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Internal inefficiency of a firm
X-inefficiency is a concept used in economics to describe instances where firms go through internal inefficiency resulting in higher production costs than
X-inefficiency
Degree to which a process minimizes waste of resources
"bureaucratic inertia" cause X-inefficiency. Productive inefficiency, resource-market inefficiency, and X-inefficiency might be analyzed using data envelopment
Efficiency
American economist (1922–1994)
of his most important contributions to economics was the concept of X-inefficiency and the critical minimum effort thesis in development economics. Concerning
Harvey_Leibenstein
Weakly optimal allocation of resources
efficiency also arises in the context of efficiency in production vs. x-inefficiency: a set of outputs of goods is Pareto efficient if there is no feasible
Pareto_efficiency
Form of electromagnetic radiation
of these X-ray production processes are inefficient, with only about one percent of the electrical energy used by the tube converted into X-rays, and
X-ray
When production relates to consumer preferences in an economy
Pareto efficiency Production-possibility frontier Productive efficiency X-inefficiency Anderson, D. (2019). Environmental Economics and Natural Resource Management
Allocative_efficiency
When one must decrease production of one good to increase another in an economy
monopolistic companies, they may not be productively efficient because of X-inefficiency, whereby companies operating in a monopoly have less of an incentive
Productive_efficiency
Adage that work expands to fill its available time
efficiency of administrative councils. He defined a "coefficient of inefficiency" with the number of members as the main determining variable. This is
Parkinson's_Law
Situation in which nothing can be improved without something else being hurt
efficiency Optimisation of a social welfare function Utility maximization X-inefficiency Applications of these principles include: Efficient-market hypothesis
Economic_efficiency
Chromosome disorder in women
X, also known as triple X syndrome and characterized by the karyotype 47,XXX, is a chromosome disorder in which a female has an extra copy of the X chromosome
Trisomy_X
Economic inefficiency
welfare economics, a government failure is the creation of economic inefficiency by government intervention; a situation in which government action in
Government_failure
Season of television series
The first season of the science fiction and horror television series The X-Files commenced airing on the Fox network in the United States on September
The_X-Files_season_1
1973 nonfiction book by David D. Friedman
Government success Milton Friedman – father of David Friedman Tax choice X-inefficiency Second Edition, p. 165 Second edition, p. 85. Second edition, p. 85
The_Machinery_of_Freedom
generate allocative inefficiency (by oversupplying public goods) but also x-inefficiency (by producing public goods inefficiently). Patrick Dunleavy,
Bureau-shaping_model
Emission of secondary X-rays from a material excited by high-energy X-rays
X-ray fluorescence (XRF) is the emission of characteristic "secondary" (or fluorescent) X-rays from a material that has been excited by being bombarded
X-ray_fluorescence
Home video game console
(on Xbox One S and Xbox One X), native rendering at 4K resolution (Xbox One X), and specific optimizations for Xbox One X. In 2016, Microsoft began to
Xbox_One
2026 American company IPO
The initial public offering (IPO) of SpaceX, an American aerospace and artificial intelligence company founded by Elon Musk in 2002, occurred on June
Initial public offering of SpaceX
Initial_public_offering_of_SpaceX
King of Castile and León from 1252 to 1284
Alfonso X (also known as the Wise, Spanish: el Sabio; 23 November 1221 – 4 April 1284) was King of Castile, León and Galicia from 1 June 1252 until his
Alfonso_X_of_Castile
Standard specifying ASN.1 encoding formats
results in a larger encoded data stream than necessary. Whether this inefficiency is reality or perception, it has led to a number of alternative encoding
X.690
