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Physics of heat, work, and temperature
Thermodynamics is a branch of physics that deals with heat, work, and temperature, and their relation to energy, entropy, and the physical properties of
Thermodynamics
Observational basis of thermodynamics
The laws of thermodynamics are a set of scientific laws which define a group of physical quantities, such as temperature, energy, and entropy, that characterize
Laws_of_thermodynamics
Physical law for entropy and heat
The second law of thermodynamics is a physical law based on universal empirical observation concerning heat and energy interconversions. A simple statement
Second_law_of_thermodynamics
Property of a thermodynamic system
The term and the concept are used in diverse fields, from classical thermodynamics (where it was first recognized), to the microscopic description of nature
Entropy
Law of thermodynamics establishing the conservation of energy
The first law of thermodynamics is a formulation of the law of conservation of energy in the context of thermodynamic processes. For a thermodynamic process
First_law_of_thermodynamics
Type of energy transfer
In thermodynamics, heat is defined as energy in transfer between a body and its surroundings, other than through thermodynamic work or through transfer
Heat
Type of energy transfer
calorimetry, an irreversible technique. A fundamental guiding principle of thermodynamics is the conservation of energy. The total energy of a system is the sum
Work_(thermodynamics)
Body of matter in a state of internal equilibrium
separate from its surroundings that can be studied using the laws of thermodynamics. Thermodynamic systems can be passive and active according to internal
Thermodynamic_system
Physical quantity
formalized largely by William Thomson (Lord Kelvin) as the field of thermodynamics. Thermodynamics aided the rapid development of explanations of chemical processes
Energy
Physical quantity of hot and cold
In classical thermodynamics and kinetic theory, temperature reflects the average kinetic energy of the particles in a system, providing a quantitative
Temperature
Physical law for definition of temperature
The zeroth law of thermodynamics is one of the four principal laws of thermodynamics. It provides an independent definition of temperature without reference
Zeroth_law_of_thermodynamics
Concept in general relativity and quantum field theory
In physics, black hole thermodynamics is a set of physical relationships between the properties of black holes that stands in direct relationship to classical
Black_hole_thermodynamics
Branch of thermodynamics
Non-equilibrium thermodynamics is a branch of thermodynamics that deals with physical systems that are not in thermodynamic equilibrium but can be described
Non-equilibrium thermodynamics
Non-equilibrium_thermodynamics
Study of chemical reactions within the laws of thermodynamics
Chemical thermodynamics is the study of the interrelation of heat and work with chemical reactions or with physical changes of state within the confines
Chemical_thermodynamics
The history of thermodynamics is a fundamental strand in the history of physics, the history of chemistry, and the history of science in general. Due to
History_of_thermodynamics
Study of the relations between thermodynamics and quantum mechanics
Quantum thermodynamics is the study of the relations between two independent physical theories: thermodynamics and quantum mechanics. The two independent
Quantum_thermodynamics
Rational thermodynamics is a school of thought in statistical thermodynamics developed in the 1960s. Its introduction is attributed to Clifford Truesdell
Rational_thermodynamics
Field of statistical mechanics
Stochastic thermodynamics is an emergent field of research in statistical mechanics that uses stochastic variables to better understand the non-equilibrium
Stochastic_thermodynamics
quantities in thermodynamics, using mathematical notation, are as follows: Many of the definitions below are also used in the thermodynamics of chemical
Table of thermodynamic equations
Table_of_thermodynamic_equations
Subfield of mechanical engineering specializing in movement of heat energy
Thermal engineering, sometimes known as applied thermodynamics and heat transfer (ATHT), is a specialized sub-discipline of mechanical engineering that
Thermal_engineering
Everything in space and time
The universe comprises all of existence: all forms of matter and energy in space and time, and the structures they form, from subatomic particles to entire
