Na – heulandite-Na solid solution series Use of
Clinoptilolite
alloy to make sure that a second phase is not created. In general, the solid solution strengthening depends on the concentration of the solute atoms, shear
Strengthening mechanisms of materials
Strengthening_mechanisms_of_materials
Component of shear stress necessary to initiate slip in a crystal
slip systems, although this effect is much less pronounced in FCC. Solid solution strengthening also increases the CRSS compared to a pure single component
Critical resolved shear stress
Critical_resolved_shear_stress
Heat treatment technique used to increase the yield strength of malleable materials
material: solution heat treating and precipitation heat treating. Solid solution strengthening involves formation of a single-phase solid solution via quenching
Precipitation_hardening
Chemical process leading to the settling of an insoluble solid from a solution
In an aqueous solution, precipitation is the "sedimentation of a solid material (a precipitate) from a liquid solution". The solid formed is called the
Precipitation_(chemistry)
Boron-oxygen anion or functional group
investigated the infrared spectrum of metaborate anions in dilute solid solutions of potassium salt in alkali halides such as potassium chloride KCl
Metaborate
Magnesium end-member of olivine, a nesosilicate mineral
known as white olivine) is the magnesium-rich end-member of the olivine solid solution series. It is isomorphous with the iron-rich end-member, fayalite. Forsterite
Forsterite
Process of heating something to alter it
change occurs, not from a liquid, but from a solid solution. Upon cooling a eutectoid alloy from the solution temperature, the constituents will separate
Heat_treating
Mineral, semi-precious stone
compositions, defining distinct species. These species fall into two primary solid solution series: the pyralspite series (pyrope, almandine, spessartine), with
Garnet
Chemical element with atomic number 79 (Au)
nuggets or grains, in rocks, veins, and alluvial deposits. It occurs in a solid solution series with the native element silver (as in electrum), naturally alloyed
Gold
Mineral at the end of a mineral series
purity of its chemical composition. Minerals often can be described as solid solutions with varying compositions of some chemical elements, rather than as
Endmember
Mineral of magnesium iron silicate
ratio of magnesium to iron varies between the two endmembers of the solid solution series: forsterite (Mg-endmember: Mg2SiO4) and fayalite (Fe-endmember:
Olivine
Military explosive
with dimensional instability, pure ammonium nitrate was replaced by a solid solution of 10% of potassium nitrate in ammonium nitrate. Thus, a new formula
Minol_(explosive)
Chemical compound
compound with a general formula TaxHfyCx+y, which can be considered as a solid solution of tantalum carbide and hafnium carbide. It was originally thought to
Tantalum_hafnium_carbide
Complex inosilicate series of minerals
minerals. It is highly variable in composition, and includes at least five solid solution series: Magnesiohornblende–ferrohornblende, Ca2[(Mg,Fe)4Al]Si7AlO22(OH)2
Hornblende
Iron end-member of olivine, a nesosilicate mineral
commonly abbreviated to Fa) is the iron-rich end-member of the olivine solid-solution series. In common with all minerals in the olivine group, fayalite crystallizes
Fayalite
Technogenic mineral
Chernobylite is a solid solution technogenic compound consisting of a crystalline zirconium silicate and an amount of uranium as high as 10%. It was discovered
Chernobylite
Natural mineral form of lead sulfide
occur as included silver sulfide mineral phases or as limited silver in solid solution within the galena structure. These argentiferous galenas have long been
Galena
Pyroxene mineral
MgCaSi 2O 6. It forms complete solid solution series with hedenbergite (FeCaSi 2O 6) and augite, and partial solid solutions with orthopyroxene and pigeonite
Diopside
Plagioclase feldspar with 50–70% albite
Andesine is a silicate mineral, a member of the plagioclase feldspar solid solution series. Its chemical formula is (Ca, Na)(Al, Si)4O8, where the ratio
