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Inequality across geographical regions
Spatial inequality refers to the unequal distribution of resources and income across geographical regions. Attributable to local differences in infrastructure
Spatial_inequality
Topics referred to by the same term
distribution of wealth Spatial inequality, the unequal distribution of income and resources across geographical regions International inequality, economic differences
Inequality
2007 book by Linda M. Lobao, Gregory Hooks and Ann R. Tickamyer
The Sociology of Spatial Inequality is a 2007 edited volume by sociologists Linda M. Lobao, Gregory Hooks, and Ann R. Tickamyer, published by SUNY Press
The Sociology of Spatial Inequality
The_Sociology_of_Spatial_Inequality
Form of social inequality
included in the study, spatial inequalities have been high and on the increase, especially for developing nations. Many of these inequalities were traced back
Structural_inequality
Distribution of income or wealth between different groups
Economic inequality is an umbrella term for three concepts: income inequality, how the total sum of money paid to people is distributed among them; wealth
Economic_inequality
five-year plan. Such efforts to level spatial inequality continued during the Great Leap Forward, but the regional inequality persisted. Compared with the 1952
Social_structure_of_China
Poverty in rural areas, which are often less developed than urban areas worldwide
with spatial inequality, which in this context refers to the inequality between urban and rural areas. Both rural poverty and spatial inequality are global
Rural_poverty
In statistics
shading which shows many different degrees of accessibility. Spatial inequality "spatial distribution". www.eionet.europa.eu. Retrieved 2022-11-18. United
Spatial_distribution
Political science theory
and common spaces. Spatial inequality and justice - Spatial inequality refers to social, economic and environmental inequalities that create disparities
Spatial_politics
Improving quality of life in rural areas
with spatial inequality, which in this context refers to the inequality between urban and rural areas. Both rural poverty and spatial inequality are global
Rural_development
Systemic denial of services to some areas
educational and housing inequality across racial groups. Redlining is also an example of spatial inequality and economic inequality. The specific process
Redlining
Geographic area outside towns and cities
with spatial inequality, which in this context refers to the inequality between urban and rural areas. Both rural poverty and spatial inequality are global
Rural_area
Idea that a city as a co-created space should be reclaimed
against displacement and gentrification, all of which aim to address spatial inequalities in urban areas. In his first conception of the concept, Lefebvre
Right_to_the_city
Professor
Press. ISBN 9780262012058. Kanbur, Ravi; Venables, Anthony J. (2005). Spatial inequality and development. Oxford New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199278633
Ravi_Kanbur
Discrimination affecting a person's ability to buy or rent housing
to others for the same reasons. Housing discrimination can lead to spatial inequality and racial segregation, which, in turn, can exacerbate wealth disparities
Housing_discrimination
Spatial representation of economic inequality
a map which provides a detailed description of the spatial distribution of poverty and inequality within a country. It combines individual and household
Poverty_map
Social equity in health
497–528. doi:10.2307/3341855. JSTOR 3341855. Kanbur R, Zhang X (2005). "Spatial inequality in education and health care in China" (PDF). China Economic Review
Health_equity
Study of village economies
with spatial inequality, which in this context refers to the inequality between urban and rural areas. Both rural poverty and spatial inequality are global
Rural_economics
Linking social justice to geographic space
distributed across space, and how these spatial arrangements reflect, reproduce, or challenge structural inequalities. While the idea has deep roots in political
Spatial_justice
British economist and the BP Professor of Economics
Press. ISBN 9780262561471. Venables, Anthony J.; Kanbur, Ravi (2005). Spatial inequality and development. Oxford New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199278633
Anthony_Venables
to others for the same reasons. Housing discrimination can lead to spatial inequality and racial segregation, which, in turn, can exacerbate wealth disparities
Housing_insecurity
American think tank
and regions Efficient and equitable tax systems Reduced poverty and spatial inequality Fiscally healthy communities and regions Sustainably managed land
Lincoln Institute of Land Policy
Lincoln_Institute_of_Land_Policy
County of Kenya
government officials. The post-independence period saw continued spatial inequality, as the new ruling class largely maintained the colonial-era segregation
Nairobi_City_County
Economic and urban geographer
"Housing, urban growth and inequalities: The limits to deregulation and upzoning in reducing economic and spatial inequality". Urban Studies. 57 (2): 223–248
Michael_Storper
American sociologist (1951–2021)
