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Proving validity without revealing other data
In cryptography, a zero-knowledge proof (also known as a ZK proof or ZKP) is a protocol in which one party (the prover) can convince another party (the
Zero-knowledge_proof
Cryptographic protocol
In cryptography, a zero-knowledge password proof (ZKPP) is a type of zero-knowledge proof that allows one party (the prover) to prove to another party
Zero-knowledge_password_proof
Topics referred to by the same term
Absolute zero 0K, an abbreviation for Zero knowledge in cryptology Zero-knowledge proof Non-interactive zero-knowledge proof Zero-knowledge password proof 0K
0K
Text used for user authentication to prove identity
transmitting a password, or transmitting the hash of the password, password-authenticated key agreement systems can perform a zero-knowledge password proof, which
Password
Class of interactive proof
Cryptographic protocol Zero-knowledge proof Interactive proof system Topics in cryptography Zero-knowledge password proof Soundness (interactive proof) Shafi Goldwasser
Proof_of_knowledge
Augmented password-authenticated key exchange protocol
effectively conveys a zero-knowledge password proof from the user to the server. In revision 6 of the protocol only one password can be guessed per connection
Secure Remote Password protocol
Secure_Remote_Password_protocol
Interactive key creation in cryptography
Simultaneous Authentication of Equals Outline of cryptography Zero-knowledge password proof Designed to be not encumbered by patents. Bellare, Mihir; Pointcheval
Password-authenticated key agreement
Password-authenticated_key_agreement
Topics referred to by the same term
computational zero-knowledge without requiring interaction Zero-knowledge password proof, an interactive method for one party (the prover) to prove to
Zero_knowledge
Computer hacking technique
card and initiates an exchange of messages that constitute a zero-knowledge password proof that the card is Peggy's. The building then allows Peggy to
Relay_attack
Type of authentication protocol
challenge–response algorithms are: Zero-knowledge password proof and key agreement systems (such as Secure Remote Password (SRP)) Challenge-Handshake Authentication
Challenge–response authentication
Challenge–response_authentication
Protocol for agreeing on a cryptographic key
encapsulation mechanism Key management Password-authenticated key agreement Interlock protocol Zero-knowledge password proof Neural cryptography § Neural key
Key-agreement_protocol
Function computed by two parties that emulates a random oracle
eavesdropper's hands. It can be seen as an authentication via a zero-knowledge password proof. Various 'augmented forms' of PAKE incorporate an oblivious
Oblivious pseudorandom function
Oblivious_pseudorandom_function
amplify a shared password into a shared key, where the shared key may subsequently be used to provide a zero-knowledge password proof or other functions
Encrypted_key_exchange
together with the Zero-knowledge proofs (using for example Schnorr non-interactive zero-knowledge proof as specified in RFC 8235) for the proof of the exponents
Password Authenticated Key Exchange by Juggling
Password_Authenticated_Key_Exchange_by_Juggling
Computer communications authentication algorithm
full version of MD4 can be forged with this knowledge. These attacks do not contradict the security proof of HMAC, but provide insight into HMAC based
HMAC
Draft open standard for identity verification
pseudonymous zero-knowledge proof rather than providing a user ID and password. This method is thought to be impervious to a brute-force password attack or
SQRL
Practice and study of secure communication techniques
'theoretical'[clarification needed] cryptosystems include interactive proof systems, (like zero-knowledge proofs) and systems for secret sharing. Lightweight cryptography
Cryptography
algorithm • Y-stations • Yuliang Zheng Zeroisation • Zero-knowledge password proof • Zero-knowledge proof • Zfone • Zodiac (cipher) • ZRTP • Zimmermann–Sassaman
Index of cryptography articles
Index_of_cryptography_articles
Adding data to a message prior to encryption to hide its length
small variations in payload size, such as plus or minus just one byte in a password-guessing attack for example. If the message sender is unlucky enough to
Padding_(cryptography)
Cryptographic hash function
