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Shear force from wind on a water surface
the wind stress is the shear stress exerted by the wind on the surface of large bodies of water – such as oceans, seas, estuaries and lakes. When wind is
Wind_stress
Concept for ocean circulation models
Relative wind stress is a shear stress that is produced by wind blowing over the surface of the ocean, or another large body of water. Relative wind stress is
Relative_wind_stress
Theory of sea surface temperature
anomaly amplifies the wind stress anomaly and, therefore, the anomaly in the SST, creating a positive feedback (since wind stress anomaly is driven by
Recharge_oscillator
Type of wave in geophysics
often associated with anomalies in surface wind stress. For example, positive (eastward) anomalies in wind stress in the central Pacific excite positive anomalies
Kelvin_wave
Global climate phenomenon
first used in 2003 to describe an event in which "the surface zonal wind stress, SST, and the equatorial upwelling anomales are proportionately large"
Super_El_Niño_events
Rise of water due to wind blowing over the water surface
water caused by winds pushing the water in a specific direction. As the wind moves across the water’s surface, it applies shear stress to the water, generating
Wind_setup
Any large system of circulating ocean surface currents
at the tropics and westerlies at the midlatitudes. These wind patterns result in a wind stress curl that drives Ekman pumping in the subtropics (resulting
Ocean_gyre
Shallow eastward flowing current found in the Atlantic, Indian, and Pacific Oceans
case because while it results from wind-driven circulation, it transports water against the mean westward wind stress in the tropics. This apparent paradox
Equatorial_Counter_Current
Theoretical relationship in oceanography
balance, or Sverdrup relation, is a theoretical relationship between the wind stress exerted on the surface of the open ocean and the vertically integrated
Sverdrup_balance
Wind-driven ocean current in the Arctic Ocean polar region
regimes—where the wind stress curl is negative—freshwater is pumped into the Beaufort Gyre; during cyclonic regimes—where wind stress curl is positive—freshwater
Beaufort_Gyre
associated Meridional Overturning Circulation (MOC). In recent decades wind stresses in the Southern Ocean have increased partly due to greenhouse gases
Eddy saturation and eddy compensation
Eddy_saturation_and_eddy_compensation
Ocean current with dynamics determined by the presence of a coastline
balance the vorticity input of the wind. The reverse effect applies to the polar gyres – the sign of the wind stress curl and the direction of the resulting
Boundary_current
Seasonally-varying ocean current regime in the northern Indian Ocean
Somalia into the Bay of Bengal. These variations are due to changes in the wind stress associated with the Indian monsoon. The seasonally reversing open ocean
Indian_Monsoon_Current
Type of vertical-axis wind turbine
blades allows the blade to be stressed only in tension at high rotating speeds. There are several closely related wind turbines that use straight blades
Darrieus_wind_turbine
Hypothesized depth at which phytoplankton growth is matched by losses
thermal convective mixing to wind-induced mixing for spring bloom initiation. By assigning varying values for wind stress and surface heat flux, they were
Critical_depth
Frontal feature in the South Atlantic Ocean
north-flowing cold water of the Benguela current and the associated surface wind stress. However, Meeuwis and Lutjeharms (1990) concluded that the position of
Angola–Benguela_Front
Oceanographical theory
made simplifying assumptions by neglecting friction (except that of the wind stress on the ocean surface), time variability (thus the Sverdrup balance represents
Godfrey_Island_Rule
Linguistic emphasis on syllables or words
to define stress solely phonetically. The stress placed on syllables within words is called word stress. Some languages have fixed stress, meaning that
Stress_(linguistics)
Quasiperiodic interannual climate pattern of the equatorial Atlantic Ocean
cool anomaly is associated with enhanced easterly wind stress in the same region. These trade wind fluctuations can be understood as the weakening and
Atlantic_Equatorial_mode
Formula for wind induced water current velocity
motion of the WOCE/TOGA 15m drogue drifters relative to the surface wind stress. Geostrophic velocities are calculated with sea level gradients which