Universe
Study of energy in living systems
Biological thermodynamics (Thermodynamics of biological systems) is a science that explains the nature and general laws of thermodynamic processes occurring
Biological_thermodynamics
2018 Spanish comedy film
The Laws of Thermodynamics (Spanish: Las leyes de la termodinámica) is a 2018 Spanish comedy film directed and written by Mateo Gil. The film is a romantic
The_Laws_of_Thermodynamics
Study of heat-to-work transformations and their reverse
Atmospheric thermodynamics is the study of heat-to-work transformations (and their reverse) that take place in the Earth's atmosphere and manifest as weather
Atmospheric_thermodynamics
Scientific field of study
television, computers, domestic appliances, and nuclear weapons; advances in thermodynamics led to the development of industrialization; and advances in mechanics
Physics
Law of physics
The third law of thermodynamics states that the entropy of a closed system at thermodynamic equilibrium approaches a constant value when its temperature
Third_law_of_thermodynamics
Branch of thermodynamics
Computational thermodynamics is the use of computers to simulate thermodynamic problems specific to materials science, particularly used in the construction
Computational_thermodynamics
Subset of irreversible thermodynamics
Endoreversible thermodynamics is a subset of irreversible thermodynamics aimed at making more realistic assumptions about heat transfer than are typically
Endoreversible_thermodynamics
Type of system
thermodynamics. Closed systems are often used to limit the factors that can affect the results of a specific problem or experiment. In thermodynamics
Closed_system
Thermodynamic device
A diffuser is "a device for reducing the velocity and increasing the static pressure of a fluid passing through a system". The fluid's static pressure
Diffuser_(thermodynamics)
Austrian mathematician and theoretical physicist (1844–1906)
statistical mechanics and the statistical explanation of the second law of thermodynamics. In 1877, he provided the current definition of entropy, S = k B ln
Ludwig_Boltzmann
Phenomenon in materials science
In materials science, a disappearing polymorph is a form of a crystal structure (a morph) that is suddenly unable to be produced, instead transforming
Disappearing_polymorph
Textbook by Herbert Callen
Thermodynamics and an Introduction to Thermostatistics is a textbook written by Herbert Callen that presents classical thermodynamics in an abstract and
Thermodynamics and an Introduction to Thermostatistics
Thermodynamics_and_an_Introduction_to_Thermostatistics
State of thermodynamic systems where no net flow of matter or energy occurs
Thermodynamic equilibrium is a notion of thermodynamics with axiomatic status[clarification needed] referring to an internal state of a single thermodynamic
Thermodynamic_equilibrium
Field of scientific study
Equilibrium thermodynamics is the systematic study of transformations of matter and energy in systems in terms of a concept called thermodynamic equilibrium
Equilibrium_thermodynamics
Measure of temperature relative to absolute zero
macroscopic quantities thermodynamic work and heat transfer as defined in thermodynamics, but the kelvin was redefined by international agreement in 2019 in
Thermodynamic_temperature
A timeline of events in the history of thermodynamics. 1593 – Galileo Galilei invents one of the first thermoscopes, also known as Galileo thermometer
Timeline_of_thermodynamics
Phenomenon of non-ideal fluids changing temperature
In thermodynamics, the Joule–Thomson effect (also known as the Joule–Kelvin effect or Kelvin–Joule effect) describes the temperature change of a real gas
Joule–Thomson_effect
Temperature and pressure point where phase boundaries disappear
In thermodynamics, a critical point (or critical state) is the end point of a phase equilibrium curve. One example is the liquid–vapor critical point,
Critical point (thermodynamics)
Critical_point_(thermodynamics)
Academic journal
Chemical Thermodynamics is a monthly peer-reviewed scientific journal covering experimental thermodynamics and thermophysics including bio-thermodynamics, calorimetry
The Journal of Chemical Thermodynamics
The_Journal_of_Chemical_Thermodynamics
Possible fate of the universe
mechanical energy loss in nature (as embodied in the first two laws of thermodynamics) and extrapolated it to larger processes on a universal scale. This
