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Antigen which strongly activates the immune system
Superantigens (SAgs) are a class of antigens that result in excessive activation of the immune system. Specifically they cause non-specific activation
Superantigen
Species of bacterium
its host, this bacterium possesses many virulence factors including a superantigen, adhesins, and secreted Yops (Yersinia outer proteins). Most of them
Yersinia_pseudotuberculosis
Enterotoxin produced by the bacteria Staphylococcus aureus
at 100 °C for a few minutes. Gastroenteritis occurs because SEB is a superantigen, causing the immune system to release a large amount of cytokines that
Enterotoxin_type_B
Toxin from a microorganism affecting the intestines
"Crystal structure of microbial superantigen staphylococcal enterotoxin B at 1.5 A resolution: implications for superantigen recognition by MHC class II molecules
Enterotoxin
of the bacterial species Streptococcus pyogenes. SpeA and SpeC are superantigens, which induce inflammation by nonspecifically activating T cells and
Streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxin
Streptococcal_pyrogenic_exotoxin
Medical condition caused by bacterial toxins
syndrome (TSLS). The underlying mechanism involves the production of superantigens during an invasive streptococcus infection or a localized staphylococcus
Toxic_shock_syndrome
Species of bacterium
the S. pyogenes superantigen speG, has been documented in some S. dysgalactiae strains. However, it only appears to possess superantigen-capabilities in
Streptococcus_dysgalactiae
Medical condition
Izumi fever. It is specifically caused by strains that carry YPM, a superantigen that causes uncontrolled activation of some T cells, most commonly found
Far_East_scarlet-like_fever
Family of amphibians
Pseudomonas exotoxin Extracellular adenylate cyclase Mechanisms type I Superantigen type II Pore-forming toxin type III AB toxin/AB5 Endotoxin Lipopolysaccharide
Poison_dart_frog
Superantigen
Toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 (TSST-1) is a superantigen with a size of 22 kDa produced by 5 to 25% of Staphylococcus aureus isolates. It causes toxic shock
Toxic_shock_syndrome_toxin-1
Naturally occurring organic poison
Pseudomonas exotoxin Extracellular adenylate cyclase Mechanisms type I Superantigen type II Pore-forming toxin type III AB toxin/AB5 Endotoxin Lipopolysaccharide
Toxin
Poisoning of heart electrophysiology or muscle
Pseudomonas exotoxin Extracellular adenylate cyclase Mechanisms type I Superantigen type II Pore-forming toxin type III AB toxin/AB5 Endotoxin Lipopolysaccharide
Cardiotoxicity
Gill-bearing non-tetrapod aquatic vertebrates
Pseudomonas exotoxin Extracellular adenylate cyclase Mechanisms type I Superantigen type II Pore-forming toxin type III AB toxin/AB5 Endotoxin Lipopolysaccharide
Fish
Type of toxic lectin
Pseudomonas exotoxin Extracellular adenylate cyclase Mechanisms type I Superantigen type II Pore-forming toxin type III AB toxin/AB5 Endotoxin Lipopolysaccharide
Ricin
Species of Gram-positive bacterium
these toxins are associated with specific diseases. Superantigens Antigens known as superantigens can induce toxic shock syndrome (TSS). This group comprises
Staphylococcus_aureus
Group of poisons produced by molds
Pseudomonas exotoxin Extracellular adenylate cyclase Mechanisms type I Superantigen type II Pore-forming toxin type III AB toxin/AB5 Endotoxin Lipopolysaccharide
Aflatoxin
Molecule triggering an immune response
molecular properties and circumstances such as route of administration. Superantigen – A class of antigens that cause non-specific activation of T-cells,