Ekman_velocity
Study of physical conditions and processes within the ocean
imposes a significant wind stress on its surface, and this forces large-scale currents in the ocean. Through the wind stress, the wind generates ocean surface
Physical_oceanography
Climate index
described in 2008 by Di Lorenzo et al. the NPGO index reflects changes in wind stress along the California Current System, allowing it to more easily couple
Northern Pacific Gyre Oscillation
Northern_Pacific_Gyre_Oscillation
Warm Atlantic Ocean current
Florida. The trade winds blow westwards in the tropics, and the westerlies blow eastwards at mid-latitudes. This wind pattern applies a stress to the subtropical
Gulf_Stream
Short period in a body of tidal water
reverses, thus altering the time and duration of slack water. Variations in wind stress also directly affect the height of the tide, and the inverse relationship
Slack_tide
Marginal sea of the northeastern Indian Ocean
of up to 7.2 metres (24 ft). The effect of wind stress on the ocean surface can be explained by wind stress curl. The net divergence of water in the ocean
Andaman_Sea
Concept in fluid dynamics
wave-induced Stokes drift. This force acts on water independently of the wind stress. This force is named after Gaspard-Gustave Coriolis and George Gabriel
Coriolis–Stokes_force
Flow of water from the Indian Ocean to the Atlantic
represents a western boundary current which is primarily driven by a positive wind stress curl. The presence of the African continent allows for the southward
Agulhas_Leakage
Net transport of surface water perpendicular to wind direction
the shear stress force corresponds with the wind stress force. At the bottom of the ocean, the shear stress force is created by friction with the ocean
Ekman_transport
Narrow eastward ocean current in the central North Pacific Ocean
warming makes the region conductive to atmospheric convection, and surface wind stress curls turn weakly positive along the front on the background of negative
Subtropical_Countercurrent
Device to generate electricity from wind
A wind turbine is a device that converts the kinetic energy of wind into electrical energy. As of 2024[update], hundreds of thousands of large turbines
Wind_turbine
Downwards movement of one fluid within another
net mass transport of the ocean surface resulting from wind stress and the Coriolis force. As wind blows across the ocean surface, it causes a frictional
Downwelling
Weak ocean current that flows south along the coast of Portugal
wind stress along the Iberian margin, although upwelling can occasionally occur in downwelling-favourable months and vice versa, mainly due to wind variability
Portugal_Current
International research project
geostrophic currents and the Ekman transports estimated from the surface wind stress. In conjunction with the RAPID/MOCHA array at 26⁰N, the EU THOR/NACLIM
Overturning in the Subpolar North Atlantic Program
Overturning_in_the_Subpolar_North_Atlantic_Program
British meteorologist (1920–1997)
meteorologist. He is well known for his work on surface roughness and wind stress over water surfaces. The now named "Charnock's relationship" describes
Henry_Charnock
regard to agriculture, Abiotic stress is stress produced by natural environment factors such as extreme temperatures, wind, drought, and salinity. Humankind
Natural_stress
Electrical power generation from wind
Wind power is the use of wind energy to generate useful work. Historically, wind power was used by sails, windmills and windpumps, but today it is mostly
Wind_power
the subtropical gyres. They occur in regions of negative (positive) wind stress curl in the southern (northern) hemisphere, and originate at the western
Low-latitude western boundary currents
Low-latitude_western_boundary_currents
Genus of crabs
column temperatures include increasing air temperature and northward wind stress. Warming trends on the outer Bering Sea shelf are concerning for a variety
Chionoecetes
Marginal sea of the South Pacific between Australia and New Zealand
Ocean. It transpires that while predominantly the location of westerly wind stress is a factor in how far north the formation of the Tasman Front occurs
Tasman_Sea
Estimate of wind-driven coastal upwelling
atmospheric pressure fields, which were used to estimate surface winds, wind stress, and Ekman transport. Subsequent NOAA documentation describes the