to an understanding of long-term residential mobility trends and spatial inequality. Educational assortative mating is the tendency of people to marry
Robert_D._Mare
Plant species in the geranium family
Stamp, N. E. (1992). "Effects of Postdispersal Seed Predation on Spatial Inequality and Size Variability in an Annual Plant, Erodium cicutarium (Geraniaceae)"
Erodium_cicutarium
Chinese-American geographer (born 1963)
in China. London and New York: Routledge. Wei, Y.D. (ed.). 2015. Spatial Inequality. Applied Geography 61: 1-116. We, Y.D. (ed.) 2017. Urban Land and
Yehua_Dennis_Wei
Kenyan politician
2015-2017 where he initiated and participated in the UN-Habitat’s reduced spatial inequality and poverty in communities across the urban-rural continuum, Enhanced
Sam_Ongeri
Theorem in physics
In his original paper, Bell analyzed independent measurements on two spatially separated particles of an entangled pair. He assumed that each outcome
Bell's_theorem
Branch of geography
geography Environmental determinism Geography and wealth Poverty Map Spatial Inequality Geography of global interactions Archived 2008-05-28 at the Wayback
Development_geography
The inequality of wealth (i.e., inequality in the distribution of assets) has substantially increased in the United States since the late 1980s. Wealth
Wealth inequality in the United States
Wealth_inequality_in_the_United_States
is a concept in urban sociology which refers to the voluntary or forced spatial separation of different socio-cultural, ethnic, or racial groups within
Residential_segregation
French economist
emigrate, thereby helping the model to explain the evolution of spatial inequalities in the face of ongoing migration from poor to rich areas. These network
Hillel_Rapoport
American sociologist (born 1935)
and substantially influenced scholarship on neighborhood effects, spatial inequality, and urban public policy. The concepts developed in The Truly Disadvantaged
William_Julius_Wilson
Urban accessibility concept
the 15-minute city can occur organically, but ith existing socio-spatial inequalities at the citywide scale. The city of Melbourne, Australia, developed
15-minute_city
Branch of sociology
safety, persistence of small family farms, farmer inequality, life course and family, spatial inequality, civic society, farm families and communities, agricultural
Rural_sociology
as reported by the World Bank. Further down is a list from the World Inequality Database.[needs update] According to the International Comparison Program
List of countries by GNI (PPP) per capita
List_of_countries_by_GNI_(PPP)_per_capita
Idea and situation that women and men are not treated as equal
Gender inequality refers to gender specific disparities in access to opportunities, resources, rights, and protections. Where gender inequality is present
Gender_inequality
Mobility to move social classes
policy Social stigma Socio-economic mobility in the United States Spatial inequality Winner and loser culture "A Family Affair". Economic Policy Reforms
Social_mobility
Artificial island in Penang, Malaysia
Proceedingss of International Conference on Development and Socio Spatial Inequalities 2015 – via Universiti Sains Malaysia. "Draf Rancangan Tempatan Pulau
Gazumbo_Island
American sociologist
sociologist who currently serves as the Endowed Professor of Poverty and Inequality in Education at the Stanford Graduate School of Education, where he also
Sean_Reardon
Right-wing and nationalist political party in Poland
Kostelecký, Tomáš; Deppisch, Larissa; Klärner, Andreas (2025). "Spatial Inequalities and Electoral Preferences in Central Europe" (PDF). GEOgraphia. 27
Law_and_Justice
City of Cairo Governorate
turned the area into a symbol of exclusion, reinforcing Cairo’s socio-spatial inequalities. New Cairo, like most new cities in Egypt, is not administratively
New_Cairo
Italian territorial policy
document proposes a classification of municipalities according to the spatial inequalities, the different level of accessibility to basic public services. The
National Strategy for Inner Areas
National_Strategy_for_Inner_Areas
of the reasons for spatial inequality in most African countries. Therefore, there is an urgent need for new approaches of spatial development to obtain
Spatial Development in Cameroon
Spatial_Development_in_Cameroon
Sociological study of life and human interaction in metropolitan areas
in a June 2018 issue of C&C, Mike Owen Benediktsson argues that spatial inequality, the idea of a lack of resources through a specific space, would be
Urban_sociology
Sociological term based on socioeconomic status of neighborhoods
Researchers also employ broader inequality metrics—most notably the Index of Concentration at the Extremes, which reflects the spatial separation of affluence
Concentrated_disadvantage
Ways inequality is measured
Income inequality metrics or income distribution metrics are used by social scientists to measure the distribution of income and economic inequality among
Income_inequality_metrics
Urban and spatial planning in the Russian Federation
implemented by successive Russian governments in that period led to spatial inequality by which certain groups in a given city experienced increase in their
Urban_planning_in_Russia
Inequitable distribution of trees
life due to uneven environmental or spatial conditions and benefits. In a 2022 paper, socio-spatial inequalities specialist Bernard Bret and geographer