Theories relating to firms' roles in the economy
productive efficiency, there is organisational slack (Leibenstein's X-inefficiency). Armen Alchian and Harold Demsetz's analysis of team production extends
Theory_of_the_firm
X-ray binary in Cygnus containing a stellar black hole
Cygnus X-1 (abbreviated Cyg X-1) is a galactic X-ray source in the constellation Cygnus and was the first such source widely accepted to be a black hole
Cygnus_X-1
Price predictability unexpected by theory
Journal of Finance. 43 (3): 661–676. doi:10.1111/j.1540-6261.1988.tb04598.x. JSTOR 2328190. Banz, Rolf W. (March 1981). "The relationship between return
Market_anomaly
Field of economics focussing on entrepreneurial activities within an economy
Leibenstein claimed that entrepreneurship is a creative response to x-inefficiency. Entrepreneurs are also gap-fillers, having the ability to perceive
Entrepreneurial_economics
X Window extension
The X Rendering Extension (Render or XRender) is an extension to the X11 core protocol to implement image compositing in the X server, to allow an efficient
X_Rendering_Extension
Canceled experimental NASA electric aircraft
The NASA X-57 Maxwell was an experimental aircraft developed by NASA, intended to demonstrate technology to reduce fuel use, emissions, and noise. The
NASA_X-57_Maxwell
Advanced X-ray spectroscopy technique
chemical specificity. Due to the intrinsic inefficiency of the RIXS process, extremely brilliant sources of X-rays are crucial. In addition to that, the
Resonant inelastic X-ray scattering
Resonant_inelastic_X-ray_scattering
Canadian educator (born 1942)
91-504 (with Bryan W. Brown). Empirical Estimates and Partitioning of X-Inefficiency: A Data Envelopment Approach. American Economic Association, Papers
Shlomo_Maital
computer programming. Contents: A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z See also References abstract data type (ADT) A mathematical model for
Glossary_of_computer_science
Quality measure of a statistical method
X 2 , … , X N {\displaystyle X_{1},X_{2},\ldots ,X_{N}} , defined as X ¯ = 1 N ∑ n = 1 N X n ∼ N ( μ , 1 N ) . {\displaystyle {\overline {X}}={\frac {1}{N}}\sum
Efficiency_(statistics)
extensively in various contexts, particularly in congestion games (CG). The inefficiency of congestion games was first illustrated by Pigou in 1920, using the
Price of anarchy in congestion games
Price_of_anarchy_in_congestion_games
2000 video game
Guilty Gear X, subtitled By Your Side in Japan, is a fighting game developed by Arc System Works and published by Sammy Studios. The second installment
Guilty_Gear_X
Transactional view of violent conflict in international relations theory
interaction. A central puzzle that motivates research in this vein is the "inefficiency puzzle of war": why do wars occur when it would be better for all parties
Bargaining_model_of_war
Country in Southwestern Europe
Climate Dynamics. 63 (2) 89. Berlin: Springer. doi:10.1007/s00382-024-07563-x. eISSN 1432-0894. ISSN 0930-7575. Archived (PDF) from the original on 19 June
Portugal
competition scenario is known as deadweight loss. Productive, dynamic, and X-inefficiencies may also arise due to the lower need for innovation and Pareto-optimal
Competition_law_theory
Method used in economic modeling
normally distributed variable, and ui is the non-negative technical inefficiency component. Together they constitute a compound error term, with a specific
Stochastic_frontier_analysis
Index tree structure in computer science
the directory that would result in an inefficient directory structure. Wikimedia Commons has media related to X-trees. Selçuk Candan, K.; Luisa Sapino
X-tree
Ratio between the useful output and the input of a machine
electrical 6–40% (technology-dependent, 15–20% most often, median degradation for x-Si technologies in the 0.5–0.6%/year range with the mean in the 0.8–0.9%/year
Energy_conversion_efficiency
United States economist
motivate) academic theory and, within economics, on the concept of X-inefficiency rather than more mainstream micro-economic concerns. Accordingly, this
Marc_Bendick_Jr.
Airport in East Elmhurst, Queens, New York City, U.S.