the hash of the original password, which may or may not be trivial. Reversing password encryption (e.g. to obtain a password to try against a user's account
SHA-1
Cryptographic problem
{\displaystyle h^{\alpha \beta ab(x-y)}=h^{0}=1} . This proves correctness. Zero-knowledge proof Markus Jakobsson, Moti Yung (1996). "Proving without knowing: On
Socialist_millionaire_problem
Event in cryptography
keys to participants securely. It is also used in non-interactive zero-knowledge proof (zKP) protocols, specifically first generation zk-SNARK, as they
Key_ceremony
American technology corporation
conflicted with the mechanism behind cryptographic zero-knowledge proofs. SpiderOak adopted the phrase "no knowledge" for their marketing. In November 2017, founder
SpiderOak
Placeholder characters
genders are alternated: Alice, Bob, Carol, Dave, Eve, etc. For interactive proof systems there are other characters: The names Alice and Bob are often used
Alice_and_Bob
Computer worm first discovered in 2010
The malware also used a zero-day exploit in the WinCC/SCADA database software in the form of a hard-coded database password. Stuxnet's payload targets
Stuxnet
User account required for Google-owned services
must use a unique 16-character alphanumeric password generated by Google instead of the user's normal password. Users who seek an even higher level of security
Google_Account
Key derivation function based on an HMAC
expansion, and key hierarchies in key wrapping, key exchange, PRNG, and password-based key derivation schemes. There are implementations of HKDF for C#
HKDF
3×3×3 Rubik's Cube. Password strength: Usage of the 95-character set found on standard computer keyboards for a 10-character password yields a computationally
Orders_of_magnitude_(numbers)
Cross-platform instant messaging service
on another device. Users have the option to set a two-step verification password and add a recovery email. In late 2022, options to Sign in with Apple and
Telegram_(software)
CIA files on cyber war and surveillance
Screwdriver malware that could use the Thunderbolt interface to bypass Apple's password firmware protection. On 31 March 2017, WikiLeaks published the third part
Vault_7
Swift conclusion drawn from data directly at hand
similar. The genre also includes many game shows such as Win, Lose or Draw, Password and $25,000 Pyramid. Many of the games are played co-operatively. In some
Guessing
Mathematical scheme for verifying the authenticity of digital documents
schemes that facilitate efficient cryptographic protocols such as zero-knowledge proofs or secure computation. Most digital signature schemes share the
Digital_signature
Protection of computer systems from information disclosure, theft or damage
aspects of computer security involve digital security, such as electronic passwords and encryption, physical security measures, such as metal locks, are still
Computer_security
Technologies to minimize personal data use and maximize data security
while keeping those inputs private. Non-interactive zero-knowledge proof (NIZKs) are zero-knowledge proofs that require no interaction between the prover and
Privacy-enhancing technologies
Privacy-enhancing_technologies
Method of biometric identification
Modern proof of personhood technologies attempt to address these privacy shortcomings by employing cryptographic techniques such as zero-knowledge proofs, which
Iris_recognition
Social networking service owned by Meta Platforms
million passwords of Facebook and Instagram users in plain text. The practice was initially discovered in 2019, though reports indicate passwords were stored
2008 video game
collapses as the virus activates, and Alphard makes contact, offering the password for the antiviral in exchange for a sample of Hitomi's blood. Achi seeks
428:_Shibuya_Scramble
Authorized cyberattack for testing purposes
be to a real attack. Cris Thomas (Space Rogue), Dan Patterson (2017). Password Cracking is easy with IBM's Space Rogue (Video). CBS Interactive. Event
Penetration_test
Arabic folk tale
Alibaba Group of China used the name because of its universal appeal. Zero-knowledge proofs are often introduced to students of computer science with a pedagogical
Ali Baba and the Forty Thieves
Ali_Baba_and_the_Forty_Thieves
Use of digital attacks against a state
taunting Saudi Aramco with proof they still retained access to the company network. The post contained the username and password on security and network
