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False or misleading information related to vaccines
Misinformation related to immunization and the use of vaccines circulates in mass media and social media despite the fact that there is no serious hesitancy
Vaccine_misinformation
Misinformation regarding the SARS-CoV-2 vaccine and the resulting hesitancy towards it
A variety of unfounded conspiracy theories and other misinformation about COVID-19 vaccines have spread based on misunderstood or misrepresented science
COVID-19 vaccine misinformation and hesitancy
COVID-19_vaccine_misinformation_and_hesitancy
collaborating networks often seek to increase vaccine hesitancy by disseminating vaccine misinformation and disinformation. As a social movement, it employs
Anti-vaccine_activism
Incorrect or misleading information
Misinformation is incorrect or misleading information. Whereas misinformation can exist with or without specific malicious intent, disinformation is deliberately
Misinformation
False or misleading information about 5G technology
of misinformation. The study also recommends that the fight against misinformation should ideally happen in the platform where the misinformation is being
5G_misinformation
American women's magazine
published conspiracy theories, pseudoscientific content and anti-vaccine misinformation. The physical magazine is released annually. Evie Magazine was founded
Evie_Magazine
Misinformation about Ebola viruses
Gabarron, Elia; Wynn, Rolf (14 October 2014). "Ebola, Twitter, and misinformation: a dangerous combination?". BMJ. 349 g6178. doi:10.1136/bmj.g6178. ISSN 1756-1833
Ebola_misinformation
Propaganda technique
preempting it with good information, strategically reducing or removing misinformation, and teaching digital literacy. The RAND Corporation coined the name
Firehose_of_falsehood
2 million rubles on the Wikimedia Foundation for failing to remove "misinformation" about the Russian military. In April 2023, another fine of 800,000
Disinformation in the Russian invasion of Ukraine
Disinformation_in_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine
Retrieved 2024-02-04. Beckett, Lois (2021-01-06). "Misinformation 'superspreaders': Covid vaccine falsehoods still thriving on Facebook and Instagram"
List of miscellaneous fake news websites
List_of_miscellaneous_fake_news_websites
American fake news website
has a history of promoting misinformation on social media. Leading Report has promoted misinformation about COVID-19 vaccines, climate change denial and
Leading_Report
Anti-vaccine journal
Journal of Vaccine Theory, Practice, and Research is an anti-vaccine journal. It is known for promoting misinformation about COVID-19 vaccines. The editor-in-chief
International Journal of Vaccine Theory, Practice, and Research
International_Journal_of_Vaccine_Theory,_Practice,_and_Research
US military anti-vax COVID-19 propaganda attack
threat to Philippine national security. COVID-19 misinformation by governments COVID-19 misinformation in the Philippines CIA fake vaccination campaign
ChinaAngVirus disinformation campaign
ChinaAngVirus_disinformation_campaign
American anti-vaccination activist
COVID-19 misinformation and pseudoscientific anti-vaccine misinformation on social media platforms. She has falsely asserted that the vaccines magnetize
Sherri_Tenpenny
American entrepreneur
philanthropic supporter of medical research, and a promoter of misinformation about COVID-19 vaccines. Kirsch received a Bachelor of Science and a Master of Science
Steve_Kirsch
British right-wing content creator (born 1960)
theories. Ward has been involved in spreading misinformation about the COVID-19 pandemic and vaccines. Fact-checking organizations have debunked several
Charlie Ward (content creator)
Charlie_Ward_(content_creator)
Fake news websites are those which intentionally publish hoaxes and misinformation for purposes other than news satire. Some of these sites use homograph
List_of_fake_news_websites
False or misleading virus information
people have been arrested for spreading COVID-19 misinformation. The spread of COVID-19 misinformation by governments has also been significant. Commercial