Heat_death_of_the_universe
Polish-German scientist
the fields of continuum mechanics and thermodynamics. axiomatic and kinetic foundations of continuum thermodynamics, mixture theory, phase transformations
Krzysztof_Wilmanski
American Founding Father and polymath (1706–1790)
Benjamin Franklin (January 17, 1706 [O.S. January 6, 1705] – April 17, 1790) was an American polymath active as a physicist, philosopher, statesman and
Benjamin_Franklin
Physics of many interacting particles
microscopic entities. Sometimes called statistical physics or statistical thermodynamics, its applications include many problems in a wide variety of fields
Statistical_mechanics
1930s North American social movement
The technocracy movement was a social movement active in the United States and Canada in the 1930s which favored technocracy as a system of government
Technocracy_movement
British physicist, engineer and mathematician (1824–1907)
was instrumental in the formulation of the first and second laws of thermodynamics. He contributed significantly to unifying physics, which was then in
Lord_Kelvin
Systems with external interactions
framework that enabled one to interrelate the theory of the organism, thermodynamics, and evolutionary theory. This concept was expanded upon with the advent
Open_system_(systems_theory)
Process whose direction can be reversed
In thermodynamics, a reversible process is a process, involving a system and its surroundings, whose direction can be reversed by infinitesimal changes
Reversible process (thermodynamics)
Reversible_process_(thermodynamics)
Thought experiment of 1867
is a thought experiment that appears to disprove the second law of thermodynamics. It was proposed by the physicist James Clerk Maxwell in 1867. In his
Maxwell's_demon
Work being continuously done without an external input of energy
existence would violate the first and/or second laws of thermodynamics. These laws of thermodynamics apply regardless of the size of the system. Thus, machines
Perpetual_motion
Extended irreversible thermodynamics is a branch of non-equilibrium thermodynamics that goes beyond the local equilibrium hypothesis of classical irreversible
Extended irreversible thermodynamics
Extended_irreversible_thermodynamics
notable textbooks in thermodynamics and statistical mechanics, arranged by category and date. Fermi, Enrico (1956). Thermodynamics (New ed.). Dover Publications
List of textbooks in thermodynamics and statistical mechanics
List_of_textbooks_in_thermodynamics_and_statistical_mechanics
American mechanical engineer (1927–2018)
2018) was a Greek American mechanical engineer noted for his work in thermodynamics and for having co-founded Thermo Electron. Hatsopoulos was born in Athens
George_N._Hatsopoulos
State function whose change relates to the system's maximal work output
In thermodynamics, the thermodynamic free energy is one of the state functions of a thermodynamic system. The change in the free energy is the maximum
Thermodynamic_free_energy
Relationship between the concepts of thermodynamic entropy and information entropy
Hartley in the 1940s are similar to the mathematics of statistical thermodynamics worked out by Ludwig Boltzmann and J. Willard Gibbs in the 1870s, in
Entropy in thermodynamics and information theory
Entropy_in_thermodynamics_and_information_theory
Concept
system through this reversible process, dWrev. But from the first law of thermodynamics, dE = δQ + δW. Therefore, d S = δ ⟨ Q rev ⟩ T {\displaystyle dS={\frac
Entropy (statistical thermodynamics)
Entropy_(statistical_thermodynamics)
Maximum attainable efficiency of any heat engine
[kaʁno]), also called Carnot's rule or Carnot's law, is a principle of thermodynamics developed by Nicolas Léonard Sadi Carnot in 1824 that specifies limits
Carnot's theorem (thermodynamics)
Carnot's_theorem_(thermodynamics)
Maximum energy available for use
or "useful work potential", is a fundamental concept in the field of thermodynamics and engineering. It plays a crucial role in understanding and quantifying
Exergy
Energy contained within a system
The internal energy, in thermodynamics, is the property that defines the energy of a thermodynamic system usually in the absence of effects from electric
Internal_energy
Study of how temperature affects the nucleic acid structure
Nucleic acid thermodynamics is the study of how temperature affects the nucleic acid structure of double-stranded DNA (dsDNA). The melting temperature
Nucleic_acid_thermodynamics