Cyberwarfare
Israeli computer scientist
security, secure multi-party computation, threshold cryptosystems, and zero-knowledge proofs, In 1996, Adam L. Young and Yung coined the term cryptovirology
Moti_Yung
unit and its power adapter read H2G2-42 and MST3K-US, respectively. The password for Google Fi Wireless data only SIM cards is "h2g2", another reference
List_of_Google_Easter_eggs
Business that takes place over the internet
used, and such techniques involve checking "something you know" (i.e. password or PIN), "something you need" (i.e. credit card), or "something you are"
Electronic_business
Collection of compromised internet-connected devices controlled by a third party
bot army and apply brute-force methods with highly accurate username and password lists to hack into accounts. The idea is to overwhelm sites with tens of
Botnet
Rotor key machine used in World War II
Doppelbuchstabentauschtafeln Password: "Source". Doppelbuchstabentauschtafeln Password: "Sea". Doppelbuchstabentauschtafel B Password: "River" (authentic spelling)
Enigma-M4
to avoid death. Sabnock snaps Asmodeus back to normal with a programmed password, the closest thing to Asmodeus' heart; Iruma. Back to normal, they argue
List of Welcome to Demon School! Iruma-kun episodes
List_of_Welcome_to_Demon_School!_Iruma-kun_episodes
Encryption technique
Book of the Dead) Information theoretic security Numbers station One-time password Session key Steganography Tradecraft Unicity distance No-hiding theorem
One-time_pad
control mechanism that allows through all elements (email addresses, users, passwords, URLs, IP addresses, domain names, file hashes, etc.), except those explicitly
Glossary_of_computer_science
Australian editor of WikiLeaks (born 1971)
bit more discreet". In 1988 Assange used social engineering to get the password to Australia's Overseas Telecommunications Commission's mainframes. Assange
Julian_Assange
News leak publishing organisation
WikiLeaks posted an encrypted file containing the Vault 7 Year Zero release. The password, "SplinterItIntoAThousandPiecesAndScatterItIntoTheWinds", was
WikiLeaks
authentication is a common practice when using passwords, as a user may prove knowledge of a password without actually revealing it. However, two biometric
Private_biometrics
Privacy-focused encrypted messaging app
research team at Project Zero, disclosed how a bug in the Android Signal client could let an attacker spy on a user without their knowledge. The bug allowed an
Signal_(software)
American multinational financial technology company
has a modified login process. Account-holders enter their login ID and password as normal, but are then prompted to enter a six-digit code provided by
PayPal
computer networks, even if they have advanced IT security, including passwords and encryption. In cyberpunk stories and thrillers, they are depicted
List_of_stock_characters
Internet-like structure connecting everyday physical objects
development phase A Proof-of-Concept/Prototype before the actual project begins Project managers with interdisciplinary technical knowledge Universally defined
Internet_of_things
Sequence of operations for a task
including finding the shortest path between two points and cracking passwords. Divide and conquer A divide-and-conquer algorithm repeatedly reduces
Algorithm
Passions (1994) Passport to Paris (1999) Passport to Pimlico (1948) The Password is Courage (1962) The Past-Master (1970) Pat Garrett and Billy the Kid
List_of_films:_P
Linux-based operating system developed by Google
Account password as the default sign-in method. To enhance security, users can implement additional authentication measures such as PINs, passwords, fingerprint
ChromeOS
American conspiracy theory and political movement
associates a post with a unique digital signature for any poster who knows the password. There have been thousands of posts associated with a Q tripcode. The tripcode
QAnon
Misogynistic online harassment campaign
Phil Fish had his personal information, including various accounts and passwords, hacked and publicly posted in retaliation for defending Quinn and attacking
Gamergate
Unreproducible object used in digital security
Cryptographic Functions". heise online. Retrieved 2026-04-13. "Protecting art and passwords with biochemistry". ETH Zurich. 2024-04-08. Retrieved 2026-04-13. "Physical
Physical_unclonable_function
Digital application and media distribution service by Google