COVID-19_misinformation
Fact-checking feature on X
popularized in March 2022 over misinformation in the Russian invasion of Ukraine followed by COVID-19 misinformation in October. Birdwatch was then rebranded
Community_Notes
American alternative medicine proponent and purveyor of anti-vaccination misinformation
COVID-19 pandemic, Mercola spread misinformation about the virus and pseudoscientific anti-vaccine misinformation on social media platforms. Researchers
Joseph_Mercola
Fraudulent research
measles vaccine at the time. The scientific consensus on vaccines and autism is that there is no connection between MMR (or any other vaccine) and autism
Wakefield_MMR-autism_fraud
Reluctance or refusal of vaccines
the coining of the terms "vaccine" and "vaccination" by nearly eighty years. Although myths, conspiracy theories, misinformation, and disinformation spread
Vaccine_hesitancy
British researcher and conspiracy theorist
2022. "Fact Check-Fact check: Ex-Pfizer scientist repeats COVID-19 vaccine misinformation in recorded speech". Reuters Fact Check. 20 May 2021. Archived from
Michael_Yeadon
Propaganda warfare via Internet memes
different, memetic warfare shares similarities with propaganda and misinformation tactics, becoming a more common tool used by government institutions
Memetic_warfare
British blog
created by British commentator Toby Young. It has published misinformation about COVID-19 vaccines and engaged in climate change denial. Young founded The
The_Daily_Sceptic
Personality construct
health 5G misinformation Anti-vaccine activism Lancet MMR autism fraud Vaccines and autism Vaccine misinformation COVID-19 misinformation COVID-19 misinformation
Psychopathy
Factual information disseminated with harmful intention
malinformation is often used in conjunction with disinformation and misinformation as part of "orchestrated campaigns [to] spread untruths", a phenomenon
Malinformation
about the pandemic and promoted misinformation about the virus and vaccines. The network hosted prominent anti-vaccine advocate Robert F. Kennedy Jr.,
Deaths of anti-vaccine advocates from COVID-19
Deaths_of_anti-vaccine_advocates_from_COVID-19
COVID-19 conspiracy theory video and films
promoting misinformation about the COVID-19 pandemic. They feature Judy Mikovits, a discredited American researcher and prominent anti-vaccine activist
Plandemic
Anti-vaccine group
widely criticized as a leading source of fearmongering and misinformation about vaccines. While NVIC describes itself as the "oldest and largest consumer-led
National Vaccine Information Center
National_Vaccine_Information_Center
Widespread deliberate fabrication presented as truth
health 5G misinformation Anti-vaccine activism Lancet MMR autism fraud Vaccines and autism Vaccine misinformation COVID-19 misinformation COVID-19 misinformation
Hoax
American podcaster (born 1967)
promoting conspiracy theories, COVID-19 misinformation, transphobia, and for hosting guests who spread misinformation and pseudoscience. In the 2024 presidential
Joe_Rogan
Since 2005, Robert F. Kennedy Jr. has promoted vaccine misinformation and public-health conspiracy theories, including the chemtrail conspiracy theory
Views of Robert F. Kennedy Jr.
Views_of_Robert_F._Kennedy_Jr.
American alternative medicine proponent and purveyor of anti-vaccination misinformation
consistently promoting harmful health misinformation. Alba, Davey (September 29, 2021). "YouTube bans all anti-vaccine misinformation". The New York Times. Retrieved
Erin_Elizabeth
effect: Misinformation continues to influence memory and reasoning about an event, despite the misinformation having been corrected. cf. misinformation effect
List_of_cognitive_biases
Denial of the scientific consensus on climate change
widely on climate change science and fought back against climate change misinformation for decades. He describes in his memoirs his "close encounters with
Climate_change_denial
American politician and lawyer (born 1954)
Party's nominee, Donald Trump. Since 2005, Kennedy has promoted vaccine misinformation and public-health conspiracy theories, including the chemtrail conspiracy
Robert_F._Kennedy_Jr.