Bakun_upwelling_index
Sea surface temperature pattern
Northern Hemisphere (NH) SST anomaly is associated with a northward, wind-stress anomaly and a subsequent cyclonic (counterclockwise) circulation in the
Tropical_Atlantic_SST_Dipole
American meteorologist
atmospheric carbon dioxide; The first estimates relating MJO tropical wind stress and the rotation of the earth; The first quantitative measures of the
Roland_Madden
Water current along Brazil's southern coast
has low transport then the path of the Brazil Current is dominated by wind stress curl. However, if the Falkland Current transport is increased then the
Brazil_Current
Inertial wave in rotating fluids
from wind stress at the ocean surface layer and are thought to communicate climatic changes due to variability in forcing, due to both the wind and buoyancy
Rossby_wave
Recurring pattern of climate variability
equation for long non-dispersive Rossby Waves forced by large scale wind stress may be written as the linear partial differential equation: ∂ h ∂ t −
Pacific_decadal_oscillation
Warm poleward ocean current flowing in the south-west of Madagascar
high salinity characteristics of Subtropical Surface Waters. Driven by wind stress curl, the SMACC flows faster in summer and is reduced in winter, maintaining
Southwest Madagascar Coastal Current
Southwest_Madagascar_Coastal_Current
Large dry lakebed in the Sahara Desert
Contemporary deflation from the Bodélé is delineated by topography, such that wind stress, the maximum in dust output and the topographic depression are colocated
Bodélé_Depression
Layer of a turbulent fluid affected by interaction with a surface
required to describe the horizontal-wind profile. The surface layer is studied in oceanography, as both the wind stress and action of surface waves can cause
Surface_layer
Motion of water in the oceans
temperature, "S" is salinity, "g" is acceleration due to gravity, "τ" is wind stress, and "f" is the Coriolis parameter. "Q" is the heat input to the ocean
Ocean_dynamics
relating the curl of the wind stress to meridional transport, and Stommel's 1948 theory of the westward intensification of wind-driven ocean currents. Furthering
George_Ridsdale_Goldsbrough
of a positive wind stress curl, which is the shear stress exerted by wind on the surface of water. The areas of most positive wind stress curl are characterized
Subtropical_front
Norwegian meteorologist (born 1970)
(Vindstress på sjøis i Barentshavet)" (English: Local and micrometeorology (Wind stress on sea ice in the Barents sea)). Kalvig danced some ballet in her early
Siri_Kalvig
Appellation that designates wine in California
a reduced wind stress factor in the Hames Valley area. Wind speed builds up later in the day and at reduced velocities relative to the "wind-tunnel" effect
Hames_Valley_AVA
Southern half of the global ocean current system
driven by wind generated flow, a result of the Westerlies, that brings water from the Circumpolar Deep Water (CDW) to the surface. Zonal wind stress induces
Southern Ocean overturning circulation
Southern_Ocean_overturning_circulation
Type of forest ecosystem
the ability of the trees to withstand greater wind stresses near the ridge-crest, where the majority of wind-exposed trees are found. A large percentage
Dwarf_forest
Strait between Florida, U.S. and Cuba
On shorter timescales, the current exhibits sub-seasonal variability. Wind stress and boundary interactions cause fluctuations over weeks to months, making
Straits_of_Florida
Marginal sea of the Pacific Ocean
(counter-clockwise), driven by the prevailing cyclonic atmospheric circulation and wind-stress curl over the region. Within this broad pattern, oceanographers distinguish
Sea_of_Okhotsk
North-flowing current in the northwest Pacific Ocean
poleward shifting of westerly winds within the Hadley Cell is thought to create conditions in which the subtropical gyre wind stress curl would increase. This
Kuroshio_Current
Japanese manga series and its adaptations
Wind Breaker (stylized in all caps) is a Japanese manga series written and illustrated by Satoru Nii that began serialization on Kodansha's Magazine Pocket
Wind_Breaker_(manga)
Major circular system of ocean currents
gyre warms. This is due to a weakening of the westerly winds, resulting in reduced wind stress and heat exchange, providing a greater period of time for
North_Atlantic_Gyre