Application of information theory to thermodynamics and statistical mechanics
In physics, maximum entropy thermodynamics (colloquially, MaxEnt thermodynamics) views equilibrium thermodynamics and statistical mechanics as inference
Maximum entropy thermodynamics
Maximum_entropy_thermodynamics
Heterodox economic theory
economics, is a school of heterodox economics that applies the laws of thermodynamics to economic theory. Thermoeconomics applies statistical mechanics to
Thermoeconomics
Compact astronomical body
formulation of black hole thermodynamics. These laws describe the behaviour of a black hole in a manner analogous to the laws of thermodynamics. Jacob Bekenstein
Black_hole
Law of wavelength-specific emission and absorption
detailed balance, which is a direct consequence of the second law of thermodynamics. Before Kirchhoff's law was recognized, it had been experimentally established
Kirchhoff's law of thermal radiation
Kirchhoff's_law_of_thermal_radiation
Type of thermodynamic potential
In thermodynamics, the Gibbs free energy (or Gibbs energy as the recommended name; symbol G {\displaystyle G} ) is a thermodynamic potential that can be
Gibbs_free_energy
Process that cannot be undone or reversed
In thermodynamics, an irreversible process is a process impossible to reverse or undo. All complex natural processes are irreversible, although a phase
Irreversible_process
Italian mathematical physicist
contributions to the theory of nonlinear wave propagation, Rational Extended Thermodynamics (RET), and hyperbolic formulations of general relativity. He graduated
Tommaso_Ruggeri
Pair of values which express a thermodynamic system's internal energy
In thermodynamics, the internal energy of a system is expressed in terms of pairs of conjugate variables such as temperature and entropy, pressure and
Conjugate variables (thermodynamics)
Conjugate_variables_(thermodynamics)
Equations in thermodynamics
Thermodynamics is expressed by a mathematical framework of thermodynamic equations which relate various thermodynamic quantities and physical properties
Thermodynamic_equations
Physical systems that don't interact with other parts of the universe
can be contrasted with what (in the more common terminology used in thermodynamics) is called a closed system, being enclosed by selective walls through
Isolated_system
Belgian physical chemist (1917–2003)
Nobel Prize in Chemistry “for his contributions to non-equilibrium thermodynamics, particularly the theory of dissipative structures”, as well as the
Ilya_Prigogine
Specific microscopic configuration of a thermodynamic system
The second law of thermodynamics describes how the entropy of an isolated system changes in time. The third law of thermodynamics is consistent with
Microstate (statistical mechanics)
Microstate_(statistical_mechanics)
Topics referred to by the same term
Spreader bar, an article of bondage equipment Bennett acceptance ratio in thermodynamics Bar stock, a form of raw purified metal used in industry Crash bar,
Bar
Measure of energy in a thermodynamic system
and the product of its pressure and volume. It is a state function in thermodynamics used in many measurements in chemical, biological, and physical systems
Enthalpy
Scientific subjects
Branches of physics include classical mechanics; thermodynamics and statistical mechanics; electromagnetism; relativity; quantum mechanics, atomic physics
Branches_of_physics
Thermodynamic process in which no mass or heat is exchanged with surroundings
flow. As a key concept in thermodynamics, the adiabatic process supports the theory that explains the first law of thermodynamics. The opposite term to "adiabatic"
Adiabatic_process
Tabular arrangement of the chemical elements
Semiconductor Physics, Surface Physics, Low Temperature Physics, High Polymers, Thermodynamics and Statistical Mechanics, of the German Physical Society, Münster,
Periodic_table
Norwegian professor of physical chemistry
head of the Thermodynamics group and serves as principal investigator at PoreLab, a Center of excellence. His area of research is thermodynamics, with emphasis
Øivind_Wilhelmsen
1986 nuclear accident in the Soviet Union
ISBN 978-92-0-103796-1. Zohuri, Bahman; McDaniel, Patrick (2019). Thermodynamics in Nuclear Power Plant Systems (2nd ed.). Springer. p. 597. ISBN 978-3-319-93918-6
Chernobyl_disaster
American scientist (1839–1903)
physics, chemistry, and mathematics. His work on the applications of thermodynamics was instrumental in transforming physical chemistry into a rigorous
