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Subfield of climatology
Synoptic climatology is a subfield of climatology under the larger umbrella of atmospheric science which attempts to relate local or regional climate
Synoptic_climatology
Scientific study of climate
physical climatology, dynamic climatology, tornado climatology, regional climatology, bioclimatology, and synoptic climatology. The study of the hydrological
Climatology
Rapidly rotating storm system
A tropical cyclone is the generic term for a warm-cored, non-frontal synoptic-scale low-pressure system over tropical or subtropical waters around the
Tropical_cyclone
Climate factors contributing to the formation of tornadoes
York Times. David M. Gaffin; Stephen S. Parker (October 2006). "A Climatology of Synoptic Conditions associated with Significant Tornadoes across the Southern
Tornado_climatology
Systems that categorize the world's climates
began to establish synoptic climatologies based on this idea in 1973. Based upon the Bergeron classification scheme is the Spatial Synoptic Classification
Climate_classification
1000-km-order method of measuring weather systems
In meteorology, the synoptic scale (also called the large scale or cyclonic scale) is a horizontal length scale of the order of 1,000 km (620 mi) or more
Synoptic_scale_meteorology
Geographic and climate zone
Uri Dayan (2002). "Synoptic Climatology of Major Floods in the Negev Desert, Israel" (PDF). International Journal of Climatology. 22 (7): 869. Bibcode:2002IJCli
Subtropics
Widespread, long-lived, straight-line wind storm
"A synoptic climatology of derecho producing mesoscale convective systems in the North-Central Plains" (PDF). International Journal of Climatology. 20
Derecho
Type of Pacific seasonal cyclone
Retrieved on 2009-05-22. Otkin, J. A., and J. E. Martin. (2004). A synoptic-climatology of the subtropical Kona storm. Mon. Wea. Rev., 132, 1502-1517. Download
Kona_storm
Yearly period of high rainfall
Dayan, Uri (2002). "Synoptic Climatology of Major Floods in the Negev Desert, Israel" (PDF). International Journal of Climatology. 22 (7): 869. Bibcode:2002IJCli
Wet_season
Low pressure area weather system common to North America
Mountains. Thomas, Blaine C.; Martin, Jonathan E. (2007-04-01). "A Synoptic Climatology and Composite Analysis of the Alberta Clipper". Weather and Forecasting
Alberta_clipper
City in New York, United States
Christopher (2007). Synoptic Climatology of Snowfall in the Northeastern United States: an Analysis of Snowfall Amounts from Diverse Synoptic Weather Types
Utica,_New_York
Type of cyclone
2009-06-21. Frederick Sanders; John R. Gyakum (October 1980). "Synoptic-Dynamic Climatology of the "Bomb"". Monthly Weather Review. 108 (10): 1589. Bibcode:1980MWRv
Extratropical_cyclone
Meteorological data and networks
Stations range from those with a single raingauge to full-size synoptic and official climatological stations. Many of the stations are equipped with a Stevenson
Climatological_Observers_Link
works as long as a tropical cyclone is moving and only the first order or synoptic station network (with observations spaced about 60 mi (97 km) apart) are
United States tropical cyclone rainfall climatology
United_States_tropical_cyclone_rainfall_climatology
Regional tropical cyclone
2011-03-24. Roger Graham Barry; Andrew Mark Carleto (2001). Synoptic and dynamic climatology. Psychology Press. pp. 520–521. ISBN 978-0-415-03115-8. Archived
Typhoon
Region
Rensch, P., Cai, W. (2012). Severe heat waves in Southern Australia: synoptic climatology and large scale connections. Climate Dynamics, 38, 209-224. doi:10
Southern_Australia
Low-pressure areas that occur over the subtropics
(1992). Synoptic climatology of thermal low-pressure systems over south-western north America.[link removed] International Journal of Climatology, Vol.
Thermal_low
Australian climatologist (1958–2019)
2019)". About us. Retrieved 16 March 2026. Whetton, P. H. (1986), A synoptic climatological analysis of Victorian rainfall variability, retrieved 11 February
Penny_Whetton
Long-term weather pattern of a region
microthermal, mesothermal, and megathermal. Finally, the Bergeron and Spatial Synoptic Classification systems focus on the origin of air masses that define the
Climate
Dissipation of a cyclone
(2001). "Surface Cyclolysis in the North Pacific Ocean. Part I: A Synoptic Climatology". Monthly Weather Review. 129 (4): 748–765. Bibcode:2001MWRv..129
Cyclolysis
Characteristics of weather in U.S.