2022 American crime/psychological thriller television series
Dark Winds is an American psychological thriller television series created by Graham Roland, based on the Leaphorn & Chee series of police procedural
Dark_Winds
Statue on the Manitoba Legislative Building in Winnipeg
system—monitors and gauges for measuring vibrations and strain as well as for wind stress and temperature effect on the statue and support structure. The Golden
Golden_Boy_(Manitoba)
Type of safety glass processed to increase its strength
glass in the frame, causing stresses to develop as the glass expands and contracts due to thermal changes or deflects due to wind. Glass expands and contracts
Tempered_glass
Norwegian oceanographer (1888–1957)
balance between the wind-stress curl and the meridional gradient of the Coriolis parameter, the Sverdrup balance. This balance describes wind-driven ocean gyres
Harald Sverdrup (oceanographer)
Harald_Sverdrup_(oceanographer)
French civil engineer (1832–1923)
had died in 1879. Eiffel was selected because of his experience with wind stresses. Eiffel devised a structure consisting of a four legged pylon to support
Gustave_Eiffel
Unusually warm temperature event in the ocean
dominated by ocean advection, air-sea fluxes, thermocline stability, and wind stress. Teleconnection processes refer to climate and weather patterns that
Marine_heatwave
Low latitude tropical upwelling system
transport is wind-stress or "τ" (wind stress on the seasurface). The driving winds are divided in multiple areas; East of 68°W has relative stable wind speeds
Southern Caribbean upwelling system
Southern_Caribbean_upwelling_system
Separation of water in a lake into distinct layers
radiation is distributed, which is why water turbulence, mainly caused by wind stress, can greatly increase the efficiency of heat transfer. In shallow lakes
Lake_stratification
Wind turbines in marine locations for electricity production
Offshore wind power or offshore wind energy is the generation of electricity through wind farms in bodies of water, usually at sea. Due to a lack of obstacles
Offshore_wind_power
Surface waves generated by wind on open water
dynamics, a wind wave, or wind-generated water wave, is a surface wave that occurs on the free surface of bodies of water as a result of the wind blowing
Wind_wave
Sea water particles that are formed directly from the ocean
wave state and sea spray related parameterization of wind stress applicable from low to extreme winds". Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans. 117 (C11):
Sea_spray
Strait between Sicily and Tunisia
maximum of ten days. The sea can be influenced within the mesoscale by wind stress, topography and by internal dynamical processes. Boundary currents and
Strait_of_Sicily
Stable vice in horses
often labelled a stable vice. The major factors that cause cribbing include stress, stable management, genetic and gastrointestinal irritability. Cribbing
Cribbing_(horse)
Generation of wind waves
consistent with observations. Gravity waves Wind waves Wind stress Swell Janssen, P. (1989). "Wave-Induced Stress and the Drag of Air Flow over Sea Waves"
Miles-Phillips_mechanism
Small bay partially within Newport, Oregon, United States
DO levels of imported ocean water are dependent on physical factors (wind stress and cool water temperature) and biological factors (association with
Yaquina_Bay
Royal Navy training school
Residual, a dynamic reaction which directly reflects wind stress in the Irish Sea. The north-westerly mean wind speed of 16 meters per second at sea that day
HMS_Conway_(school_ship)
Stress on organisms caused by nonliving factors
temperature or wind that may cause harm to the plants and animals in the area affected. Abiotic stress is essentially unavoidable. Abiotic stress affects animals
Abiotic_stress
Plants that grow at high elevation
occur, it normally happens to plants growing on exposed sites, where wind stress is increased. Alpine plants avoid water loss by deep rooting and increased
Alpine_plant
Pseudomedical diagnosis
Wind turbine syndrome and wind farm syndrome are terms for the alleged medical condition related to the proximity of wind turbines. Proponents claim that
Wind_turbine_syndrome
Numerical ocean circulation model
atmospheric forcing data (wind stress and atmospheric pressure) from several sources, and further reduce the strength of the wind forcing due to surface
ADCIRC
Natural aerosol deriving from sea spray