Josiah_Willard_Gibbs
Heat required to raise the temperature of a given unit of mass of a substance
In thermodynamics, the specific heat capacity (symbol c) of a substance is the amount of heat that must be added to one unit of mass of the substance in
Specific_heat_capacity
Measure of disorder within thermodynamic systems
In classical thermodynamics, entropy (from Greek τρoπή (tropḗ) 'transformation') is a property of a thermodynamic system that expresses the direction or
Entropy (classical thermodynamics)
Entropy_(classical_thermodynamics)
German physicist and mathematician (1822–1888)
is considered one of the central founding fathers of the science of thermodynamics. By his restatement of Sadi Carnot's principle known as the Carnot cycle
Rudolf_Clausius
State in which variables of a system are unchanging in time
concept of a steady state has relevance in many fields, in particular thermodynamics, economics, and engineering. If a system is in a steady state, then
Steady_state
Parody of the laws of thermodynamics
"theorem" which restates or analogizes the consequences of the four laws of thermodynamics of physics in terms of a person playing a game. It has various formulations
Ginsberg's_theorem
Engineering discipline
requires an understanding of core areas including mechanics, dynamics, thermodynamics, materials science, design, structural analysis, electronics, and electricity
Mechanical_engineering
Jocular system of physical laws for animated cartoons
Learning by Mark O'Donnell (ISBN 978-0-394-54430-4). Laws of Cartoon Thermodynamics from Roger Ebert's website. Acceleration Due to Gravity: Super Mario
Cartoon_physics
American theoretical physicist
an American author and theoretical physicist specializing in quantum thermodynamics. She works at the National Institute of Standards and Technology, is
Nicole_Yunger_Halpern
English theoretical physicist (1942–2018)
developed the four laws of black hole mechanics, drawing an analogy with thermodynamics. Hawking's second law mentions gravitational waves—waves of warped spacetime
Stephen_Hawking
Greek-American thermodynamicist
quantum thermodynamics with an early effort to give a quantum basis to thermodynamics by means a physical theory unifying mechanics and thermodynamics. Throughout
Elias_Gyftopoulos
American physicist (1898–1975)
years old. The third, and last, edition of his Thermodynamics, Kinetic Theory, and Statistical Thermodynamics, written with Gerhard L. Salinger, appeared
Francis_Sears
American theoretical physicist (1904–1967)
advanced ones. He was attracted to experimental physics by a course on thermodynamics taught by Percy Bridgman. Oppenheimer graduated from Harvard in 1925
J._Robert_Oppenheimer
Island in the North Atlantic Ocean
mathematician, made innovations in the understanding of electricity, dynamics, thermodynamics and the electron theory of matter. His most influential work was Aether
Ireland
Relation between vapour pressure and temperature
The Clausius–Clapeyron relation, in chemical thermodynamics, specifies the temperature dependence of pressure, most importantly vapor pressure, at a discontinuous
Clausius–Clapeyron_relation
German-born theoretical physicist (1879–1955)
chair in theoretical physics. His teaching activities there centered on thermodynamics and analytical mechanics, and his research interests included the molecular
Albert_Einstein
Property in physical chemistry
chemistry historian Henry Leicester, the influential 1923 textbook Thermodynamics and the Free Energy of Chemical Reactions by Gilbert N. Lewis and Merle
Chemical_affinity
Graphical curve that denotes a point at which two distinct phases coexist
In thermodynamics, the binodal, also known as the coexistence curve or binodal curve, denotes the state of a multi-component system at which the system's
Binodal
Practitioner of engineering
materials into useful products in large scale Chemistry, thermodynamics, chemical thermodynamics, process engineering, transport phenomena, nanotechnology
Engineer
German physicist
for his contributions to the development of quantum thermodynamics with focus on the thermodynamics of quantum information, quantum speed limit for open
Sebastian_Deffner
German physicist and engineer (1828–1907)
epistemologist, considered the founder of technical thermodynamics and of the Dresden School of Thermodynamics. Gustav Anton Zeuner was born on 30 November 1828
Gustav_Zeuner
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