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Proving validity without revealing other data
In cryptography, a zero-knowledge proof (also known as a ZK proof or ZKP) is a protocol in which one party (the prover) can convince another party (the
Zero-knowledge_proof
Topics referred to by the same term
Zero knowledge may mean: Zero-knowledge proof, a concept from cryptography, an interactive method for one party to prove to another that a (usually mathematical)
Zero_knowledge
Measure used to restrict access by age
artificial intelligence, such as falsely declaring an adult to be a minor. Zero-knowledge proofs can be used to verify a person's age without the person disclosing
Age_verification
In cloud computing, the term zero-knowledge (or occasionally no-knowledge or zero-access) is a commonly used term for online services that store, transfer
Zero-knowledge_service
Cryptographic primitive
Non-interactive zero-knowledge proofs are cryptographic primitives, where information between a prover and a verifier can be authenticated by the prover
Non-interactive zero-knowledge proof
Non-interactive_zero-knowledge_proof
Cryptographic protocol
In cryptography, a zero-knowledge password proof (ZKPP) is a type of zero-knowledge proof that allows one party (the prover) to prove to another party
Zero-knowledge_password_proof
Software company in Canada
Zero-Knowledge Systems (also known as ZKS) was a Canadian privacy technology software and services company, best known for the Freedom Network, its privacy
Zero_Knowledge_Systems
protocol for the construction of interactive proof systems, used widely in zero-knowledge protocols. The sum-check protocol was created by Carsten Lund, Lance
Sum-check_protocol
Text used for user authentication to prove identity
password-authenticated key agreement systems can perform a zero-knowledge password proof, which proves knowledge of the password without exposing it. Moving a step
Password
exchanges are not transferable. They achieve this by having the property of zero-knowledge; both parties can create transcripts of both confirmation and disavowal
Undeniable_signature
American cryptographer (born 1974)
Goldwasser. His dissertation, Frontiers in Zero Knowledge, addressed fundamental questions in the theory of zero-knowledge proofs. From 2000 to 2004, Sahai was
Amit_Sahai
Abstract machine that models computation
proofs, known as zero-knowledge proofs are in fact believed to exist for all problems in NP and are valuable in cryptography. Zero-knowledge proofs were first
Interactive_proof_system
Cryptocurrency aimed at privacy
privacy-focused cryptocurrency which features an encrypted ledger using zero-knowledge proofs. Launched in October 2016, Zcash was developed by cryptographers
Zcash
AI standards for robustness and data privacy
statistical data while guaranteeing that no private information is exposed. Zero-knowledge proof - providing proven validity for statements without disclosing
Trustworthy_AI
Topics referred to by the same term
Absolute zero 0K, an abbreviation for Zero knowledge in cryptology Zero-knowledge proof Non-interactive zero-knowledge proof Zero-knowledge password proof
0K
Israeli computer scientist and businessman
אלי בן-ששון) is an Israeli computer scientist known for his work on zero-knowledge proofs. He is also the co-founder and CEO of StarkWare Industries, a
Eli_Ben-Sasson
Variant of a zero-knowledge proof for languages in NP
witness-indistinguishable proof (WIP) is a variant of a zero-knowledge proof for languages in NP. In a typical zero-knowledge proof of a statement, the prover will use
Witness-indistinguishable proof
Witness-indistinguishable_proof
Italian-American computer scientist (born 1954)
and Tsinghua University. His research interests are cryptography, zero knowledge, pseudorandom generation, secure protocols, and mechanism design. Micali
Silvio_Micali
Cryptocurrency
Lelantus protocols both contributed to the area of specialised trustless zero-knowledge proofs but seldom offered strong anonymity guarantees when compared
Firo_(cryptocurrency)
Concept in cryptography
construct digital signatures schemes such as the Merkle signature scheme, zero knowledge and computationally integrity proofs, such as the zk-STARK proof system
Hash-based_cryptography
Privacy in blockchain systems
recording only cryptographic commitments, such as hashes, on-chain. A zero-knowledge proof (ZKP) is a cryptographic method by which one party (the prover)
Blockchain_privacy