findings." In October 2016, Engadget reported about a blog post named "Password Storage in Sensitive Apps" from freelance Android hacker Jon Sawyer, who
Google_Play
Financial crime
to multi-factor authentication and they include: Knowledge - things a user knows such as passwords or answers to secret questions. Possession - an object
Credit_card_fraud
Fictional character on the NBC science fiction drama series Heroes
father's research and accesses his father's computer files, using the password "Shanti". The files contain the names of all of the people with superpowers
Mohinder_Suresh
Optical head-mounted computer glasses
that uses Google Glass to track finger shadows as someone types in their password. Their program then converts the touchpoints into the keys they were touching
Google_Glass
Measures to reduce and deter crime
targets and restricting access- the use of firewalls, encryption, card/password access to ID databases and banning hacker websites and magazines. Increasing
Crime_prevention
Governor of Georgia since 2019
the personal information of over six million Georgia voters, as well as passwords used by county election officials to access voter files, to researchers
Brian_Kemp
Technology capable of matching a face from an image against a database of faces
"Windows 10 says "Hello" to logging in with your face and the end of passwords". Ars Technica. March 17, 2015. Retrieved March 17, 2015. Kubota, Yoko
Facial_recognition_system
Opening a safe without the combination or the key
Short Circuit 2 (1988) Die Hard (1988)—Drilling, guessing electronic passwords Disorganized Crime (1989) Breaking In (1989)—Drilling, hammering (a cheap
Safe-cracking
2017–2019 Marvel Television series
suspicious of him as he knew the password rather easily. During the Pride members' speech, Victor reveals his knowledge of Robert and Janet's tryst and
Runaways_(TV_series)
Computer program that modifies other programs to replicate itself and spread
individual, with the goal of convincing the targeted individual to reveal passwords or other personal information. Other commonly used preventive measures
Computer_virus
Personal digital identity for online use
used to establish an ongoing relationship between multiple parties. Zero-knowledge cards (or Z-cards) However the Information Card format allows for custom
Information_card
the Pit, he has his A.I. Katie set the Pit to self-destruct and uses the password "Rosebud." When he makes it to his car, he finds his driver dead and Khalil
List of Black Lightning characters
List_of_Black_Lightning_characters
Virtual online communities
Wisconsin protect applicants and employees from surrendering usernames and passwords for social media accounts.[citation needed] Use of social media has caused
Social_media
Parasuicide Paresthesia Parosmia Passion (emotion) Passive–aggressive behavior Password psychology Pastoral counseling Pathogenic theory of schizophrenia Pathognomy
Index_of_psychology_articles
Use of the internet for terrorist purposes
tactics such as calling offices and pretending to be technicians to gain passwords. Third Party Software – The top retailers are connected with thousands
Cyberterrorism
Auschwitz-Birkenau and her relationship with inmate 1963 United Kingdom The Password is Courage Andrew Stone Comedy-drama based on POW Sgt. Maj. Charles Coward
List of World War II feature films (1950–1989)
List_of_World_War_II_feature_films_(1950–1989)
Federal financial regulations
the VC. Zerocoin, for example, uses an algorithmic process called "zero-knowledge proof" to hide the value of the coins. Dark Wallet anonymously combines
Virtual currency law in the United States
Virtual_currency_law_in_the_United_States
encrypted login and displayed a precautionary message not to use university passwords for access, UNM unblocked access the following spring semester. The Columbus
Criticism_of_Facebook
Seals, Tara (December 16, 2020). "The SolarWinds Perfect Storm: Default Password, Access Sales and More". Threat Post. Archived from the original on December
2020 United States federal government data breach
2020_United_States_federal_government_data_breach
Environmentally sustainable computing and information technology
The old storage devices still hold private information, such as emails, passwords, and credit card numbers, which can be recovered simply by using software
Green_computing
Japanese anime television series