David M.; Hotz, David G. (2000). "A Precipitation and Flood Climatology with Synoptic Features of Heavy Rainfall across the Southern Appalachian Mountains"
United States rainfall climatology
United_States_rainfall_climatology
Terrestrial ecozone in northern Canada
Geological Observatory, Columbia University, 1970. Walker, Edward R. A Synoptic Climatology for Parts of the Western Cordillera. Montreal: McGill University
Arctic_Cordillera
Weather pattern
Convective cloud features in typical synoptic environments: the Spanish plume FMI Convective cloud features in typical synoptic environments: the Spanish plume
Spanish_plume
Place in Nunavut, Canada
Geological Observatory, Columbia University, 1970. Walker, Edward R. A Synoptic Climatology for Parts of the Western Cordillera. Montreal: McGill University
Pond_Inlet
Thunderstorm during which there is snowfall
large-area (non-local) thundersnow occurred on 17 January 2022, when a strong synoptic-scale squall line passed north to south over whole central and eastern
Thundersnow
National weather, climate, and astronomy bureau of the Philippines
The Bureau's functions were then carried out by five divisions (Synoptic, Climatological, Geophysical, Astronomical, and Administrative). In 1947, the central
PAGASA
late August and early October. These pronounced troughs thus produce a synoptic-scale flow that is conducive to steering hurricanes towards the southwestern
List_of_Arizona_hurricanes
January 6, 2024. Retrieved January 6, 2024. John E. Hales, Jr. (June 1985). "Synoptic Features Associated with Los Angeles Tornado Occurrences" (PDF). Bulletin
List_of_California_tornadoes
Based upon the Bergeron air mass classification scheme is the Spatial Synoptic Classification system, or SSC. There are six categories within the SSC scheme:
Spatial Synoptic Classification system
Spatial_Synoptic_Classification_system
Tropical cyclone that forms in the Atlantic Ocean
Historical Climatology Series 6-2 Tropical Cyclones of the North Atlantic Ocean 1851–2006 pp. 212 USDC and NOAA (2009) Historical Climatology Series 6-2
Atlantic_hurricane
American research climatologist
Gregory V. Jones is an American research climatologist specializing in the climatology of viticulture, with a focus on how climate variation influences vine
Gregory_V._Jones
Form of solid precipitation
2025-05-23. Hand, W. H.; Cappelluti, G. (January 2011). "A global hail climatology using the UK Met Office convection diagnosis procedure (CDP) and model
Hail
Municipality in Sălaj, Romania
operates synoptic, climatological, pluviometric, and agrometeorological programmes and provides data for weather forecasting and climatological research
Zalău
Scientific study of the atmosphere focusing on weather forecasting
extreme of this scale is climatology. In the timescales of hours to days, meteorology separates into micro-, meso-, and synoptic scale meteorology. Respectively
Meteorology
Mature tropical cyclone that develops within the eastern and central Pacific Ocean
The archives format was significantly changed during 2013 to include non-synoptic best track times, non-developing tropical depressions and wind radii. During
Pacific_hurricane
National meteorological and geophysical service of Austria
(1839–1921) and Felix Maria von Exner (1876–1930). Hanns was important in climatology and a worldwide began to be in his era as one, meteorologists Austrian
Central Institution for Meteorology and Geodynamics
Central_Institution_for_Meteorology_and_Geodynamics
Weather phenomenon
characteristics: instability, fetch, wind shear, upstream moisture, upwind lakes, synoptic (large)-scale forcing, orography/topography, and snow or ice cover. A temperature
Lake-effect_snow
Iranian meteorologist
Teachers Training University (now the University of al-Khwarizmi). Synoptic climatology, samt, 2002 Iran's climate, emissions PNU, 1995 Fighting desertification
B._Alijani
Northwesterly wind blowing over Iraq and the Persian Gulf state
original on 28 October 2008. Retrieved 9 December 2006. "Appendix C: Wind climatology of the Winter Shamal" (PDF). NRL–Monterey. United States Navy. Archived
Shamal_(wind)
Region with higher atmospheric pressure
Many of the world's deserts are caused by these climatological high-pressure systems. Some climatological high-pressure areas acquire regionally based names
High-pressure_area
British meteorologist
to work at the Meteorological Office as Superintendent of Statistics (climatology). Gold set up the first operational military meteorological service in
Ernest_Gold_(meteorologist)
Annual time period
at any time of the year, and often does occur. Worldwide, a season's climatological peak activity takes place in late summer, when the difference between
Atlantic_hurricane_season
Relative peak or lull in the sea level pressure distribution
is a peak or lull in the sea level pressure distribution, a feature of synoptic-scale weather. The surface pressure at sea level varies minimally, with
Pressure_system
formation and motion in the Mozambique Channel". International Journal of Climatology. 35 (3): 375–390. Bibcode:2015IJCli..35..375M. doi:10.1002/joc.3985.