Email authentication method designed to associate a domain with a message stream
constructed. However, you can still verify such emails if the owner creates a zero-knowledge proof of the DKIM signature on a masked subset of headers or body text
DomainKeys_Identified_Mail
Class of interactive proof
necessarily spit out the knowledge itself (as is the case for zero-knowledge proofs), a machine with a different program, called the knowledge extractor is introduced
Proof_of_knowledge
Israeli software company
Israeli software company that specializes in cryptography. It develops zero-knowledge proof technology that compresses information to address the scalability
StarkWare_Industries
Arabic folk tale
Alibaba Group of China used the name because of its universal appeal. Zero-knowledge proofs are often introduced to students of computer science with a pedagogical
Ali Baba and the Forty Thieves
Ali_Baba_and_the_Forty_Thieves
Israeli American computer scientist (born 1959)
several technology startups, including QED-it, specializing in the Zero Knowledge Blockchain, and Algorand, a pure proof-of-stake blockchain founded by
Shafi_Goldwasser
Public-key cryptographic pseudorandom function
structures. VRFs have been used to make: Resettable zero-knowledge proofs (i.e. one that remains zero-knowledge even if a malicious verifier is allowed to reset
Verifiable_random_function
Type of encryption
under the misleading or incorrect term "zero-knowledge", but this is a misnomer, as the term zero-knowledge describes something entirely different in
Client-side_encryption
Logic puzzle
Each row and column is unique (100101 & 1001xx → 100101 & 100110). A zero-knowledge proof for the puzzle was published in Jun 2016. The puzzle was adapted
Takuzu
Verifiable digital identity technology
solution developed by Polygon, a blockchain scaling platform. It leverages zero-knowledge proofs (ZKPs) to allow users to verify specific aspects of their identity—such
Decentralized_identifier
Internet hosting service for user files
victim's backups. Secret key encryption is sometimes referred to as zero knowledge, meaning that only the user has the encryption key needed to decrypt
File-hosting_service
American computer scientist
and cryptography. He focuses on the topics of pseudorandomness and zero-knowledge proofs. His work on the zig-zag product, with Omer Reingold and Avi
Salil_Vadhan
Virtual currency mixer on the Ethereum blockchain
breaking the link in the chain between the sender and the recipient. Zero-knowledge proofs (in particular zk-SNARKs) are used to increase privacy, as there
Tornado_Cash
Cryptographic scheme
a number of cryptographic protocols including secure coin flipping, zero-knowledge proofs, and secure computation. A way to visualize a commitment scheme
Commitment_scheme
American writer (born 1961)
Retrieved 2024-09-16. Sharf, Zack (2024-01-22). "Will Ferrell Had 'Zero Knowledge' About the Trans Community. Then His Best Friend of 30 Years Came Out:
Harper_Steele
Open-source password management software
is owned and developed by Bitwarden, Inc. Bitwarden uses client-side zero-knowledge encryption, meaning the company cannot see its users' data. This is
Bitwarden
Italian computer scientist
University of California, Berkeley. He has contributed to the field of zero-knowledge proofs, and was a co-founder of Zcash and StarkWare Industries. Chiesa
Alessandro_Chiesa
Privacy protocol
succinct non-interactive zero-knowledge arguments of knowledge (also known as zk-SNARKs), a special kind of zero-knowledge method for proving the integrity
Zerocoin_protocol
American technology corporation
conflicted with the mechanism behind cryptographic zero-knowledge proofs. SpiderOak adopted the phrase "no knowledge" for their marketing. In November 2017, founder
SpiderOak
Number
rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols. 0 (zero, /ˈziː.roʊ/) is a number representing an empty quantity. Adding (or subtracting)
0
Technologies to minimize personal data use and maximize data security
while keeping those inputs private. Non-interactive zero-knowledge proof (NIZKs) are zero-knowledge proofs that require no interaction between the prover
Privacy-enhancing technologies
Privacy-enhancing_technologies
is a type of parallel zero-knowledge proof developed by Uriel Feige, Amos Fiat, and Adi Shamir in 1988. Like all zero-knowledge proofs, it allows one
Feige–Fiat–Shamir identification scheme
Feige–Fiat–Shamir_identification_scheme
File hosting and synchronization service operated by Microsoft