Andesine
Rare feldspathoid mineral in the sodalite group
a solid solution with nosean and with sodalite. Complete solid solution exists between synthetic nosean and haüyne at 600 °C, but only limited solid solution
Hauyne
Alloy
alloys is dominated by creep deformation. Nb-based alloys are a class 1 solid solution material. Class 1 creep is denoted by a slow initial strain rate and
Niobium_alloy
Easily fused metal alloy
https://himikatus.ru/art/phase-diagr1/In-Pb.php is NOT eutectic because Pb solid solution in In only raises melting point In-Sn https://himikatus.ru/art/phase-diagr1/In-Sn
Fusible_alloy
Semi-precious gemstone
Switzerland, now the town of St. Gotthard.[better source needed] A solid solution of the plagioclase feldspar oligoclase +/− the potassium feldspar orthoclase
Moonstone_(gemstone)
Lithium-ion battery cathode material
de-intercalates from the cathode and moves to the anode. Points in a solid solution phase diagram between the end members LiCoO2, LiMnO2, and LiNiO2 represent
Lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxides
Lithium_nickel_manganese_cobalt_oxides
Form of potassium feldspar
equilibrated at lower temperatures. Sanidine and high albite constitute a solid solution series with intermediate compositions termed anorthoclase. Exsolution
Sanidine
American 3D graphics software company
Solid Modeling Solutions (SMS) was a software company that specialized in 3D computer graphics geometry software. SMS was acquired by Nvidia Corporation
Solid_Modeling_Solutions
intermediate member of a solid solution series, others are "recently" discredited minerals. I – intermediate member of a solid-solution series. H – hypothetical
List of minerals recognized by the International Mineralogical Association
List_of_minerals_recognized_by_the_International_Mineralogical_Association
Phenomenon of deformation due to structural stress
These mechanisms for crystalline materials include Work hardening Solid solution strengthening Precipitation strengthening Grain boundary strengthening
Yield_(engineering)
Sodium endmember of the plagioclase feldspar series
plagioclase feldspar mineral. It is the sodium endmember of the plagioclase solid solution series. It represents a plagioclase with less than 10% anorthite content
Albite
Subgroup of phyllosilicate minerals within the trioctahedral mica group
approximate chemical formula K(Mg,Fe)3AlSi3O10(OH,F)2. It is primarily a solid-solution series between the iron-endmember annite, and the magnesium-endmember
Biotite
Member of the clinopyroxene group of silicate minerals
which is the high-pressure metamorphic rock of basalt. Omphacite is the solid solution of Fe-bearing diopside and jadeite. It crystallizes in the monoclinic
Omphacite
Nesosilicate mineral species of garnet
substitution of titanium for iron. Also known as "titanian andradite". Forms a solid solution with morimotoite and schorlomite depending on titanium and iron content
Andradite
Similarity of symmetry and shape
of Fe(acac)3 are deep red and crystals of Al(acac)3 are colorless, a solid solution of the two, i.e. Fe1−xAlx(acac)3 will be deep or pale pink depending
Isomorphism_(crystallography)
Titanium-iron(II) oxide mineral
(showing only very weak attraction to a magnet), but ilmenite forms solid solutions with hematite that are weakly ferromagnetic and so are noticeably attracted
Ilmenite
Iron ore mineral
(MgFe2O4). Titanomagnetite, also known as titaniferous magnetite, is a solid solution between magnetite and ulvospinel that crystallizes in many mafic igneous
Magnetite
Amphibole, double chain inosilicate mineral
amphibole mineral. It is frequently synthesized along with its ternary solid solution series members tremolite and cummingtonite so that the thermodynamic
Tschermakite
Mg-mica mineral in the biotite subgroup
magnesium mica. Phlogopite is the magnesium endmember of the biotite solid solution series, with the chemical formula KMg3AlSi3O10(F,OH)2. Iron substitutes
Phlogopite
fluorine, hydrogen, iron, magnesium, oxygen, and silicon. It forms a solid solution series with kornerupine. Warr, L.N. (2021). "IMA–CNMNC approved mineral