South-West Indian Ocean tropical cyclone
South-West_Indian_Ocean_tropical_cyclone
Violently rotating column of air
Joseph T. (2004). "Tornado Outbreak Day Sequences: Historic Events and Climatology (1875–2003)" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022
Tornado
Lake's influence on local weather and climate
number of events varies considerably from year to year, according to the synoptic set-up. The average is 4 to 5 well-defined events annually and the same
Great_Salt_Lake_effect
Extratropical Cyclones of the Northwest United States: Historical Review, Climatology, and Synoptic Environment". Monthly Weather Review. 138 (7): 2499–2527. doi:10
Climate_of_Seattle
from the original on 8 March 2016. Retrieved 8 April 2015. Climatological Norms of Iran synoptic stations Archived 18 May 2013 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved
List of cities by sunshine duration
List_of_cities_by_sunshine_duration
Swiss geographer and climate researcher
Messerli, Max Schüepp and Charles Peguy. He initially worked on synoptic climatology, mesoscale dynamics and mountain meteorology. After completing his
Heinz_Wanner
Academic journal
correspondence encompassing dynamic meteorology, climatology and oceanography, including numerical modelling, synoptic meteorology, weather forecasting, and climate
Tellus_A
Violent mountain-gap wind traveling through Chivela Pass
tropical eastern Pacific Ocean and may last from a few hours to 6 days. The synoptic condition is associated with the formation of high-pressure systems in
Tehuantepecer
Type of cyclone in the Southern Hemisphere
by the Australian Bureau of Meteorology, the Indonesian Meteorology, Climatology, and Geophysical Agency, and the Papua New Guinea National Weather Service
Australian region tropical cyclone
Australian_region_tropical_cyclone
such as hurricanes and typhoons. Knowledge of tropical cyclone rainfall climatology is helpful in the determination of a tropical cyclone rainfall forecast
Tropical cyclone rainfall forecasting
Tropical_cyclone_rainfall_forecasting
Databases with info about Atlantic and East Pacific hurricanes
the format of the Eastern Pacific database was changed to include non-synoptic best track times and non-developing tropical depressions. During 1959,
HURDAT
Tropical cyclones in the South Atlantic Ocean
should be made to locate any possible systems using satellite imagery and synoptic data; however, it was noted that this effort may be hindered by the lack
South Atlantic tropical cyclone
South_Atlantic_tropical_cyclone
Failed NASA orbiter mission to Mars (1992–1993)
proposal for a new Mars mission, originally titled the Mars Geoscience Climatology Orbiter. As the first and ultimately only mission in the Planetary Observer
Mars_Observer
American meteorologist (1950–2014)
career Fields Meteorology Workplaces National Weather Service Thesis The Climatology and Synoptic Meteorology of Southern Plains' Tornado Outbreaks (1979)
Alan_Moller
A nephanalysis or neph chart is a type of synoptic chart plotting the types and amount of clouds and precipitation. Nephanalyses may map cloud cover, the
Nephanalysis
Tuvalu government agency
outstations on Nanumea, Nui and Niulakita. TMS operates or monitors: 4 synoptic stations; 5 rainfall stations; 1 upper air research program; 1 tide gauge
Tuvalu_Meteorological_Service
Vortex or tornado occurring over a body of water
South Pacific High Kalahari High Australian High Subtropical ridge Cyclone Synoptic scale Surface-based Polar North Polar low South Polar low Great Arctic
Waterspout
phenomenon can be called microscopic if too small to be visible. In climatology, a micro-climate is a climate which might occur in a mountain, valley
Spatial_scale
Inlet on the coast of British Columbia, Canada