2000s and 2010s, LaGuardia was criticized for its outdated facilities, inefficient air operations, and poor customer service metrics. In response, the Port
LaGuardia_Airport
Intelligence in machines
on objects, predicates and relations and uses quantifiers such as "Every X is a Y" and "There are some Xs that are Ys"). Deductive reasoning in logic
Artificial_intelligence
2024 book
Unit X is a non‑fiction account of the U.S. Defense Innovation Unit, an organization established in 2015 to break through Pentagon bureaucracy and connect
Unit_X_(book)
Concept in economics and game theory
Elias Koutsoupias and Christos Papadimitriou, but the idea of measuring inefficiency of equilibrium is older. The concept in its current form was designed
Price_of_anarchy
1943 British film, now lost
Schultz, a ruthless Gestapo officer, confronts and accuses Kohler of inefficiency and cowardice. A shoot-out follows and Schultz is killed. Meanwhile,
Squadron_Leader_X
Product of numbers from 1 to n
exponential function, e x = 1 + x 1 + x 2 2 + x 3 6 + ⋯ = ∑ k = 0 ∞ x k k ! , {\displaystyle e^{x}=1+{\frac {x}{1}}+{\frac {x^{2}}{2}}+{\frac {x^{3}}{6}}+\cdots
Factorial
Medical condition caused by receiving too little or too many nutrients
Birth. 29 (2): 95–100. doi:10.1046/j.1523-536X.2002.00169.x. PMID 12000411. S2CID 13510698. Cai X, Wardlaw T, Brown DW (September 2012). "Global trends in
Malnutrition
Country in East Asia
Archived from the original on 3 May 2025. Retrieved 28 December 2022. Li, Steven X. (2020). Why So Little? The Curious Case of Taiwan's Defense Spending (PhD)
Taiwan
American rock musician (1967–1994)
conventions of mainstream rock music. He was heralded as a spokesman of Generation X, and is widely recognized as one of the most influential musicians in the
Kurt_Cobain
Atomic bomb dropped on Hiroshima
cylinder (the "target") of the same material. The design was highly inefficient: the weapon used on Hiroshima contained 64 kilograms (141 lb) of uranium
Little_Boy
In mathematics, invariant of square matrices
( x ) = | f 1 ( x ) f 2 ( x ) ⋯ f n ( x ) f 1 ′ ( x ) f 2 ′ ( x ) ⋯ f n ′ ( x ) ⋮ ⋮ ⋱ ⋮ f 1 ( n − 1 ) ( x ) f 2 ( n − 1 ) ( x ) ⋯ f n ( n − 1 ) ( x )
Determinant
Overuse of a shared resource
99–119. Bibcode:1995NRM.....9...99C. doi:10.1111/j.1939-7445.1995.tb00194.x. ISSN 0890-8575. ZHANG, Zheming; JIN, Shenghua; WU, Song; ZHOU, Xiang (2013-12-09)
Tragedy_of_the_commons
Field of machine learning
experience replay and curriculum learning have been proposed to reduce sample inefficiency, but these techniques add more complexity and are not always sufficient
Reinforcement_learning
Evolutionary process
separated, they may have begun interbreeding... A principal finding is that the X chromosomes of humans and chimpanzees appear to have diverged about 1.2 million
Human_evolution
Standard example in game theory
outcomes (from X's point of view), the equilibrium payoffs for X and Y can now be specified as s x = v ⋅ S x {\displaystyle s_{x}=v\cdot S_{x}} and s y =
Prisoner's_dilemma
American stealth multirole fighter aircraft
aircraft. The aircraft descends from the Lockheed Martin X-35, which in 2001 beat the Boeing X-32 to win the Joint Strike Fighter program, to replace the
Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II
Lockheed_Martin_F-35_Lightning_II
Scripting language created in 1994
model, and the fact that the Zend Engine is an interpreter, leads to inefficiency; as a result, various products have been developed to help improve PHP
PHP
that if Ted's latest x-rays look good, she'll be leaving. Joe gets the x-rays from Wendell and everything looks fine. Bert has x-rays from his uncle they
List of Petticoat Junction episodes
List_of_Petticoat_Junction_episodes
President of DR Congo and Zaire from 1965 to 1997
Kisangani wrote: "Most public officials knew that regardless of their inefficiency and degree of corruption, they could reenter the government. To hold
Mobutu_Sese_Seko
Medical condition
Microvascular angina (MVA), previously known as cardiac syndrome X, also known as coronary microvascular dysfunction (CMD) or microvascular coronary disease
Microvascular_angina
President of the United States from 1933 to 1945
Missouri, who had earned renown for his investigation of war production inefficiency and was acceptable to the various factions of the party. The Republicans
Franklin_D._Roosevelt
Hawaiian volcano