2012. "Zero-Knowledge Encryption Cloud Storage Explained for 2026". Fastio. Retrieved April 19, 2026. "End-to-End Encryption vs. Zero-Knowledge Encryption:
OneDrive
Application for storing and managing passwords
Torrisi, Giovanni; Backendal, Matilda; Paterson, Kenneth G. (2026), Zero Knowledge (About) Encryption: A Comparative Security Analysis of Three Cloud-based
Password_manager
Cryptography based on quantum mechanical phenomena
commonly used in cryptographic protocols (e.g. Quantum coin flipping, Zero-knowledge proof, secure two-party computation, and Oblivious transfer). In the
Quantum_cryptography
Cryptographer (born 1973)
Wagner), and for his role as chief scientist of Radialpoint (formerly Zero Knowledge Systems), a Canadian software company. Goldberg is currently a professor
Ian_Goldberg
Logic-based number-placement puzzle
Pinkas, Benny; Rothblum, Guy N. (2007). "Cryptographic and Physical Zero-Knowledge Proof Systems for Solutions of Sudoku Puzzles". In Crescenzi, Pierluigi;
Sudoku
Israeli computer scientist (born 1957)
Goldreich has contributed to the development of pseudorandomness, zero knowledge proofs, secure function evaluation, property testing, and other areas
Oded_Goldreich
Doctrines and plans for production and use of atomic weapons
Prominent among these structural fail-safes is the application of physical zero-knowledge proofs for nuclear warhead verification. These cryptographic protocols
Nuclear_strategy
Cloud storage and file synchronization service
user authentication and two-step verification for account security. Zero-knowledge encryption, where files placed in a Crypto folder remain inaccessible
PCloud
Topics referred to by the same term
number theory zk-STARK (zero-knowledge Scalable Transparent Argument of Knowledge), a protocol in non-interactive zero-knowledge proofs in cryptography
Stark
{\displaystyle g^{x_{2}}} together with the Zero-knowledge proofs (using for example Schnorr non-interactive zero-knowledge proof as specified in RFC 8235) for
Password Authenticated Key Exchange by Juggling
Password_Authenticated_Key_Exchange_by_Juggling
Machine learning method to transfer knowledge from a large model to a smaller one
logits have zero mean, it is possible to show that model compression is a special case of knowledge distillation. The gradient of the knowledge distillation
Knowledge_distillation
Password management software
Security, Inc. (Keeper) is a global cybersecurity company providing zero-knowledge security and encryption software covering functions such as password
Keeper_(password_manager)
Digital asset using a distributed ledger
implement additional measures to increase privacy, such as by using zero-knowledge proofs. A recent 2020 study presented different attacks on privacy in
Cryptocurrency
Resistance to a malicious network attack
implementation as combining Confidential Computing, homomorphic encryption, and zero-knowledge proofs to verify biometric data within Confidential Virtual Machines
Proof_of_personhood
Draft open standard for identity verification
or optionally a QR code, where a user identifies via a pseudonymous zero-knowledge proof rather than providing a user ID and password. This method is thought
SQRL
Study of computation
cryptographic hash functions, key-agreement protocols, blockchain, zero-knowledge proofs, and garbled circuits. A database is intended to organize, store
Computer_science
Blockchain and cryptocurrency
Polygon announced a new protocol called AggLayer that aims to aggregate zero-knowledge proofs (ZK-proofs) from multiple blockchains and allow developers to
Polygon_(blockchain)
Goldwasser, US and Israel, MIT and Weizmann Institute, co-discoverer of zero-knowledge proofs, and of Semantic security. Martin Hellman, US, (public) co-inventor
List_of_cryptographers
complex-conjugation. No a-priori knowledge on the transmitted symbols is required with this basic scheme (blind or zero-knowledge). When the delay D {\displaystyle
XPIC
Computer hacking technique
smart card and initiates an exchange of messages that constitute a zero-knowledge password proof that the card is Peggy's. The building then allows Peggy
Relay_attack
Type of cryptographic software obfuscation
Perfectly zero-knowledge non-interactive zero-knowledge proofs and succinct non-interactive arguments Constant-round concurrent zero-knowledge protocols
Indistinguishability obfuscation
Indistinguishability_obfuscation
Unfixed software vulnerability