Antigen
Toxin from bacteria that destroys or disrupts cells
Two examples are described below. Superantigens are produced by several bacteria. The best-characterized superantigens are those produced by the strains
Exotoxin
Menstrual hygiene product to absorb menstrual flow by insertion into the vagina
disease most commonly caused by infection of superantigen-producing Staphylococcus aureus. The superantigen toxin secreted in S. aureus infections is TSS
Tampon
Cytotoxin forming pores in cell membranes
a central pore through which cell contents leak and which acts as a superantigen. Other authors contribute the differential response of MRSA subtypes
Panton–Valentine_leukocidin
Toxin harmful to nervous tissue
Pseudomonas exotoxin Extracellular adenylate cyclase Mechanisms type I Superantigen type II Pore-forming toxin type III AB toxin/AB5 Endotoxin Lipopolysaccharide
Neurotoxin
Infectious disease
post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis. These toxins are also known as "superantigens" because they can cause an extensive immune response by activating some
Scarlet_fever
Class of molecules found in the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria
Pseudomonas exotoxin Extracellular adenylate cyclase Mechanisms type I Superantigen type II Pore-forming toxin type III AB toxin/AB5 Endotoxin Lipopolysaccharide
Lipopolysaccharide
Pseudomonas exotoxin Extracellular adenylate cyclase Mechanisms type I Superantigen type II Pore-forming toxin type III AB toxin/AB5 Endotoxin Lipopolysaccharide
Psalmotoxin
Chemical compound
Pseudomonas exotoxin Extracellular adenylate cyclase Mechanisms type I Superantigen type II Pore-forming toxin type III AB toxin/AB5 Endotoxin Lipopolysaccharide
Cantharidin
Foodborne illness
Pseudomonas exotoxin Extracellular adenylate cyclase Mechanisms type I Superantigen type II Pore-forming toxin type III AB toxin/AB5 Endotoxin Lipopolysaccharide
Ciguatera_fish_poisoning
Bacterial infection (genus Staphylococcus)
Lewis, P.; Howarth, P. (2011-04-01). "Staphylococci and staphylococcal superantigens in asthma and rhinitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis". Allergy
Staphylococcal_infection
Neurotoxin produced by Clostridium botulinum
Pseudomonas exotoxin Extracellular adenylate cyclase Mechanisms type I Superantigen type II Pore-forming toxin type III AB toxin/AB5 Endotoxin Lipopolysaccharide
Botulinum_toxin
Toxin produced by a fungus
Pseudomonas exotoxin Extracellular adenylate cyclase Mechanisms type I Superantigen type II Pore-forming toxin type III AB toxin/AB5 Endotoxin Lipopolysaccharide
Mycotoxin
Species of bacterium
Pseudomonas exotoxin Extracellular adenylate cyclase Mechanisms type I Superantigen type II Pore-forming toxin type III AB toxin/AB5 Endotoxin Lipopolysaccharide
Clostridium_perfringens
Dangerously low blood pressure due to damage from an organ infection
surface-active toxins, disrupt cells without entering, and include superantigens and heat-stable enterotoxins. Type II, membrane-damaging toxins, destroy
Septic_shock
Surface protein in bacteria cell walls
IgM antibody: structural basis for recognition of B-cell receptors and superantigen activity". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United
Protein_A
Life-threatening response to infection
lipoteichoic acid. Bacterial exotoxins that act as superantigens also may cause sepsis. Superantigens simultaneously bind major histocompatibility complex
Sepsis
British feminine hygiene brand