Urban_forest_inequity
Proposed form of border adjustment tax
rise to a more equal spatial distribution of economic activity. This suggests that federations which care about spatial inequality, like the European Union
Destination-based cash flow tax
Destination-based_cash_flow_tax
study found that a higher spatial mismatch index between populations and labor opportunities meant higher regional inequality and lower economic growth
Spatial_mismatch
Left-wing political party in Poland
Kostelecký, Tomáš; Deppisch, Larissa; Klärner, Andreas (2025). "Spatial Inequalities and Electoral Preferences in Central Europe" (PDF). GEOgraphia. 27
Partia_Razem
Application of geographical methods to the study of health and disease
costs of inequality: Money = quality health care = longer life". Harvard Gazette. Retrieved 2017-02-19. von Csefalvay, Chris (2023), "Spatial dynamics
Health_geography
Urbanist
Institute for Human Settlements. Bhan, G., & Jana, A. (2015). Reading spatial inequality in urban India. Economic & Political Weekly, 50(22), 49–54. Bhan,
Gautam_Bhan
Measure of inequality of a statistical distribution
dispersion intended to represent the income inequality, the wealth inequality, or the consumption inequality within a nation or a social group. It was developed
Gini_coefficient
Professional specializing in geography
population distribution and structure, migration, urbanization, spatial inequalities, access to services, socioeconomic conditions and relationships between
Geographer
Subfield of human geography and economics
Zeitschrift für Wirtschaftsgeographie – The German Journal of Economic Geography, published since 1956. Other EconGeo Network Social and Spatial Inequalities
Economic_geography
Kostelecký, Tomáš; Deppisch, Larissa; Klärner, Andreas (2025). "Spatial Inequalities and Electoral Preferences in Central Europe" (PDF). GEOgraphia. 27
Far-right_politics_in_Poland
Self-governing Palestinian areas in the Israeli-occupied West Bank
with negative connotations. Yet enclaves are socio-spatial formations that similarly arrange inequality. Gulag captures the arbitrariness of some of closure's
Palestinian_enclaves
PMC 2529296. PMID 18681978. Zhang, Xiaobo; Kanbur, Ravi (2005). "Spatial inequality in education and healthcare in China" (PDF). China Economic Review
Women's_health_in_China
American economist and academic (born 1985)
the National Bureau of Economic Research. Zidar's research focuses on inequality, the taxation of companies and high-income earners, local fiscal policies
Owen_Zidar
Education inequality in China exists on multiple levels, with significant disparities occurring along gender, geographical, and ethnic divides. More specifically
Education_inequality_in_China
Population shift from central urban areas into suburbs
Rachida; Bahi, Hicham (October 11, 2025). "Core–Periphery Dynamics and Spatial Inequalities in the African Context: A Case Study of Greater Casablanca". Urban
Suburbanization
Political party in Poland
Kostelecký, Tomáš; Deppisch, Larissa; Klärner, Andreas (2025). "Spatial Inequalities and Electoral Preferences in Central Europe" (PDF). GEOgraphia. 27
Poland_2050
Housing affordable to those with a median household income
"Housing, urban growth and inequalities: The limits to deregulation and upzoning in reducing economic and spatial inequality". Urban Studies. 57 (2): 223–248
Affordable_housing
Pune City, India Sidhwani, Pranav, Spatial inequalities in big Indian Cities Mullen, W.T., 2001. Deccan Queen: A Spatial Analysis of Poona in the Nineteenth
History_of_Pune
Affordable housing movement in Cape Town
to advance access to affordable housing and reduce apartheid-era spatial inequality. It also found that the disposal process was procedurally flawed because
Reclaim_The_City
Geographic region defined for the purpose of taking a census
Retrieved 25 October 2009. "Tracts – Information page". Social and Spatial Inequalities Group, Department of Geography, University of Sheffield. Archived
Census_tract
Subdiscipline of geography concentrating on urban areas
Urban Futures Archived 2019-09-25 at the Wayback Machine Social and Spatial Inequalities Archived 2018-03-29 at the Wayback Machine Urban Geography Specialty
Urban_geography
modernization of the tax system and labor laws, and the reduction of income inequality. Tax revenues, at 19.6 percent of GDP in 2013, were the lowest among the
Economy_of_Mexico
and increased government accountability. While racial inequality has declined, social inequalities nonetheless persist. White nepotism remains a considerable
Inequality in post-apartheid South Africa
Inequality_in_post-apartheid_South_Africa
1958 interpolation inequality
Navier–Stokes equations in two spatial dimensions (for smooth enough initial data). There is an analogous inequality for functions of three real variables
Ladyzhenskaya's_inequality
Group of pedestrian organisations
accessibility Street design and public space quality Social and spatial inequalities in mobility Health and environmental benefits of walking IFP has
International Federation of Pedestrians
International_Federation_of_Pedestrians
Racial separation in schools
predominantly minority-majority, urban schools. Another study targets spatial inequalities and student outcomes based on the physical and social presence in