British fact-checking startup company
his grandmother's turn to misinformation before she died of pancreatic cancer. A WhatsApp group that spread misinformation led her to replace "her cancer
Logically_(company)
Façade making something seem better than in reality
health 5G misinformation Anti-vaccine activism Lancet MMR autism fraud Vaccines and autism Vaccine misinformation COVID-19 misinformation COVID-19 misinformation
Potemkin_village
Mental phenomenon of holding contradictory beliefs
general opinion that wearing a mask, social distancing, and receiving the vaccine are all things the public should be doing, only 50% of responders admitted
Cognitive_dissonance
1986 United States legislation on health
The National Childhood Vaccine Injury Act (NCVIA) of 1986 (42 U.S.C. §§ 300aa-1 to 300aa-34) was signed into law by United States president Ronald Reagan
National Childhood Vaccine Injury Act
National_Childhood_Vaccine_Injury_Act
2022 assault in San Francisco, California
conspiratorial, racist, sexist, and antisemitic posts, and pushed COVID-19 vaccine misinformation. His blog also contained delusional thoughts. At his subsequent
Attack_on_Paul_Pelosi
American fact-checking website
to combat misinformation. Lead Stories planned to develop a feature to tag posts on Bluesky that are suspected of containing misinformation. Flagged posts
Lead_Stories
U.S. public reporting system for vaccine safety
anti-vaccine community to justify misinformation regarding the safety of vaccines; it is generally not possible to determine from VAERS data if a vaccine caused
Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System
Vaccine_Adverse_Event_Reporting_System
Communication used to influence opinion
Brainwashing Cartographic propaganda Firehose of falsehood Imagocracy Misinformation Overview of 21st century propaganda Political warfare Propaganda model
Propaganda
Attributing events to an improbable conspiracy
vaccination and water fluoridation. They have been linked to outbreaks of vaccine-preventable diseases. Other effects of conspiracy theories include reduced
Conspiracy_theory
United States government public health agency
and Human Services to denounce vaccine misinformation, and said that the attack was a result of compounding misinformation and obloquy towards science and
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention
Misinformation about contagious disease
China has downplayed the emergence of COVID-19 in China and spread misinformation about its origin and spread around the world. Beijing and pro-China
COVID-19 misinformation by China
COVID-19_misinformation_by_China
American nonprofit fact-checking website
return for promised military aid. 2020 The 2020 Lie of the Year was misinformation related to the COVID-19 pandemic; specifically, theories that either
PolitiFact
CEO Imran Ahmed said that misinformation about the war was as difficult to track as COVID-19 misinformation and misinformation about the 2020 United States
Misinformation in the Gaza war
Misinformation_in_the_Gaza_war
Political messaging using coded language
v t e Disinformation and misinformation Core content Disinformation Misinformation Propaganda Disinformation attack Disinformation research Publications
Dog_whistle_(politics)
15-minute neighbourhood. These theories occasionally overlap with anti-vaccine misinformation, and fears of a world government. A 2013 study approved by the University
List_of_conspiracy_theories
2020 conspiracy theory video
statements linking COVID-19 and human infertility, and misinformation alleging that vaccines contain microchips. The film also perpetuates myths about
Planet_Lockdown
Fact-checking website
health 5G misinformation Anti-vaccine activism Lancet MMR autism fraud Vaccines and autism Vaccine misinformation COVID-19 misinformation COVID-19 misinformation
Snopes
Rejecting scientific or historical consensus
2023). "Tweets, Ads, and Lies: Researchers Are Fighting against Climate Misinformation". Boston University. Archived from the original on November 21, 2024
Denialism
Country in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991
health 5G misinformation Anti-vaccine activism Lancet MMR autism fraud Vaccines and autism Vaccine misinformation COVID-19 misinformation COVID-19 misinformation
Soviet_Union
Browser plugin that rates the credibility of news and information websites
transparency' from misinformation firm in local launch". Crikey. Wagner, Laura (June 30, 2024). "A lifelong media maven grapples with the misinformation crisis"
NewsGuard
Multilingual Television Broadcaster affiliated with Falun Gong
channels have promoted conspiracy theories including QAnon, anti-vaccine misinformation and false claims of fraud in the 2020 United States presidential