study found that Natracare tampons produced no measurable amounts of the superantigen TSST-1, which causes toxic shock syndrome. Since 2019, Natracare has
Natracare
Disease found in young children
There has been debate as to whether the infectious agent might be a superantigen (i.e. one commonly associated with excessive immune system activation)
Kawasaki_disease
Neurotoxin
Pseudomonas exotoxin Extracellular adenylate cyclase Mechanisms type I Superantigen type II Pore-forming toxin type III AB toxin/AB5 Endotoxin Lipopolysaccharide
Tetrodotoxin
Family of toxins
Pseudomonas exotoxin Extracellular adenylate cyclase Mechanisms type I Superantigen type II Pore-forming toxin type III AB toxin/AB5 Endotoxin Lipopolysaccharide
Amatoxin
Blood infection caused by bacteria
leptospirosis infection are found to have the HLA-DQ6 genotype, possibly due to superantigen activation, which damages bodily organs. Leptospira LPS only activates
Leptospirosis
Species of virus
MMTV codes for the retroviral structural genes and additionally for a superantigen. This stimulates T lymphocytes with a certain type of V beta chain in
Mouse_mammary_tumor_virus
Highly modified saliva containing zootoxins
Pseudomonas exotoxin Extracellular adenylate cyclase Mechanisms type I Superantigen type II Pore-forming toxin type III AB toxin/AB5 Endotoxin Lipopolysaccharide
Snake_venom
Species of endospore forming bacterium
Pseudomonas exotoxin Extracellular adenylate cyclase Mechanisms type I Superantigen type II Pore-forming toxin type III AB toxin/AB5 Endotoxin Lipopolysaccharide
Clostridium_botulinum
Raised body temperature caused by disease
given pyrogens varies: in extreme cases, bacterial pyrogens can act as superantigens and cause rapid and dangerous fevers. Endogenous pyrogens are cytokines
Fever
Type of beta barrel protein domain structure
pseudotuberculosis that belong to a class of viral and bacterial proteins known as superantigens. More broadly, the members of the extremely diverse cupin superfamily
Jelly_roll_fold
Toxins that destroy red blood cells
Pseudomonas exotoxin Extracellular adenylate cyclase Mechanisms type I Superantigen type II Pore-forming toxin type III AB toxin/AB5 Endotoxin Lipopolysaccharide
Hemotoxin
Chemical compound
Pseudomonas exotoxin Extracellular adenylate cyclase Mechanisms type I Superantigen type II Pore-forming toxin type III AB toxin/AB5 Endotoxin Lipopolysaccharide
Resiniferatoxin
Chemical compound
Pseudomonas exotoxin Extracellular adenylate cyclase Mechanisms type I Superantigen type II Pore-forming toxin type III AB toxin/AB5 Endotoxin Lipopolysaccharide
Orellanine
Medical condition
gangliosides, causing a release of protease by keratinocytes acting as superantigens in stimulating the skin's immune system. A more recent proposal states
Bullous_impetigo
Species of bacterium
and subcellular organelles. Streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxin A (SpeA) Superantigens secreted by many strains of S. pyogenes: This streptococcal pyrogenic
Streptococcus_pyogenes
Family of related toxins
Pseudomonas exotoxin Extracellular adenylate cyclase Mechanisms type I Superantigen type II Pore-forming toxin type III AB toxin/AB5 Endotoxin Lipopolysaccharide
Shiga_toxin
Chemical compound
Pseudomonas exotoxin Extracellular adenylate cyclase Mechanisms type I Superantigen type II Pore-forming toxin type III AB toxin/AB5 Endotoxin Lipopolysaccharide
Batrachotoxin
Interface between lymphocyte and target cell
cell expressing GFP-actin (green) and Raji B cell stained with CMAC (blue). Synapse formation was induced by Staphylococcal enterotoxin E superantigen.
