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1933 US proposal for old-age pensions
The Townsend Plan, initially Old-Age Revolving Pensions (OARP), began as a September 1933 proposal by California physician Francis Townsend for an old-age
Townsend_Plan
American politician (1867–1960)
pension scheme to help alleviate the Great Depression. Known as the "Townsend Plan", this proposal would pay every person over age 60 $200 per month, with
Francis_Townsend
Irish actor
Stuart Townsend (born 15 December 1972) is an Irish actor. He portrayed Lestat de Lioncourt in the film adaptation of Anne Rice's Queen of the Damned (2002)
Stuart_Townsend
US Democratic Party political coalition
pension plan of his own and refused to endorse the Townsend Plan which had a strong following. The Republican candidate endorsed the Townsend Plan and won
New_Deal_coalition
Canadian musician (born 1972)
Devin Garrett Townsend (born May 5, 1972) is a Canadian singer, guitarist, songwriter, and record producer. He founded extreme metal band Strapping Young
Devin_Townsend
English construction company
Turner & Townsend (officially Turner & Townsend Partners LLP) is a multinational professional services company headquartered in Leeds, United Kingdom specialising
Turner_&_Townsend
American sociologist
Political Mediation Theory, developed as a consequence of studying the Townsend Plan, an organization demanding old-age pensions during the Great Depression
Edwin_Amenta
City in Washington, United States
Port Townsend /ˈtaʊnzənd/ is a city on the Quimper Peninsula in Jefferson County, Washington, United States. The population was 10,148 at the 2020 United
Port_Townsend,_Washington
States. This idea was later popularized by Francis Townsend in 1933, and the influence of the "Townsend Plan" movement on debate over social security persisted
History of Social Security in the United States
History_of_Social_Security_in_the_United_States
American politician
with Dr. Francis Townsend, the main advocate of the Townsend Plan for government old-age pensions. Townsend's $200-a-month pension plan had won a large
Sheridan_Downey
Irish footballer (born 1963)
Andrew David Townsend (born 23 July 1963) is a former professional footballer and sports co-commentator for Premier League Productions and CBS Sports.
Andy_Townsend
Aspect of social history
supported the Townsend Plan but most experts said it would be impossible to finance. President Franklin D. Roosevelt had a team working on a plan and in 1935
History_of_retirement
Depression-era American utopian organization (1933–1936)
such as Upton Sinclair's End Poverty in California (EPIC) and the Townsend Plan movement. The Society grew dramatically, perhaps around 400 to 4000
Utopian_Society_of_America
Rights of older adults
financial security to the no longer working elderly. Numerous rival plans (the Townsend Plan, the McClain Movement, the Ham and Eggs Movement) were made to
Elder_rights
American retirement system
reforms, the Townsend Plan renewed itself yet again and enjoyed some success in the 1940 elections … Like an old general, the Townsend Plan simply faded
Social Security (United States)
Social_Security_(United_States)
American United Baptist minister and politician
proponent of the Townsend Plan, a plan for old age pensions put forth during the Great Depression. Bubar described the Townsend Plan as "the only remedy
Benjamin_Bubar_Sr.