New_Tang_Dynasty_Television
Deliberately misleading information
misinformation refers to inaccuracies that stem from inadvertent error. Misinformation can be used to create disinformation when known misinformation
Disinformation
False or misleading information about abortion
provide misinformation. Abortion misinformation can negatively impact public opinion, access to abortion services and policy-making. Misinformation can also
Misinformation related to abortion
Misinformation_related_to_abortion
Political warfare conducted by the USSR & Russia
nuclear winter story to stop the Pershing II missiles," and that they fed misinformation to western peace groups and thereby influenced a key scientific paper
Active_measures
Chinese government online influence operation
v t e Disinformation and misinformation Core content Disinformation Misinformation Propaganda Disinformation attack Disinformation research Publications
Spamouflage
Covert operation designed to deceive
health 5G misinformation Anti-vaccine activism Lancet MMR autism fraud Vaccines and autism Vaccine misinformation COVID-19 misinformation COVID-19 misinformation
False_flag
Language that deliberately disguises, distorts, or reverses the meaning of words
students how to recognize and combat language designed to mislead and misinform. William D. Lutz, professor emeritus at Rutgers University-Camden has
Doublespeak
Israeli cyber-espionage and disinformation firm
health 5G misinformation Anti-vaccine activism Lancet MMR autism fraud Vaccines and autism Vaccine misinformation COVID-19 misinformation COVID-19 misinformation
Team_Jorge
Political party in New Zealand
statement that opposed "covid kill shots" and repeated false claims about vaccines and autism. She called the government's response to the COVID-19 pandemic
New_Zealand_Loyal
Alternative medicine advocate (born 1972)
one of twelve individuals promoting most of the misinformation that can be found online about vaccines. Meta, formerly Facebook, responded that posts from
Sayer_Ji
False information presented as news
Fake news is false or misleading information (misinformation, disinformation, propaganda, and hoaxes) claiming the aesthetics and legitimacy of news. Fake
Fake_news
Systematic pattern of deviation from norm or rationality in judgment
false consensus effect. Cognitive biases also influence the spread of misinformation, particularly in digital environments. Lazer, Baum, and Grinberg (2018)[citation
Cognitive_bias
Russian state-sponsored disinformation campaigns
stated: "We mean everything from Internet trolls to propaganda and misinformation spread by media companies like RT and Sputnik." RT and Sputnik were
Russian_disinformation
Propaganda technique
2025). "The Power of Trump's Big Lie: Identity Fusion, Internalizing Misinformation, and Support for Trump". PS: Political Science and Politics. 58 (3)
Big_lie
JFK assassination conspiracy theory
health 5G misinformation Anti-vaccine activism Lancet MMR autism fraud Vaccines and autism Vaccine misinformation COVID-19 misinformation COVID-19 misinformation
CIA Kennedy assassination conspiracy theory
CIA_Kennedy_assassination_conspiracy_theory
Preparation for acquired immunity to disease
2021). "Polio vaccine misinformation on social media: turning point in the fight against polio eradication in Pakistan". Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics
Vaccine
Form of pseudoscientific alternative medicine
chiropractic, and a significant number of chiropracters spread vaccine misinformation. Chiropractic is not regarded as a mainstream branch of medicine
Chiropractic
Latvian political party
Gobzems' List (Latvian: Gobzema saraksts), previously known as Platform 21 (Latvian: Platforma 21, P21), For Each and Every One (Latvian: Katram un katrai
Gobzems'_List
American product manager, data scientist and engineer, and whistleblower
Facebook's response to human trafficking and drug cartels, and vaccine misinformation, followed by a profile article about Haugen, given that she had
Frances_Haugen
Netflix mockumentary
characters discussing US news in 2021, including the COVID-19 pandemic, vaccine misinformation and Big Tech. Credits adapted from Radio Times. Hugh Grant as Tennyson
Death_to_2021
Swedish far-right online news site
including Holocaust denial and white genocide, as well as anti-vaccine misinformation, alternative medicine and pro-Kremlin propaganda regarding the Russian
Nya_Dagbladet
Online Information Team (NSOIT), leads the UK's governments response to misinformation and disinformation. It states that it analyses public available information
Counter_disinformation_unit
False information propagated by U.S. officials