School segregation in the United States
School_segregation_in_the_United_States
Public program
(2018-03-24). "Examining shrinking city of Detroit in the context of socio-spatial inequalities". Landscape and Urban Planning. 177: 350–361. doi:10.1016/j.landurbplan
Detroit_Demolition_Program
South Korean academic (born 1963)
Exploring the Applicability of Meritocracy as a Framework for Analyzing Spatial Inequality (Journal of Korean Planning Association 2025) https://www.kci.go
Shi-Chul_Lee
Country in South Asia
Naumann, Matthias, eds. (12 January 2013). Peripheralization: The Making of Spatial Dependencies and Social Injustice. Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden. p. 79
Pakistan
Effects of income inequality, researchers have found, include higher rates of health and social problems, and lower rates of social goods, a lower population-wide
Effects of economic inequality
Effects_of_economic_inequality
Collectively organized housing tenants group
Håkansson, Peter Gladoić; Bohman, Helena (2019-11-29). Investigating Spatial Inequalities: Mobility, Housing and Employment in Scandinavia and South-East Europe
Tenants_union
many more options exist. Photons have useful degrees of freedom in the spatial modes of the possible photon paths or in the polarization of the photons
Optical_cluster_state
People living in Britain who can trace their origin back to Sri Lanka
Salvatore (April 2023). "Sri Lankans' residential segregation and spatial inequalities in Southern Italy: an empirical analysis using fine-scale data on
British_Sri_Lankans
Unequal quality of housing in a society
Housing inequality is a disparity in the quality of housing in a society which is a form of economic inequality. The right to housing is recognized by
Housing_inequality
Political party in Poland
Kostelecký, Tomáš; Deppisch, Larissa; Klärner, Andreas (2025). "Spatial Inequalities and Electoral Preferences in Central Europe" (PDF). GEOgraphia. 27
Polish_People's_Party
Regional council in the northwestern Negev
at the Wayback Machine Myers-JDC-Brookdale Institute, 28 June 2005 Spatial Inequality in the Allocation of Municipal Resources Adalah, December 2004 RCUV
Neve_Midbar_Regional_Council
Regional council in southern Israel
at the Wayback Machine Myers-JDC-Brookdale Institute, 28 June 2005 Spatial Inequality in the Allocation of Municipal Resources Adalah, December 2004 RCUV
Al-Kasom_Regional_Council
social apartheid has been used to describe various aspects of economic inequality in Brazil, drawing a parallel with the legally enforced separation of
Social_apartheid_in_Brazil
Hierarchical outline list of articles related to geography
study of the spatial patterns of food production, distribution, and consumption from local to global scales, and the spatial inequalities within food systems
Outline_of_geography
Understanding school segregation: patterns, causes and consequences of spatial inequalities in education. Bonal, Xavier., Belleï, Cristián. London: Bloomsbury
Economy_of_Peru
South African politician
Corridors of Freedom agenda, which involved redressing apartheid-era spatial inequalities through inclusionary public transport, including continued expansion
Parks_Tau
Mulcahy, Aogán (2012). "'Alright in their own place': Policing and the spatial regulation of Irish Travellers". Criminology & Criminal Justice. 12 (3):
List_of_ethnic_slurs
at the Wayback Machine Myers-JDC-Brookdale Institute, 28 June 2005 Spatial Inequality in the Allocation of Municipal Resources Adalah, December 2004 RCUV
Abu_Basma_Regional_Council
Australian politician
Bibcode:1991AuGeo..22..132F. doi:10.1080/00049189108703040. Beer, Andrew (2008). "Spatial inequality and locational disadvantage: new perspectives on an old debate". Urban
Brian_Howe_(politician)
Understanding school segregation: patterns, causes and consequences of spatial inequalities in education. Bonal, Xavier., Belleï, Cristián. London: Bloomsbury
Education_in_Peru
Type of urban transformation
over time. The study of urban environments can reveal patterns of spatial inequality, such as the observed negative correlation between the provision of
Environmental_gentrification
Unequal distribution of academic resources
Inequality in education is broken down into different types: regional inequality, inequality by sex, inequality by social stratification, inequality by
Educational_inequality
on other variables which are observable within society – income inequality, spatial segregation of affluence and poverty (which describes the isolation
Income_segregation
Manchu-led dynasty of China (1644–1912)
In Rubie Sharon Watson; Patricia Buckley Ebrey (eds.). Marriage and Inequality in Chinese Society. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-06930-5
Qing_dynasty
Distance function defined between probability distributions
cost. At this point, a very short proof of the isoperimetric inequality appears. The inequality states that among all open sets of R n {\displaystyle \mathbb
Wasserstein_metric
Theory that the universe is the same in all directions
physical cosmology, the cosmological principle is the notion that the spatial distribution of matter in the universe is uniformly isotropic and homogeneous
Cosmological_principle
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