American politician and attorney
Kathleen Hartington Kennedy Townsend (born July 4, 1951) is an American politician and attorney who served as the sixth lieutenant governor of Maryland
Kathleen_Kennedy_Townsend
American politician
replacement as Grand Dragon. In 1941, Perkins was a vocal proponent of the Townsend Plan. "Former Legislator Dies At Bangor". Portland Press Herald. Associated
Ralph Perkins (Maine politician)
Ralph_Perkins_(Maine_politician)
Devin Townsend is a Canadian musician who has had a very prolific career, being a member of many projects and releasing 28 albums. He first got exposure
List of Devin Townsend's bands members
List_of_Devin_Townsend's_bands_members
2026 album by Devin Townsend
Moth is the twenty-third studio album by Canadian metal musician Devin Townsend. Conceived around 2017, it underwent various revisions over the following
The Moth (Devin Townsend album)
The_Moth_(Devin_Townsend_album)
American politician (born 1968)
Kelly Townsend (born September 27, 1968) is an American author, childbirth educator, birth doula, and former Republican politician. She was a member of
Kelly_Townsend
1935 U.S. law creating the Social Security program and unemployment insurance
other factors. Roosevelt was attracted to the general thinking behind Townsend's plan because it would provide for those no longer capable of working, stimulate
Social_Security_Act
American politician
and Guy Cordon in 1944. Mahoney supported the Townsend Plan, a proposal presented by Francis Townsend for a national sales tax to pay for a $200 monthly
Willis_Mahoney
Planned community in Haldimand County, Ontario, Canada
Townsend is a planned community in Haldimand County, Ontario, Canada, that was founded in 1970 with the expectation it would house the developing industrial
Townsend,_Ontario
American writer and doctor (1881–1960)
Gift to Science," "Evolution," and in support of The Townsend Plan (proposed by Francis Townsend). She was reported to be an excellent speaker. Besides
Ethel_Grace_Lynn
Town in Delaware, United States
Townsend is a town in New Castle County, Delaware, United States. As of the 2020 census, Townsend had a population of 2,717. The center of population
Townsend,_Delaware
Name list
variety), and Townend. Townsend Bell (born 1975), motor racing driver Townsend Coleman (born 1954), American voice actor Townsend Cromwell (1922–1958),
Townsend_(name)
American missionary (1896–1982)
William Cameron Townsend (July 9, 1896 – April 23, 1982) was an American Christian missionary-linguist and the founder of Wycliffe Bible Translators and
William_Cameron_Townsend
plank, proposing instead to substitute it with a plank endorsing the Townsend Plan. This substitute was tabled, and the plank on old age pensions was instead
1936 Prohibition National Convention
1936_Prohibition_National_Convention
United States Army four-star general
Stephen J. Townsend (born 1959) is an American retired United States Army four-star general who served as Commander United States Africa Command from 26
Stephen_J._Townsend
Place in California, United States
actress Michelle Pfeiffer, actress Francis Townsend, author of the Great Depression era "Townsend Plan" that influenced the establishment of the United
Midway_City,_California
18th-century American spy (1753-1838)
Robert Townsend (November 26 , 1753 – March 7, 1838) was a member of the Culper Ring during the American Revolution. He operated in New York City with
Robert_Townsend_(spy)
Historic cemetery in Los Angeles County, California
1930s and 1940s. Francis Everett Townsend (1867–1960), American physician and political activist; devised the Townsend Plan. Frederic Gregg “Fritz” Truran
Woodlawn Memorial Park (Compton, California)
Woodlawn_Memorial_Park_(Compton,_California)
Daily newspaper in Long Beach, California
letters to the editor in American history": Francis Townsend's letter outlining the Townsend Plan, a proposal that sparked a national campaign which influenced
Press-Telegram
American physicist and NASA engineer (1924–2011)
John William Townsend Jr. (1924 – October 29, 2011), known as Jack Townsend, was an American physicist and aerospace engineer who contributed to the development
John_W._Townsend_Jr.
British princess (1930–2002)
Peter Townsend. Celebrated for her glamour and social life, Margaret attracted widespread attention in the 1950s for her romance with Peter Townsend, her
Princess Margaret, Countess of Snowdon
Princess_Margaret,_Countess_of_Snowdon
Great Depression–era political platform
gubernatorial election Washington Commonwealth Federation Ham and Eggs Movement Townsend Plan Utopian Socialists of America This endorsement appears to have been
End_Poverty_in_California
English writer, poet, and activist (1893–1978)
Sylvia Nora Townsend Warner (6 December 1893 – 1 May 1978) was an English novelist, poet and musicologist, known for works such as the novels Lolly Willowes
Sylvia_Townsend_Warner
Irish-American politician (1869–1944)
court-packing plan and a proposed government reorganization plan. Keefe also adopted populist positions, such as endorsing the Townsend plan for old-age
Michael Reilly (Wisconsin politician)
Michael_Reilly_(Wisconsin_politician)
Former public school in New York City
Townsend Harris Hall, later Townsend Harris High School, was a public preparatory school located in Manhattan in New York City that was linked to the City