Prismatine
Metal-joining technique
Noble metals. Used in jewelry. Au-Cu Gold-copper. Continuous series of solid solutions. Readily wet many metals, including refractory ones. Narrow melting
Brazing
Titanium carbonitride (TiCN) is a solid solution of titanium nitride (TiN) and titanium carbide (TiC). Titanium carbonitride is harder than titanium nitride
Titanium_carbonitride
Substance whose dissolved ions conduct electricity
Electrically, such a solution is neutral. If an electric potential is applied to such a solution, the cations of the solution are drawn to the electrode
Electrolyte
Phosphate mineral
formula (Mg,Fe2+)Al2(PO4)2(OH)2. Lazulite forms one endmember of a solid solution series with the darker, iron-rich scorzalite. Lazulite crystallizes
Lazulite
Crystalline mineral
magnesium can substitute for iron in variable amounts as it forms a solid solution with magnesiochromite (MgCr2O4). Substitution of the element aluminium
Chromite
Type of crystal habit
crocidolite or "blue asbestos", and amosite, a cummingtonite-grunerite solid solution series. Another Zeolite that has come to light recently that is asbestiform
Asbestiform
Mineral of zinc carbonate
malachite, azurite, aurichalcite and anglesite. It forms two limited solid solution series, with substitution of manganese leading to rhodochrosite, and
Smithsonite
Property of solid materials under mechanical stress
evolving grain size. In class A materials, which have large amounts of solid solution hardening, strain rate increases over time due to a thinning of solute
Creep_(deformation)
Mineral of iron and tungsten
Ferberite is the iron endmember of the manganese–iron wolframite solid solution series. The manganese endmember is hübnerite. Ferberite is a black monoclinic
Ferberite
Mineral of manganese carbonate
Argentina and the state of Colorado. Rhodochrosite forms a complete solid solution series with iron carbonate (siderite). Calcium (as well as magnesium
Rhodochrosite
Sodium-rich member of the amphibole group of silicate minerals
minerals. It has chemical formula Na2(Fe2+3Fe3+2)Si8O22(OH)2. It forms a solid solution series with magnesioriebeckite, where Mg substitutes for Fe2+. It crystallizes
Riebeckite
Species of mineral belonging to the garnet group
characteristic absorption bands. Almandine is one end-member of a mineral solid solution series, with the other end member being the garnet pyrope. The almandine
Almandine
Phyllosilicate mineral
for a class of minerals of similar chemical makeup that comprise a solid solution series, and includes the members fluorapophyllite-(K), fluorapophyllite-(Na)
Apophyllite
physical obstructions to the motion of dislocations, above that of the solid solution strengthening of the solute components. In 7075 aluminium, for example
Guinier–Preston_zone
Group of inosilicate minerals with single chains of silica tetrahedra
Fe]Si2O6) only crystallises in the monoclinic system. There is no complete solid solution in calcium content and Mg-Fe-Ca pyroxenes with calcium contents between
Pyroxene
Process by which a solid with a highly organized structure forms
amorphous solids in which atoms or molecules lack regular organization. Crystallization can occur by various routes including precipitation from solution, freezing
Crystallization
Mg, Fe, Al cyclosilicate mineral
iron aluminium cyclosilicate. Iron is almost always present, and a solid solution exists between Mg-rich cordierite and Fe-rich sekaninaite with a series
Cordierite
Form of iron
gamma-phase iron (γ-Fe), is a metallic, non-magnetic allotrope of iron or a solid solution of iron with an alloying element. In plain-carbon steel, austenite exists
Austenite
Zeolite mineral
as a significant ore of caesium and sometimes rubidium. It forms a solid solution series with analcime. It crystallizes in the isometric-hexoctahedral
Pollucite
can not have an extinction angle. Minerals with undulose extinction, solid solution/zonation, or other factors (e.g. bird's eye extinction in mica) that
Extinction (optical mineralogy)
Extinction_(optical_mineralogy)