(2017). "A synoptic climatology of strong along-channel winds on the Coast of British Columbia, Canada". International Journal of Climatology. 37 (5): 2398–2412
Portland_Inlet
Area with air pressures lower than adjacent areas
various scales, from the microscale to the synoptic scale. Larger-scale troughs, also called Rossby waves, are synoptic in scale. Shortwave troughs embedded
Low-pressure_area
Publishing. ISBN 978-0-8160-7446-4. Cogil, Craig (2019). "Iowa Tornado Climatology 1980-2019" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on April 28, 2025
List_of_Iowa_tornadoes
Multiple tornadoes spawned from the same weather system
deprecated parameter |citeseerx= (help) Moller, Alan R. (1979). "The Climatology and Synoptic Meteorology of Southern Plains' Tornado Outbreaks". M.S. Thesis
Tornado_outbreak
Weather phenomenon occurring around the same time each year
Routledge, ISBN 978-0-416-11530-7 Roger G. Barry, Allen H. Perry (1973), Synoptic Climatology: Methods and Applications, London: Methuen Reynolds G. (1955), Short
Singularity_(climate)
Overview of the history of atmospheric sciences
notable advancements in observational meteorology, weather forecasting, climatology, atmospheric chemistry, and atmospheric physics are listed chronologically
Timeline_of_meteorology
Semi-permanent low-pressure system located near the Aleutian Islands
in the summer. The circulation pattern is measured based on averages of synoptic features help mark the locations of cyclones and their paths over a given
Aleutian_Low
Aires' (Argentina) urban heat island intensity". Theoretical and Applied Climatology. 74 (1–2): 93–103. Bibcode:2003ThApC..74...93B. doi:10.1007/s00704-002-0714-4
Climate_of_Buenos_Aires
Government organization in Accra, Ghana
setup three climatological stations along the coast of the colony, its operations were entrusted to the Medical departments. With 14 synoptic stations in
Ghana_Meteorological_Agency
South Pacific High Kalahari High Australian High Subtropical ridge Cyclone Synoptic scale Surface-based Polar North Polar low South Polar low Great Arctic
North Indian Ocean tropical cyclone
North_Indian_Ocean_tropical_cyclone
Meteorological phenomenon
Disturbances over the Winter MONEX Area during December 1974. Part I: Synoptic Aspects.[link removed] Retrieved on 2007-04-26. "What are the doldrums
Intertropical Convergence Zone
Intertropical_Convergence_Zone
1925 tornado outbreak in the U.S. states of Missouri, Illinois, and Indiana
0.CO;2. Duell, Rebecca S.; Van Den Broeke, M. S. (2016). "Climatology, Synoptic Conditions, and Misanalyses of Mississippi River Valley Drylines"
Tornado outbreak of March 17–18, 1925
Tornado_outbreak_of_March_17–18,_1925
Country in South America
different lithologies as well as tectonic and sedimentary environments. On a synoptic scale, geological units coincide with topographical units. Most elementally
Bolivia
Development or strengthening of cyclonic circulation in the atmosphere
Retrieved 2006-12-04. Sanders, F.; J. R. Gyakum (1980-06-12). "Synoptic-dynamic climatology of the "Bomb"" (PDF). Massachusetts Institute of Technology,
Cyclogenesis
variability in Europe and eastern North America". International Journal of Climatology. 41. doi:10.1002/joc.6806. ISSN 1097-0088. S2CID 225429315. Riaz, Syed
Centers_of_action
jet exhibits both barotropic and baroclinic instability, which produces synoptic-scale, westward-propagating disturbances in the jet known as African easterly
Climate_of_Africa
D., 1994) Scientific career Fields Climatology Workplaces Louisiana State University Thesis Temporal and synoptic analyses of heavy rainfall in the southeastern
Barry_Keim
Global climate phenomenon
changes in temperature and rainfall. If the temperature variation from climatology is within 0.5 °C (0.9 °F), ENSO conditions are described as neutral.