Townsend Harris Hall Prep School
Townsend_Harris_Hall_Prep_School
28th Governor of California
with appeasing the closely divided Legislature by praising the federal Townsend Plan, while complaining to conservatives and other capitalist supporters
Frank_Merriam
American politician (born 1947)
bill creating the Nevada Mental Health Plan Implementation Commission and was elected its chairman. Townsend holds Bachelor's and master's degrees in
Randolph_Townsend
American newspaper publisher (1891–1967)
Boddy gave news space to Robert Noble's "Ham 'N Eggs" plan and Dr. Francis Townsend's "Townsend Plan," which proposed that state and federal governments
Manchester_Boddy
American diplomat and journalist (1893–1982)
(1928) America and England? (1930) The Townsend Plan: Taxing for Sixty (1936) (with Francis Everett Townsend) A New Birth of Freedom (1938) Wanted: Good
Nicholas_Roosevelt_(diplomat)
British sustainability advocate
Solitaire Townsend is a female entrepreneur, sustainability expert, TED speaker and author. She co-founded the change agency Futerra in 2001, now one of
Solitaire_Townsend
Senator ("Regular Republican") C. Dan Coskey, Jersey City resident and Townsend Plan advocate Theron McCampbell, Assemblyman from Holmdel and candidate for
1936 United States Senate election in New Jersey
1936_United_States_Senate_election_in_New_Jersey
TV series created by Guy Ritchie
falconry. Tom Davis as Aslan (season 2), Oscar's head of security. Stanley Townsend as Pat Gallagher (season 2), an Irish gangster and fight promoter who Oscar
The Gentlemen (2024 TV series)
The_Gentlemen_(2024_TV_series)
2011 studio album by Devin Townsend Project
thirteenth studio album by Canadian musician Devin Townsend, and the third album in the Devin Townsend Project series. The album was released on June 20
Deconstruction (Devin Townsend Project album)
Deconstruction_(Devin_Townsend_Project_album)
Public school in New York City
Townsend Harris High School (THHS; often also shortened to Townsend Harris or simply Townsend) is a public high school for the humanities in the New York
Townsend_Harris_High_School
American spy
"Sally" Townsend (c.1760–1842) was thought to be an informant for George Washington's Culper Ring, a spy ring founded in the summer of 1778. Townsend lived
Sarah_Townsend_(spy)
British film
"The man with the plan, the woman with the vision". DMovies. The Man with the Plan at IMDb Sands Films (production company) Townsend Theatre Productions
The_Man_with_the_Plan_(film)
American actress
Colleen Townsend Evans (born December 21, 1928) is an American actress, author and humanitarian. Townsend was born in Glendale, California. Her parents
Colleen_Townsend
Cadastral division in South Australia
The Hundred of Townsend is a cadastral unit of hundred located in the Limestone Coast region in the south-east of South Australia. It is one of the 18
Hundred_of_Townsend
New Jersey Coast, Woolman and Rose, Philadelphia, 1878; p. 20 "Plan for New Townsends Inlet Bridge to Begin". 22 May 2021. A New Mapp of East and West
Townsends_Inlet
Month of 1933
monoxide poisoning caused by suicide or murder Dr. Francis Townsend first proposed the "Townsend Plan" to provide a government old-age pension of $150 per month
September_1933
2009 studio album by Devin Townsend Project
musician Devin Townsend, and the first album in the Devin Townsend Project series. The album was released on May 25, 2009, on Townsend's independent record
Ki_(album)
Search engine and web portal
Podcast. "Looking for the next business success Local native Bill Townsend planning to start a sports revolution". Observer–Reporter. June 5, 2016. "Lycos
Lycos
American economist
1918-1928 - 1929 Inflation Burdens – 1935 The Economic Meaning of the Townsend Plan – 1936, 4 editions with Carl H. Chatters and John H. Cover Is Socialism
Garfield_V._Cox
American politician
Maurice Clifford Townsend (August 11, 1884 – November 11, 1954) was an American politician and the 35th governor of Indiana from 1937 to 1941. During his
M._Clifford_Townsend
2021 albums by Devin Townsend
Canadian metal musician Devin Townsend, released on his own label HevyDevy Records on December 3, 2021. Devin Townsend has explained that The Puzzle is
The_Puzzle_/_Snuggles
American politician (1887–1942)
of Downey's campaign points, his support of the Townsend plan, was challenged by Buck, claiming the plan promised monetary handouts that were not possible
Frank_H._Buck
Jewellery commissioned by Napoleon
passed through Chicago and then to England before separating, with Townsend planning to move to Japan and Baronti herself travelling to India until the
Napoleon_Diamond_Necklace
American politician (1887–1952)
in the 1938 election was the Townsend Plan, an alternative social security proposal; Keefe eventually endorsed the plan. The 1938 election saw a Republican
Frank_Bateman_Keefe
Sociology. 36: 287-307. 2010. Amenta, Edwin. When Movements Matter: The Townsend Plan and the Rise of Social Security. Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Press
Social_movement_impact_theory
American poet (1890–1974)
American Socialist Quarterly, vol. 4, no. 1 (March 1935), pp. 52–64. —on Townsend Plan, "Share the Wealth", Social Credit, Father Coughlin. "'Hep! Hep!'" The
David_P._Berenberg
Fictional character from The O.C.