the COVID-19 pandemic COVID-19 misinformation in Canada COVID-19 misinformation by governments COVID-19 misinformation in the Philippines "You were told
COVID-19 misinformation by the United States
COVID-19_misinformation_by_the_United_States
New Zealand social media influencer and anti-vaccination activist
the 2022 Wellington protest and for her promotion of anti-COVID vaccine misinformation and conspiracy theories. Chantelle Baker is the daughter of Leighton
Chantelle_Baker
Administration of a vaccine to protect against disease
of vaccine topics Misinformation related to vaccination Vaccinator Vaccine trial World Immunization Week "Herd immunity (Herd protection) | Vaccine Knowledge"
Vaccination
Right-wing hoax
radio show host Joe Rogan. Rogan subsequently admitted to spreading misinformation. As he endorsed two local school board candidates, Indiana Republican
Litter_boxes_in_schools_hoax
Investigation into an American conservative media company
health 5G misinformation Anti-vaccine activism Lancet MMR autism fraud Vaccines and autism Vaccine misinformation COVID-19 misinformation COVID-19 misinformation
2024 Tenet Media investigation
2024_Tenet_Media_investigation
Anti-vaccination myth
with mRNA vaccines, are suffering from a high incidence of fast-developing cancers. Although the idea has been spread by a number of vaccine opponents
Turbo_cancer
False or misleading virus information
also spread COVID-19 vaccine misinformation. Changing policies also created confusion and contributed to the spread of misinformation. For example, the World
COVID-19 misinformation by governments
COVID-19_misinformation_by_governments
Fake news and similar false information (misinformation or disinformation) is fostered and spread across India through word of mouth, traditional media
Fake_news_in_India
Political party in the Netherlands
Heart for Freedom (Dutch: Hart voor Vrijheid, pronounced [ˈɦɑrt foːr ˈvrɛiɦɛit]), formerly known as List30 (Lijst30), is a political party in the Netherlands
Heart_for_Freedom
New religious movement from China
States for promoting conspiracy theories, such as QAnon and anti-vaccine misinformation, and producing advertisements for U.S. President Donald Trump. It
Falun_Gong
Jordanian fact-checking website
International Fact Checking Network (IFCN) which sought to combat COVID-19 misinformation. The project ended in 2023. Misbar has debunked disinformation in the
Misbar
Information operations to assist military objectives
channels and the internet allow for campaigns of disinformation and misinformation performed by agents anywhere in the world. The rise of the printing
Psychological_warfare
Political party in Uruguay
Judeo-Masonic conspiracy theory. It has also adopted a stance against vaccines and the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development Goals. "La derecha "neopatriota"
Sovereign_Identity
verified election. NewsGuard, a service that tracks and assesses online misinformation, identified unevidenced allegations claiming that Trump had won by fraud
Conspiracy theories in United States politics
Conspiracy_theories_in_United_States_politics
Invented claim or trivial fact
identified several contrasting senses of factoid: "factoid: accusatory: misinformation purporting to be factual; or, a phony statistic." "factoid: neutral:
Factoid
Propaganda techniques used by the tobacco industry
playbook.[further explanation needed] Corporate propaganda COVID-19 vaccine misinformation and hesitancy Disinformation ExxonMobil climate change denial Fossil
Tobacco_industry_playbook
Australian convicted scammer (born 1991)
which she falsely attributed to a reaction to the Gardasil cervical cancer vaccine. When the book was launched in November 2014, Gibson claimed in its preface
Belle_Gibson
American anti-vaccine website
Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS) to promote misinformation about COVID-19 vaccines. Lizabeth Pearl "Liz" Willner has worked as a freelance
OpenVAERS
Political party in Slovenia
populism National conservatism Sovereigntism Euroscepticism Nationalism Anti-vaccine activism Political position Right-wing to far-right Colours Purple
Resni.ca
Informal fallacy and propaganda strategy
health 5G misinformation Anti-vaccine activism Lancet MMR autism fraud Vaccines and autism Vaccine misinformation COVID-19 misinformation COVID-19 misinformation
Whataboutism
focus is understanding, countering, and dealing with disinformation, misinformation, and related topics. Diaz Ruiz, Carlos (March 25, 2025). Market-Oriented
Publications about disinformation
Publications_about_disinformation
travel, tourism, insurance
VACCINE MISINFORMATION
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