facility, but became trapped inside a virtual machine designed to extract the password to Lupin's hideout. He also reveals the code he entered enabled a self-destruction
List of Lupin the 3rd Part 6 episodes
List_of_Lupin_the_3rd_Part_6_episodes
lead (30 Aug), researchers demonstrate Web browser extensions can gather passwords from input fields of many of the largest websites (30 Aug). Promising
2023_in_science
the X.25 and internet networks. There were individual user codes and passwords, giving different access rights; the one generic access code was regularly
History of virtual learning environments
History_of_virtual_learning_environments
Russian writer (1922–2006)
calculus, but in the development of "methods of reasoning, proof, methods of scientific knowledge". Zinoviev tried, firstly, to overcome the classical and
Alexander_Zinoviev
London from his Rome trip. March 19: Podesta is asked to change his email password in an apparent phishing attempt, believed to be spearheaded by Russian
Timeline of Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections
Timeline_of_Russian_interference_in_the_2016_United_States_elections
13th portion in the Jewish cycle of weekly Torah reading
who would come and say the password to the Israelites would be their true deliverer. So when Moses came and said the password, the people believed him at
Shemot_(parashah)
Japanese manga series
mystery novels in his spare time. After murdering Nobuto, he uses his knowledge gained from mystery stories to dispose of the corpse, and then to counter
My_Home_Hero
Archived from the original on 2018-03-24. Retrieved 2020-03-28. "Leela Chess Zero". LCZero. Retrieved 2020-01-28. "LCZero". training.lczero.org. Retrieved
List of volunteer computing projects
List_of_volunteer_computing_projects
to fight against the berserk Junko until Finn remembers (with help) the password to disable the hold the hypnosis crystal had over Junko. They escape shortly
List_of_Storm_Hawks_episodes
2013. Retrieved May 11, 2013. Kondolojy, Amanda (May 10, 2013). "'Body of Proof' & 'Red Widow' Canceled by ABC". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original
2013_in_American_television
browser in iOS, which allows its Chinese company to gather, for example, passwords, credit card details, and everything else that is typed into websites
Timeline of computing 2020–present
Timeline_of_computing_2020–present
across the password to a non-public website (PutinTrump.org) focusing on Trump's ties to Russia that is nearing launch. He sends the password and website
Timeline of Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections (July 2016 – election day)
Timeline_of_Russian_interference_in_the_2016_United_States_elections_(July_2016_–_election_day)
German painter
never-ending word chains using authentic word snippets from military orders, passwords and watchwords, headlines, folk songs, and from the language of the educated
Otto_Nebel
across the password to a non-public website (PutinTrump.org) focusing on Trump's ties to Russia that is nearing launch. He sends the password and website
Topical timeline of Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections
Topical_timeline_of_Russian_interference_in_the_2016_United_States_elections
ZERO KNOWLEDGE-PASSWORD-PROOF
ZERO KNOWLEDGE-PASSWORD-PROOF
Boy/Male
Arabic
Empty.
Boy/Male
Arabic, Australian, German, Greek, Kurdish
Empty; Void
Boy/Male
African, Finnish, German
The Lord is Exalted
Male
Italian
 Short form of Italian Raniero, NERO means "wise warrior." Compare with another form of Nero.
Girl/Female
Latin Greek Shakespearean
Daughter of Priam.
Male
Finnish
Short form of Finnish Antero, TERO means "man; warrior."
Girl/Female
Assamese, Indian
Rounded
Girl/Female
Latin
Mother of Asopus.
Male
Croatian
, a stone.
Surname or Lastname
English (chiefly Devon)
English (chiefly Devon) : from Middle English pass(en) ‘to pass or go across’ + more ‘marsh’, ‘fen’, a nickname, bestowed no doubt on someone who lived on the far side of a tract of moorland near the main settlement, or for someone who was familiar with the safe routes across a moor.English (chiefly Devon) : several early forms have -e- in place of -o- in the second syllable, and may have a different origin. They could derive from an Anglo-Norman French nickname for a seafarer, Passemer, from passe(r) ‘to cross’ (as above) + mer ‘sea’, ‘ocean’, or the second element could be from Old English mere ‘lake’, ‘marsh’.