Archaeology in Oceania. 37 (2): 57. doi:10.1002/j.1834-4453.2002.tb00507.x. Archived (PDF) from the original on 14 April 2015. Retrieved 5 April 2015
Mauna_Kea
2022 American film by Daniel Espinosa
antithesis to Leto's drearily dour genius, which is a purposeful but inefficient comparison", and unfavorably compared Leto's solemn performance to Tom
Morbius_(film)
Algorithm that estimates unknowns from a series of measurements over time
p ( x k ∣ x 0 , … , x k − 1 ) = p ( x k ∣ x k − 1 ) {\displaystyle p(\mathbf {x} _{k}\mid \mathbf {x} _{0},\dots ,\mathbf {x} _{k-1})=p(\mathbf {x} _{k}\mid
Kalman_filter
Social science studying goods and services
point inside the curve (as at A) is feasible but represents production inefficiency (wasteful use of inputs), in that output of one or both goods could increase
Economics
North America basketball championship
postseason (at least a play-in spot but can still clinch a playoff spot directly) x – Clinched playoff spot * – Division leader The Spurs and Knicks tied the
2026_NBA_Finals
Type of firearm propellant
has declined due to smokeless powder replacing it, whilst its relative inefficiency led to newer alternatives such as dynamite and ammonium nitrate/fuel
Gunpowder
Shah of Iran from 1925 to 1941
the Wayback Machine (PDF), University Press of America. ISBN 0-8191-3578-X Ervand, History of Modern Iran, (2008), p. 94 Bakhash, Shaul, Reign of the
Reza_Shah
List of concepts in artificial intelligence
often inefficient for large problem spaces due to its high computational cost. Contents: Top 0–9 A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z See
Glossary of artificial intelligence
Glossary_of_artificial_intelligence
Economic philosophy centered on common ownership of land
have observed that a public levy on land value does not cause economic inefficiency, unlike other taxes. A land value tax also has progressive effects. Advocates
Georgism
American business magnate (1839–1937)
of African-American education. Greenwood Press. p. 184. ISBN 0-313-28931-X. Unger, Harlow (2007). Encyclopedia of American Education: A to E. Infobase
John_D._Rockefeller
Prime Minister of India since 2014
Planning Commission had in previous years been criticised for creating inefficiency in the government and of not fulfilling its role of improving social
Narendra_Modi
Degree to which consumption of a good can be restricted
in 1959, Garrett Hardin in 1968 who expanded upon another key market inefficiency of non-excludable goods; the tragedy of the commons. Excludability is
Excludability
Societal goal and normative concept
solutions. Existing global organizations such as the UN and WTO are seen as inefficient in enforcing current global regulations. One reason for this is the lack
Sustainability
Probability distribution
f ( x ; x 0 , γ ) {\displaystyle f(x;x_{0},\gamma )} is the distribution of the x-intercept of a ray issuing from ( x 0 , γ ) {\displaystyle (x_{0},\gamma
Cauchy_distribution
Financial telecommunication network
2012–2019 Javier Pérez-Tasso, since 2019 SWIFT has been criticised for inefficiency. In 2018, the London-based Financial Times noted that transfers frequently
SWIFT
American AI researcher and writer (born 1979)
published Inadequate Equilibria, Yudkowsky's 2017 ebook on societal inefficiencies. Yudkowsky has also written several works of fiction. His fanfiction
Eliezer_Yudkowsky
American indie rock band
Louder (UK)) I Sing! The Body Cybernetic 7"/CDEP (1998 One Louder) The Inefficiency of Humans 7" (1998 Thick) No Room for Humans LP/CD (1996 AmRep/One Louder
Servotron
Political philosophy emphasising social ownership of production
over capitalism, for socialism was to overcome the irrationality and inefficiency seen as endemic to a capitalist system of economic organization."; Prychitko
Socialism
Abnormal inward curvature of the lower spine
of other primates, whose inflexible spines cause them to resort to an inefficient forward-leaning "bent-knee, bent-waist" gait. As such, lordosis in the
Lordosis
Electric light bulb with a resistively heated wire filament
Engineers, Eleventh Edition, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1978, ISBN 0-07-020974-X, p. 22–8. John Kaufman (ed.), IES Lighting Handbook 1981 Reference Volume
Incandescent_light_bulb
Theorem in mathematics and economics
functions { f ( x , ⋅ ) } x ∈ X {\displaystyle \left\{f\left(x,\cdot \right)\right\}_{x\in X}} that are optimized. Let f ( x , α ) {\displaystyle f(x,\alpha )}