Immunological_synapse
Removal of autoreactive B and T cells before they become immunocompetent
but uncommon for molecular mimicry to lead to an autoimmune disease. Superantigens are composed of viral or bacterial proteins and can hijack the clonal
Clonal_deletion
Chemical compound
Pseudomonas exotoxin Extracellular adenylate cyclase Mechanisms type I Superantigen type II Pore-forming toxin type III AB toxin/AB5 Endotoxin Lipopolysaccharide
3-Nitropropionic_acid
Protein family
Pseudomonas exotoxin Extracellular adenylate cyclase Mechanisms type I Superantigen type II Pore-forming toxin type III AB toxin/AB5 Endotoxin Lipopolysaccharide
Agitoxin
Extremely potent neurotoxin
Pseudomonas exotoxin Extracellular adenylate cyclase Mechanisms type I Superantigen type II Pore-forming toxin type III AB toxin/AB5 Endotoxin Lipopolysaccharide
Tetanus_toxin
interferon genes Stromal cell-derived factor 1 Sublingual immunotherapy Superantigen Superoxide Surface probability Systemic acquired resistance Systems immunology
Index_of_immunology_articles
Exotoxin
Pseudomonas exotoxin Extracellular adenylate cyclase Mechanisms type I Superantigen type II Pore-forming toxin type III AB toxin/AB5 Endotoxin Lipopolysaccharide
Diphtheria_toxin
Class of chemical compounds
Pseudomonas exotoxin Extracellular adenylate cyclase Mechanisms type I Superantigen type II Pore-forming toxin type III AB toxin/AB5 Endotoxin Lipopolysaccharide
Bufotoxin
Chemical compound
Pseudomonas exotoxin Extracellular adenylate cyclase Mechanisms type I Superantigen type II Pore-forming toxin type III AB toxin/AB5 Endotoxin Lipopolysaccharide
Aflatoxin_B1
Chemical compound
Pseudomonas exotoxin Extracellular adenylate cyclase Mechanisms type I Superantigen type II Pore-forming toxin type III AB toxin/AB5 Endotoxin Lipopolysaccharide
Bufagin
Naturally occurring glutamate receptor agonist neurotoxin
Pseudomonas exotoxin Extracellular adenylate cyclase Mechanisms type I Superantigen type II Pore-forming toxin type III AB toxin/AB5 Endotoxin Lipopolysaccharide
Ibotenic_acid
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
with the Superantigen SEC3 1jws: Crystal Structure of the Complex of the MHC Class II Molecule HLA-DR1 (HA peptide 306-318) with the Superantigen SEC3 Variant
HLA-DRB1
Type of molecules produced by a pathogen that might cause potential harmful effects
Pseudomonas exotoxin Extracellular adenylate cyclase Mechanisms type I Superantigen type II Pore-forming toxin type III AB toxin/AB5 Endotoxin Lipopolysaccharide
Virulence_factor
Group of chemical compounds
Pseudomonas exotoxin Extracellular adenylate cyclase Mechanisms type I Superantigen type II Pore-forming toxin type III AB toxin/AB5 Endotoxin Lipopolysaccharide
Phallotoxin
Chemical compound
Pseudomonas exotoxin Extracellular adenylate cyclase Mechanisms type I Superantigen type II Pore-forming toxin type III AB toxin/AB5 Endotoxin Lipopolysaccharide
Α-Amanitin
Group of chemical compounds
Pseudomonas exotoxin Extracellular adenylate cyclase Mechanisms type I Superantigen type II Pore-forming toxin type III AB toxin/AB5 Endotoxin Lipopolysaccharide
Fumonisin
Topics referred to by the same term
Bohol, Philippines Short for Sagittarius, a zodiac sign SAg, short for superantigen SAG (gene), encodes the protein S-Arrestin in humans Sagitta (optics)
Sag
Protein family
"Antibodies to the conserved region of the M protein and a streptococcal superantigen cooperatively resolve toxic shock-like syndrome in HLA-humanized mice"
M_protein_(Streptococcus)
Paralytic shellfish toxin
Pseudomonas exotoxin Extracellular adenylate cyclase Mechanisms type I Superantigen type II Pore-forming toxin type III AB toxin/AB5 Endotoxin Lipopolysaccharide
Saxitoxin