Boy/Male
Biblical
Root, that straitens or binds, that keeps tight.
Boy/Male
Australian, French, German, Greek, Italian, Portuguese
Rock; Stone
Male
African
builder; or fierce.
Male
Spanish
Spanish name derived from Latin juniperus, JUNÃPERO means "juniper tree."
Boy/Male
American, Australian, German, Jamaican, Latin
Strong; Vigorous; Powerful; Wise Warrior
Male
Finnish
Finnish form of German Erich, EERO means "ever-ruler."Â
Girl/Female
African, Australian, French, Greek, Hebrew, Kurdish, Swahili
Seed
Boy/Male
Greek
Rock.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : habitational name from any of several places called Basford, especially the one in Staffordshire. There are others in Nottinghamshire and Cheshire. All are named with a personal name (variously Old English Beorcol and Basa, and Old Norse Barkr) + Old English ford ‘ford’.
Female
Greek
(ἩÏá½¼) Greek name derived form the word hÄ“rÅs, HERO means "hero." In mythology, this is the name of the lover of Leandros (Latin Leander).
ZERO KNOWLEDGE-PASSWORD-PROOF
ZERO KNOWLEDGE-PASSWORD-PROOF
Girl/Female
Tamil
Male
Welsh
Variant spelling of Welsh Aneirin, ANEURIN means "modest, noble."
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian, Marathi
Happy
Girl/Female
Indian, Tamil
Goddess Amman
Girl/Female
Biblical
Making sweet, binding together.
Girl/Female
Latin
Happy.
Girl/Female
Indian, Telugu
Goddess Lakshmi; Bhaanu - Sun
Boy/Male
Hindu
Lord Shiva
Girl/Female
Tamil
Of the family
Boy/Male
American, Anglo, Australian, British, English, French
From the Lake Meadow; Combination of Maria and Magdalene; From the Meadow Near the Lake
ZERO KNOWLEDGE-PASSWORD-PROOF
ZERO KNOWLEDGE-PASSWORD-PROOF
ZERO KNOWLEDGE-PASSWORD-PROOF
ZERO KNOWLEDGE-PASSWORD-PROOF
ZERO KNOWLEDGE-PASSWORD-PROOF
v. t.
To acknowledge.
n.
A word to be given before a person is allowed to pass; a watchword; a countersign.
n.
Fig.: The lowest point; the point of exhaustion; as, his patience had nearly reached zero.
n.
A cipher; nothing; naught.
v. i.
That familiarity which is gained by actual experience; practical skill; as, a knowledge of life.
v. t.
To of or admit the knowledge of; to recognize as a fact or truth; to declare one's belief in; as, to acknowledge the being of a God.
v. t.
To own with gratitude or as a benefit or an obligation; as, to acknowledge a favor, the receipt of a letter.
pl.
of Zero
v. i.
Sexual intercourse; -- usually preceded by carnal; as, carnal knowledge.
n.
Knowledge of one's self, or of one's own character, powers, limitations, etc.
n.
A large and valuable fish of the Mackerel family, of the genus Scomberomorus. Two species are found in the West Indies and less commonly on the Atlantic coast of the United States, -- the common cero (Scomberomorus caballa), called also kingfish, and spotted, or king, cero (S. regalis).
v. i.
Scope of information; cognizance; notice; as, it has not come to my knowledge.
pl.
of Zero
v.
Knowledge.
v. i.
The act or state of knowing; clear perception of fact, truth, or duty; certain apprehension; familiar cognizance; cognition.
n.
A cipher; zero.
v. i.
That which is or may be known; the object of an act of knowing; a cognition; -- chiefly used in the plural.
n.
The common cero; also, the spotted cero. See Cero.
n.
The point from which the graduation of a scale, as of a thermometer, commences.
v. i.
That which is gained and preserved by knowing; instruction; acquaintance; enlightenment; learning; scholarship; erudition.