which are entrained by the wind stress during the whitecap formation. Another is tearing of drops from wave tops. Wind speed is the key factor to determine
Sea_salt_aerosol
American weather satellite system
near surface wind stress. The quality of the measurements is determined by comparisons to nearly coincident observations by other wind sensors. Comparisons
Cyclone Global Navigation Satellite System
Cyclone_Global_Navigation_Satellite_System
American Meteorological Society award
based on nonlinear, three-dimensional models of the oceans driven by wind stress and differential heating. 1971 Klaus Hasselmann for his work on turbulence
Sverdrup_Gold_Medal
Wind coming from the north
cold and stormy weather". The violence of the northerly wind is the quality generally stressed in the stories in which its personification figures, although
North_wind
Typical eastern boundary upwelling system
wind-driven, as the phenomena rises along the west coast of India, longshore wind stresses play an increasing role, as do atmospheric effects from the Bay of Bengal
Coastal upwelling of the South Eastern Arabian Sea
Coastal_upwelling_of_the_South_Eastern_Arabian_Sea
Rocky bank off the coast of Oregon, United States
up to the surface along the coastline due to the dominant southward wind stress on the coastal waters. The upwelled water brings nutrients up to the
Heceta_Bank
Largest of the Marlborough Sounds, New Zealand
hydrodynamics of Pelorus Sound is wind. Winds in the area are generally strong and are channelled by the steep topography. Wind stress acting on the surface generates
Pelorus_Sound
Rise of water associated with a low-pressure weather system
involved in altering tide levels during storms. Wind stresses cause a phenomenon referred to as wind setup, which is the tendency for water levels to
Storm_surge
1016/j.dsr2.2004.12.023. Pierce, S.D.; Barth, J. A. (2017). "Wind stress, cumulative wind stress, and spring transition dates: data products for Oregon upwelling-related
Nutrient cycling in the Columbia River Basin
Nutrient_cycling_in_the_Columbia_River_Basin
Ocean waves trapped close to the equator
waves), KT is temperature diffusion, KE is eddy diffusivity, and τ is the wind stress in either the x or y directions. Primitive equations Beta plane Rossby
Equatorial_wave
Biological response in plants
growth and development in response to mechanical stimuli, such as touch, wind, or rain. This process begins with the perception of mechanical forces by
Thigmomorphogenesis
Small amplitude gravitational tides
P.; Chao, Benjamin Fong; Zheng, Dawei; Au, Andrew Y. (2000-08-01). "Wind stress forcing of the North Sea 'pole tide'". Geophysical Journal International
Long-period_tides
Visionary skyscraper
with frequent earthquakes and hurricane-strength winds, the shape is aerodynamic to reduce wind stress, and helical bands are wrapped around the tower
Millennium_Tower_(Tokyo)
terms that may drive the system such as rainfall, water abstraction, wind stress or atmospheric pressure gradients. Gravity and Frictional resistance
ANUGA_Hydro
Epic poem attributed to Homer
Homecoming (2002), which relate the Iliad and the Odyssey to posttraumatic stress disorder and moral injury as seen in the rehabilitation histories of combat
Odyssey
Mixing of fluids due to eddy currents
lost to smallest scales of motion. This is balanced mainly by tides and wind stress, which act as energy sources that continuously compensate for the dissipated
Eddy_diffusion
Behringer, D., L. Regier and H. Stommel. (1979). "Thermal feedback on wind-stress as a contributing cause of the Gulf Stream", J. Mar. Res., 37, 699-709
Latitude of the Gulf Stream and the Gulf Stream north wall index
Latitude_of_the_Gulf_Stream_and_the_Gulf_Stream_north_wall_index
Physico-chemical process which transports carbon
solubility pump due to factors such a varying temperatures and differences in wind stress on the solubility pump. The exchange of carbon within the solubility
Solubility_pump
Climate pattern
1175/2758.1. Watanabe, E.; Hasumi, H. (2005). "Arctic sea ice response to wind stress variations". J. Geophys. Res. 110 (C11): C11007. Bibcode:2005JGRC..11011007W
Arctic_dipole_anomaly
Boundary current in the Indian Ocean
formation of the Great Whirl is a response to the very strong anti-cyclonic wind-stress curl". Since the Somali current changes seasonally, the Great Whirl also
Somali_Current
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