Envelope_theorem
Soviet supersonic passenger airliner
technopolitics of the Tupolev Tu-144. New York City: Orion Books. ISBN 0-517-56601-X. Taylor, John W.R. Jane's Pocket Book of Commercial Transport Aircraft New
Tupolev_Tu-144
King of Spain (r. 1700–1724; 1724–1746)
positions still went to the landed aristocracy. Below the elite level, the inefficiency and corruption that had existed under Charles II was as widespread as
Philip_V_of_Spain
American right-wing to far-right populist political ideology
comment on Truth Social and X: "He who saves his Country does not violate any Law", which the White House later reposted on X that day. The phrase itself
Trumpism
Famine killing millions (1959–1961)
launched by Chairman of the Chinese Communist Party Mao Zedong, including inefficient food distribution within the nation's planned economy; the state's extremely
Great_Chinese_Famine
Airline in the United States
boarding passes, allowing customers to bypass the traditional ticket counter. An X-ray device, an addition to the unit allowing passengers to check their own
Alaska_Airlines
Soviet medium tank, Second World War
(2006). T-34 in action. Barnsley, UK: Pen & Sword Military. ISBN 1-84415-243-X. Erickson, John (2001) [1962]. The Soviet high command: a military-political
T-34
Devaluation of money's purchasing power
encouraging loans and investment instead of money hoarding, and avoiding the inefficiencies associated with deflation. Today, most economists favour a low and steady
Inflation
American retailing company
layout, Norm Sinclair of DBusiness concluded that it was "a study in inefficiency". Kmart for Kids was the umbrella program for Kmart's philanthropic initiatives
Kmart
Using bombs underwater to kill fish
including extensive damage to coral reefs. Blast fishing is inherently inefficient in retrieving killed and stunned fish. For every ten fish killed, only
Blast_fishing
Method for IP address allocation and routing
2^{128n}+2^{128-n}-1]} (for IPv6), where X = x ⋅ 2 32 − n {\displaystyle X=x\cdot 2^{32-n}} and X = x ⋅ 2 128 − n {\displaystyle X=x\cdot 2^{128-n}} has the lower
Classless Inter-Domain Routing
Classless_Inter-Domain_Routing
Hybrid compact car produced by Toyota
Japan, the Prius went on sale on 10 January 2023. The Prius trims offered are X, U, G, and Z; the former two are equipped with the 2ZR-FXE engine, and the
Toyota_Prius
Compact region at a galaxy's center with abnormally high luminosity
X-ray nuclear emission is consistent with originating purely in a jet. They may be the best current candidates for AGN with radiatively inefficient accretion
Active_galactic_nucleus
Method of environment mapping in computer graphics
mapping such as image distortion, viewpoint dependency, and computational inefficiency. Also, cube mapping provides a much larger capacity to support real-time
Cube_mapping
Japanese business method
established and then reduced as inefficiencies are identified and removed. Whenever a limit is exceeded, this points to an inefficiency that should be addressed
Kanban
1958–1962 Chinese socioeconomic campaign
Yang stated, "The initial stages of collectivization brought chaos and inefficiency, with agricultural productivity often declining". By the time of the
Great_Leap_Forward
Class of vitamins
Pharm. Sci. 38 (3): 151–157. S2CID 1929961. Wang C, Li D, Cai F, Zhang X, Xu X, Liu X, et al. (October 2019). "Mutation spectrum of MMACHC in Chinese pediatric
Vitamin_B12
Low-cost airline of the United States
JetBlue forecasted a loss for 2006, citing high fuel prices, operating inefficiency, and fleet costs. During the first quarter report, CEO David Neeleman
JetBlue
All people from about the same time period
"SOME INEFFICIENCY IMPLICATIONS OF GENERATIONAL POLITICS AND EXCHANGE*". Economics & Politics. 5 (1): 27–42. doi:10.1111/j.1468-0343.1993.tb00065.x. ISSN 0954-1985
Generation
Earth's most severe extinction event
07.004. Zhou, C.Y.; Zhang, Q.Y.; Wen, W.; Huang, J.Y.; Hu, S.X.; Liu, W.; Min, X.; Ma, Z.X.; Wen, Q.Q. (2024). "A new Early Triassic fossil Lagerstätte
Permian–Triassic extinction event
Permian–Triassic_extinction_event
Vacuum tube used to display images
special barium-strontium glass to be shatter-resistant and to block most X-ray emissions. The CRT makes up most of the weight of CRT TVs and computer
Cathode_ray_tube
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