Taylor Townsend is a fictional character on the FOX television series The O.C., played by Autumn Reeser. In light of her more prominent castmate Mischa
Taylor_Townsend_(The_O.C.)
American basketball player (born 2004)
Nicholas Townsend (born October 23, 2004) is an American college basketball player for the Stanford Cardinal of the Atlantic Coast Conference. He previously
Nick_Townsend_(basketball)
Month of 1960
Brownsville, Brooklyn, New York City Died: Dr. Francis Townsend, 93, American activist whose "Townsend Plan" for the elderly was an influence upon the creation
September_1960
American singer
those plans were cancelled when Townsend was found dead at his home on October 26, 2005, in Northridge, California. Townsend, Townsend, Townsend & Rogers
David_Townsend_(musician)
American civil rights activist (1917–1977)
Fannie Lou Hamer (/ˈheɪmər/; née Townsend; October 6, 1917 – March 14, 1977) was an American voting and women's rights activist, community organizer, and
Fannie_Lou_Hamer
Former Southern Pacific terminus, San Francisco
The Third and Townsend Depot was the main train station in the city of San Francisco for much of the first three quarters of the 20th century. The station
Third_and_Townsend_Depot
American mathcore band
The Dillinger Escape Plan is an American metalcore band. The band was formed in 1997 in Morris Plains, New Jersey by guitarist Ben Weinman, bassist Adam
The_Dillinger_Escape_Plan
Defunct US government agency
Data, Obscure Agency Plays Key Role". Time. Retrieved March 15, 2025. Townsend, Chance (February 2, 2025). "Elon Musk seizes computer system, locks out
Department of Government Efficiency
Department_of_Government_Efficiency
2014 studio album by Casualties of Cool
Canadian musicians Devin Townsend and Ché Aimee Dorval, released on May 14, 2014. It is a musical departure from any of Townsend's previous works, primarily
Casualties_of_Cool
American Marxist theorist and writer
Coughlin and Lemke Do It? New York: Workers Library Publishers, 1936. The Townsend Plan: What It Is and What It Isn't. New York: Workers Library Publishers
Alexander_Bittelman
Compact astronomical body
gravitational wave instrument, LISA, is under construction with launch planned for approximately 2035. The mission will consist of three spacecraft flying
Black_hole
Australian sports administrator
Danny Townsend is an Australian sports administrator, businessman, and previous chief executive of the Australian Professional Leagues. He previously served
Danny_Townsend
Canadian metal band
extreme metal band formed by Devin Townsend in Vancouver in 1994. The band started as a one-man studio project; Townsend played most of the instruments on
Strapping_Young_Lad
U.S. presidential administration from 1933 to 1941
Security Act, which he presented as a more practical alternative to the Townsend Plan. After a series of congressional hearings, the Social Security Act became
Presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt (1933–1941)
Presidency_of_Franklin_D._Roosevelt_(1933–1941)
2015 matricide in Missouri, U.S.