Group of chemical compounds
Pseudomonas exotoxin Extracellular adenylate cyclase Mechanisms type I Superantigen type II Pore-forming toxin type III AB toxin/AB5 Endotoxin Lipopolysaccharide
Ciguatoxin
Crystal protein
Pseudomonas exotoxin Extracellular adenylate cyclase Mechanisms type I Superantigen type II Pore-forming toxin type III AB toxin/AB5 Endotoxin Lipopolysaccharide
Cry1Ac
Chemical compound
Pseudomonas exotoxin Extracellular adenylate cyclase Mechanisms type I Superantigen type II Pore-forming toxin type III AB toxin/AB5 Endotoxin Lipopolysaccharide
Satratoxin-H
Protein-produced toxins that create pores in cell membrane
Pseudomonas exotoxin Extracellular adenylate cyclase Mechanisms type I Superantigen type II Pore-forming toxin type III AB toxin/AB5 Endotoxin Lipopolysaccharide
Pore-forming_toxin
Pseudomonas exotoxin Extracellular adenylate cyclase Mechanisms type I Superantigen type II Pore-forming toxin type III AB toxin/AB5 Endotoxin Lipopolysaccharide
Staphylococcus aureus alpha toxin
Staphylococcus_aureus_alpha_toxin
Group of autoantibodies
research still being undertaken on the development of ANCA. Microbial superantigens are molecules expressed by bacteria and other microorganisms that have
Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody
Anti-neutrophil_cytoplasmic_antibody
Exotoxin produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Pseudomonas exotoxin Extracellular adenylate cyclase Mechanisms type I Superantigen type II Pore-forming toxin type III AB toxin/AB5 Endotoxin Lipopolysaccharide
Pseudomonas_exotoxin
Toxic chemical from some poison dart frogs
Pseudomonas exotoxin Extracellular adenylate cyclase Mechanisms type I Superantigen type II Pore-forming toxin type III AB toxin/AB5 Endotoxin Lipopolysaccharide
Epibatidine
Insecticide
Pseudomonas exotoxin Extracellular adenylate cyclase Mechanisms type I Superantigen type II Pore-forming toxin type III AB toxin/AB5 Endotoxin Lipopolysaccharide
Delta_endotoxins
Protein family
Pseudomonas exotoxin Extracellular adenylate cyclase Mechanisms type I Superantigen type II Pore-forming toxin type III AB toxin/AB5 Endotoxin Lipopolysaccharide
Hefutoxin
Broad-spectrum calcium channel blocker
Pseudomonas exotoxin Extracellular adenylate cyclase Mechanisms type I Superantigen type II Pore-forming toxin type III AB toxin/AB5 Endotoxin Lipopolysaccharide
Phoneutria nigriventer toxin-3
Phoneutria_nigriventer_toxin-3
Cytotoxin produced by Clostridioides difficile
Pseudomonas exotoxin Extracellular adenylate cyclase Mechanisms type I Superantigen type II Pore-forming toxin type III AB toxin/AB5 Endotoxin Lipopolysaccharide
Clostridioides difficile toxin A
Clostridioides_difficile_toxin_A
Tripartite protein complex secreted by virulent strains of Bacillus anthracis
Pseudomonas exotoxin Extracellular adenylate cyclase Mechanisms type I Superantigen type II Pore-forming toxin type III AB toxin/AB5 Endotoxin Lipopolysaccharide
Anthrax_toxin
Chemical compound
Pseudomonas exotoxin Extracellular adenylate cyclase Mechanisms type I Superantigen type II Pore-forming toxin type III AB toxin/AB5 Endotoxin Lipopolysaccharide
Pandinotoxin
Fungal toxic chemical in grains
Pseudomonas exotoxin Extracellular adenylate cyclase Mechanisms type I Superantigen type II Pore-forming toxin type III AB toxin/AB5 Endotoxin Lipopolysaccharide
Vomitoxin
Neurotoxic phospholipase
Pseudomonas exotoxin Extracellular adenylate cyclase Mechanisms type I Superantigen type II Pore-forming toxin type III AB toxin/AB5 Endotoxin Lipopolysaccharide
Taipoxin
Bacterial toxins
Pseudomonas exotoxin Extracellular adenylate cyclase Mechanisms type I Superantigen type II Pore-forming toxin type III AB toxin/AB5 Endotoxin Lipopolysaccharide