Iron(II) oxide (FeO) mineral formed under reducing conditions
Fe3O4. Magnetite is one part FeO and one part Fe2O3, rather than a solid solution of wüstite and hematite. Magnetite is termed a redox buffer because
Wüstite
Concept in materials science
solid solution, magnetic and elastic phenomena are greatly enhanced. The solubility of nitrogen is much larger than the solubility of carbon in solid
Cottrell_atmosphere
Alkali feldspar mineral
The mineral anorthoclase ((Na,K)AlSi3O8) is a crystalline solid solution in the alkali feldspar series, in which the proportion of the sodium-aluminium
Anorthoclase
Crystal patterns found in some meteorites
when the Solar System first formed. Once in the solid state, the slow cooling then allows the solid solution to precipitate a separate phase that grows within
Widmanstätten_pattern
Process by which small crystals dissolve in solution for the benefit of larger crystals
Ostwald ripening is a phenomenon observed in solid solutions and liquid sols that involves the change of an inhomogeneous structure over time, in that
Ostwald_ripening
Phosphate mineral
magnesium, and aluminium phosphate. Scorzalite forms one endmember of a solid solution series with the lighter, more magnesium-rich lazulite. Scorzalite crystallizes
Scorzalite
Geological process by which two elements simultaneously substitute into a crystal
overall electrical neutrality and keep the charge constant. In forming a solid solution series, ionic size is more important than ionic charge, as this can
Coupled_substitution
Group of phyllosilicate minerals
silicon substitute for each other in the crystal structure. A complete solid solution series exists between the two most common end members, magnesium-rich
Chlorite_group
Phosphate mineral
crystallizes in a hexagonal crystal system. It is often combined as a solid solution with hydroxylapatite (Ca5(PO4)3OH or Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2) in biological
Fluorapatite
Nesosilicate, manganese aluminium garnet species
southern Madagascar or in the Maevatanana region. Spessartine forms a solid solution series with the garnet species almandine. Well-formed crystals from
Spessartine
Law of thermodynamics for vapour pressure of a mixture
{\displaystyle i} in the liquid or solid solution. Where two volatile liquids A and B are mixed with each other to form a solution, the vapor phase consists of
Raoult's_law
Pyroxene: magnesium-iron silicate with MgSiO3 and FeSiO3 end-members
(MgSiO3) – ferrosilite (FeSiO3). The magnesium rich members of the solid solution series are common rock-forming minerals found in igneous and metamorphic
Enstatite
Lead selenide mineral
Clausthalite is a lead selenide mineral, PbSe. It forms a solid solution series with galena PbS. It occurs in low-sulfur hydrothermal deposits with other
Clausthalite
Intergrowth of two feldspars
composition intermediate between K-feldspar and albite. There is complete solid solution between albite and K-feldspar at temperatures near 700 °C and pressures
Perthite
Barium sulfate mineral
sulfate), and anhydrite (calcium sulfate). Baryte and celestine form a solid solution (Ba,Sr)SO4. The radiating form, sometimes referred to as Bologna Stone
Baryte
Molybdate mineral
that the solid solutions do not require new names. The correct nomenclature of the 90:10 solid state is wulfenite-I41/a and the 64:36 solid state is wulfenite-I4
Wulfenite
Solution in which the solvent is water
aqueous solutions is a precipitation reaction. This reaction occurs when two aqueous strong electrolyte solutions mix and produce an insoluble solid, also
Aqueous_solution
Drop in freezing temperature of a solvent due to the addition of solute
solvent. The resulting liquid solution or solid-solid mixture has a lower freezing point than the pure solvent or solid because the chemical potential
Freezing-point_depression
Class of two-dimensional inorganic compounds
MXenes can take two forms, ordered double transition metal MXenes or solid solution MXenes. Ordered double transition metal MXenes have the general formulas:
MXenes
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