El_Niño–Southern_Oscillation
thunderstorms or typhoons. To date, studies that involve the country's tornado climatology are limited. The earliest known tornado recorded in the country was in
List of Asian tornadoes and tornado outbreaks
List_of_Asian_tornadoes_and_tornado_outbreaks
Russian–German meteorologist (1846–1940)
meteorological service as an assistant where he helped prepare the daily synoptic weather map. In 1875, he moved back to Germany and became the chief of
Wladimir_Köppen
Prevailing winds from the west
the depth of ocean storms in that region. An extratropical cyclone is a synoptic scale low-pressure weather system that has neither tropical nor polar characteristics
Westerlies
Development and strengthening of a tropical cyclone in the atmosphere
the north Atlantic basin, with results that they claim are better than climatology. The university claims to have found several statistical relationships
Tropical_cyclogenesis
Lithuanian geographer, meteorologist (born 1949)
Atmospheric Pollution in Lithuania" about synoptic meteorology, which examines the synoptic-climatological typification of atmospheric processes during
Audronė_Galvonaitė
1: Establishing a Baseline Climatology for Severe Weather across the Philippine Archipelago". Oceanography and Climatology. 67 (5). Annals of Geophysics:
List_of_Philippine_tornadoes
Synoptic Scale Circulation and Thermodynamic Evaluation", in Vilibić, Ivica; Horvath, Kristian; Palau, José Luis (eds.), Meteorology and Climatology of
Climate_of_Istanbul
Tornado outbreak in India
tornado caused widespread damage in Basirhat and Bongaon subdivision. Synoptic reanalysis from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP/NCAR)
April 1983 Basirhat–Bongaon tornado outbreak
April_1983_Basirhat–Bongaon_tornado_outbreak
Category 2 South Atlantic hurricane in 2004
June 2007. Filho, Augusto José Pereira; Raquel Silva Lima (April 2006). "Synoptic and Mesoscale Analysis of Hurricane Catarina, Brazil" (PDF). Proceedings
Hurricane_Catarina
Meteorological phenomenon
parent high-pressure system. Classical CAD events are characterized by dry synoptic forcing, partial diabatic contribution, and a strong parent anticyclone
Cold-air_damming
Type of mesoscale convective system
South Pacific High Kalahari High Australian High Subtropical ridge Cyclone Synoptic scale Surface-based Polar North Polar low South Polar low Great Arctic
Mesoscale_convective_complex
Strongest direction of wind on a region of Earth's surface
environmental wind flow. Wind direction at any given time is influenced by synoptic-scale and mesoscale weather like pressure systems and fronts. Local wind
Prevailing_winds
2012 EF3 tornado across Kentucky and West Virginia, USA
15, 2026. David M. Gaffin; Stephen S. Parker (October 2006). "A Climatology of Synoptic Conditions associated with Significant Tornadoes across the Southern
2012_West_Liberty_tornado
Narrow airstream of strong winds in cyclones
Extratropical Cyclones of the Northwest United States: Historical Review, Climatology, and Synoptic Environment". Monthly Weather Review. 138 (7): 2499–2527. Bibcode:2010MWRv
Sting_jet
Study of Earth's spatial information
Physical geography can be divided into many broad categories, including: Climatology and meteorology Coastal geography Environmental management Geomorphology
Geography
Complex of thunderstorms organized on a larger scale
Mesoscale convective systems are important to the United States rainfall climatology over the Great Plains since they bring the region about half of their
Mesoscale_convective_system
Network of weather and environment monitoring stations
In meteorology and climatology, a mesonet, portmanteau of mesoscale network, is a network of automated weather and environmental monitoring stations,
Mesonet
List of world records related to tornadoes
Tornado Climatology". bangladeshtornadoes.org. Hoxit, Lee R; Chappell, Charles F (October 1975). "Tornado Outbreak of April 3–4, 1974; Synoptic Analysis"
Tornado_records
2023 EF3 tornado across Tennessee and Kentucky, USA
insignificant damage from the tornado. Weather of 2023 Tornadoes of 2023 Tornado climatology List of F3, EF3, and IF3 tornadoes (2020–present) 2023 Bethel Springs–Adamsville
2023_Clarksville_tornado
New Zealand scientist (1948–2017)
Science. World Economics, 7 (4), 165–232. De Freitas, C.R., 2003: Tourism climatology: evaluating environmental information for decision making and business
Chris_de_Freitas
travel, tourism, insurance
SYNOPTIC CLIMATOLOGY
SYNOPTIC CLIMATOLOGY
SYNOPTIC CLIMATOLOGY
SYNOPTIC CLIMATOLOGY
SYNOPTIC CLIMATOLOGY
SYNOPTIC CLIMATOLOGY
SYNOPTIC CLIMATOLOGY
SYNOPTIC CLIMATOLOGY
SYNOPTIC CLIMATOLOGY
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