Cry6Aa
Chemical compound
Pseudomonas exotoxin Extracellular adenylate cyclase Mechanisms type I Superantigen type II Pore-forming toxin type III AB toxin/AB5 Endotoxin Lipopolysaccharide
T-2_mycotoxin
Protein complex on the surface of T cells that recognizes antigens
recognition as in classical CDRs, but has been shown to interact with superantigens. The constant domain of the TCR consists of short connecting sequences
T-cell_receptor
Cytotoxin produced by Clostridioides difficile
Pseudomonas exotoxin Extracellular adenylate cyclase Mechanisms type I Superantigen type II Pore-forming toxin type III AB toxin/AB5 Endotoxin Lipopolysaccharide
Clostridioides difficile toxin B
Clostridioides_difficile_toxin_B
Large family of chemically related mycotoxins
Pseudomonas exotoxin Extracellular adenylate cyclase Mechanisms type I Superantigen type II Pore-forming toxin type III AB toxin/AB5 Endotoxin Lipopolysaccharide
Trichothecene
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
with the Superantigen SEC3 1jws: Crystal Structure of the Complex of the MHC Class II Molecule HLA-DR1 (HA peptide 306-318) with the Superantigen SEC3 Variant
HLA-DRA
Chemical compound
Pseudomonas exotoxin Extracellular adenylate cyclase Mechanisms type I Superantigen type II Pore-forming toxin type III AB toxin/AB5 Endotoxin Lipopolysaccharide
Citrinin
Chemical compound
Pseudomonas exotoxin Extracellular adenylate cyclase Mechanisms type I Superantigen type II Pore-forming toxin type III AB toxin/AB5 Endotoxin Lipopolysaccharide
Isopimaric_acid
Protein domain
IgM antibody: structural basis for recognition of B-cell receptors and superantigen activity". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 97 (10): 5399–404. Bibcode:2000PNAS
SpAB_protein_domain
Pore-forming toxin produced by the bacteria Staphylococcus
Pseudomonas exotoxin Extracellular adenylate cyclase Mechanisms type I Superantigen type II Pore-forming toxin type III AB toxin/AB5 Endotoxin Lipopolysaccharide
Leukocidin
Retrieved 11 February 2018. Bowness, Paul (1993). Recognition of antigen and superantigen by cytotoxic lymphocytes (Thesis). Thesis DPhil--University of Oxford
Andrew_McMichael
Chemical compound
Pseudomonas exotoxin Extracellular adenylate cyclase Mechanisms type I Superantigen type II Pore-forming toxin type III AB toxin/AB5 Endotoxin Lipopolysaccharide
Nereistoxin
Species of virus
(StrepTSS), speA produced by infected streptococcal strains acts as a superantigen and interacts with human monocytes and T lymphocytes, inducing T-cell
Bacteriophage_T12
Chemical compound
Pseudomonas exotoxin Extracellular adenylate cyclase Mechanisms type I Superantigen type II Pore-forming toxin type III AB toxin/AB5 Endotoxin Lipopolysaccharide
Muscarine
Group of neurotoxins
Pseudomonas exotoxin Extracellular adenylate cyclase Mechanisms type I Superantigen type II Pore-forming toxin type III AB toxin/AB5 Endotoxin Lipopolysaccharide
Conotoxin
SUPERANTIGEN
SUPERANTIGEN
SUPERANTIGEN
SUPERANTIGEN
Girl/Female
Hindu
The true beauty belonging to niroshan
Female
Hebrew
(יָפָה) Hebrew name YAFFA means "beautiful."Â
Boy/Male
Arabic, Indian, Muslim, Russian
Rich; Leader; From Kikuyu; Wealthy; Ruler; King
Girl/Female
Muslim
Full figured, Perfectly formed
Boy/Male
Gujarati, Hindu, Indian, Malayalam, Marathi, Telugu
Speed Like Wind
Girl/Female
Indian
Sheep, Goat, Name of a valley
Boy/Male
Muslim/Islamic
Neat Clean
Biblical
catching fish; fishery (inhabitants)
Girl/Female
Hindu, Indian, Kannada, Malayalam, Marathi, Sanskrit, Telugu
A String of Flowers
Female
English
Modern English form of Anglo-Saxon Æthelthryth, AUDREY means "noble strength."
SUPERANTIGEN
SUPERANTIGEN
SUPERANTIGEN
SUPERANTIGEN
SUPERANTIGEN