Archived from the original on January 17, 2021. Retrieved November 16, 2018. Townsend, Catherine (November 16, 2018). "Gypsy Blanchard's Bombshell Testimony
Murder_of_Dee_Dee_Blanchard
Mayor of New York City since 2026
condominiums above $1 million. The plan passed the New York State Assembly in May 2026. In May 2026, Mamdani announced his housing plan "Block by Block", to build
Zohran_Mamdani
Planned transit project in San Francisco
decline of the Third and Townsend Depot once the planned San Mateo line of what would become BART was built: The Third and Townsend depot of the Southern
The_Portal_(San_Francisco)
British sociologist
Peter Brereton Townsend (6 April 1928, Middlesbrough – 8 June 2009, Dursley) was a British sociologist. The last position he held was Professor of International
Peter_Townsend_(sociologist)
2013 American film
Tyler's half-sister Jackie Townsend (Laura Reilly) has other plans for the young and unassuming Andrew. All goes to plan even though Chris has fallen
Triple_Crossed_(2013_film)
Season of television series
Odenkirk as "Uncle" Lee Lane Annabelle Toomey as Eva Jerimovich Robert Townsend as Emmanuel Adamu In July 2025, the series was renewed for a fifth season
The_Bear_season_5
2002 film by Michael Rymer
(1994), the film stars Stuart Townsend, Aaliyah (in her final film role), Marguerite Moreau, Vincent Pérez and Lena Olin. Townsend replaced Tom Cruise in the
Queen_of_the_Damned
Area code for Knoxville, Tennessee
Oak Ridge, Pigeon Forge, Plainview, Rockwood, Rutledge, Sevierville and Townsend. When the first configuration of the area code system was published in
Area_code_865
British Member of Parliament
Sir Robert Townsend Farquhar, 1st Baronet (1776 – 16 March 1830) was an influential British merchant of the early nineteenth century who served as a colonial
Robert_Townsend_Farquhar
Book series by Jessica Townsend
a fantasy children's book series written by Australian author Jessica Townsend. The series centres around Morrigan Crow, a cursed child living in the
The_Nevermoor_series
American crime drama television series (1976–1981)
and John Forsythe providing the voice of their boss, the unseen Charlie Townsend, who directed the crime-fighting operations of the "Angels" over a speakerphone
Charlie's_Angels
Liberian politician
Edison Reginald Townsend (July 23, 1917 – April 22, 1980) was a Liberian journalist and statesman known for the establishment of Liberia's Information
E._Reginald_Townsend
Train station in San Francisco, California, U.S.
the Townsend Street side, but Caltrain will continue using the surface platforms. Until that time, California High-Speed Rail trains are planned to utilize
San_Francisco_station
United States historic place
Henry Townsend Building is a historic commercial/residential building located at Wilmington, New Castle County, Delaware. It was built in 1913–1914, and
Henry_Townsend_Building
King of Macedon from 336 to 323 BC
Morris, Sarah P. (18 December 2013). The Ages of Homer: A Tribute to Emily Townsend Vermeule. University of Texas Press. p. 493. ISBN 978-0-292-73376-3. Green
Alexander_the_Great
Surrey Police and Crime Commissioner (born 1980)
Townsend elected as Surrey PCC". BBC News. 8 May 2021. Retrieved 8 May 2021. Armstrong, Julie (13 May 2021). "Surrey's new PCC states how she plans to
Lisa_Townsend
Laboratory of Oxford University
1st Viscount Cherwell) and the Grade II listed Townsend Building (named after Sir John Sealy Townsend). The Beecroft Building (named after Adrian Beecroft)
Clarendon_Laboratory
2025 American sports comedy television series
the series as Charlie. In September 2025, it was reported that Robert Townsend was cast as Norm Stinson, Ken Marino as Al Fleischman, Tommy Dewey as Magnus
Running_Point
Transformers character
Optimus Prime's rival. The character was voiced by Townsend Coleman. The series' writers had originally planned to use another character—most notably Rodimus
Sentinel_Prime
2013 live album by Devin Townsend
2011, after performing a series of special Devin Townsend Project shows, Devin Townsend revealed his plan to perform a one-off concert in London, England
The_Retinal_Circus
British Second World War deception operation
military commander in the Mediterranean, General Dwight D. Eisenhower, the plan began by transporting the body to the southern coast of Spain by submarine
Operation_Mincemeat
travel, tourism, insurance
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travel, tourism, insurance