features in popular software. Zero-day vulnerabilities are often classified as alive—meaning that there is no public knowledge of the vulnerability—or dead—the
Zero-day_vulnerability
Interactive proof system in computational complexity theory
complex zero?" is in AM. For a proof, see Rafael Pass and Jean-Baptiste Jeannin (March 24, 2009). "Lecture 17: Arthur-Merlin games, Zero-knowledge proofs"
Arthur–Merlin_protocol
American film producer
Sharf, Zack; Donnelly, Matt (January 22, 2024). "Will Ferrell Had 'Zero Knowledge' About the Trans Community. Then His Best Friend of 30 Years Came Out:
Jessica_Elbaum
Cryptographic protocol
{\displaystyle \scriptstyle g^{x_{i}}} together with a zero-knowledge proof for the proof of the knowledge of the exponent x i {\displaystyle \scriptstyle x_{i}}
Open_vote_network
Knowledge about knowledge
Metaknowledge or meta-knowledge is knowledge about knowledge. Some authors divide meta-knowledge into orders: zero order meta-knowledge is knowledge whose domain
Metaknowledge
Form of digital signature
information as the signer. This is similar to the way zero-knowledge is defined in zero-knowledge proof systems. One of the simplest blind signature schemes
Blind_signature
Password management software
and more secure than the AES-256 algorithm. The service operates on a zero-knowledge architecture, meaning that passwords are encrypted on the user's device
NordPass
verified on multiple parachain cores, are aggregated into a single zk (zero knowledge) proof that can be verified cheaply on any blockchain, thereby increasing
Hyperbridge
Method for enciphering information releasable after a specified time has passed
further cryptographic primitives, such as verifiable delay functions and zero knowledge proofs. Time-released cryptography can be achieved through several different
Time-lock_puzzle
Artificial intelligence that plays Go
said that AlphaGo Zero was so powerful because it was "no longer constrained by the limits of human knowledge". Furthermore, AlphaGo Zero performed better
AlphaGo_Zero
2000 film by Reginald Hudlin
Sharf, Zack; Donnelly, Matt (January 21, 2024). "Will Ferrell Had 'Zero Knowledge' About the Trans Community. Then His Best Friend of 30 Years Came Out:
The_Ladies_Man_(2000_film)
File encryption software
NordVPN announced the upcoming launch of NordLocker, "an app with a zero-knowledge encryption process". Although the initial estimated time of arrival
NordLocker
Danish cryptography researcher
cryptographer known for his work on pairing-based cryptography and zero-knowledge proofs. He received a PhD in computer science from Aarhus University
Jens_Groth
Swiss company
entry and exit node selection, an internet connection kill switch, zero-knowledge credentials and payments, diskless architecture, IPv6 with leak protection
Nym_Technologies
Swiss cloud storage platform
collaboration platform based on client-side end-to-end encryption and a zero-knowledge architecture. In its early years, Tresorit gained attention through
Tresorit
Practice and study of secure communication techniques
needed] cryptosystems include interactive proof systems, (like zero-knowledge proofs) and systems for secret sharing. Lightweight cryptography (LWC)
Cryptography
Processing of knowledge to accomplish organizational goals
recognizes a "zero stage" for initiation of the project. A knowledge audit is a comprehensive assessment of an organization's knowledge assets, including
Knowledge_management
2012 video game
2016. Hart, Eammon; Joshua A., McGinnis (10 February 2022). "Physical Zero-knowledge Proofs for Flow Free". arXiv:2202.04113 [cs.CR]. Basu, Saikat (16 November
Flow_Free
Israeli computer scientist
security, secure multi-party computation, threshold cryptosystems, and zero-knowledge proofs, In 1996, Adam L. Young and Yung coined the term cryptovirology
Moti_Yung
Cryptocurrency
(for consensus) and Monero (for privacy), using CryptoNote alongside zero-knowledge proofs to hide details of users' transactions. The MobileCoin company
MobileCoin
Software tools for medical audio transcription
with digital voice assistants). Some retailers say their tools use zero-knowledge encryption (meaning that the service provider can't access the data)
Automated_medical_scribe
Data security process
ISBN 978-1-000-61757-3. van Wyk, Johannes; Todorov, Ilian (25 March 2026). A Zero-Knowledge (ZK), Serverless Architecture for Secure Payment Data Life-cycle Management
Payment_tokenization
2017 video game
Horizon Zero Dawn is a 2017 action role-playing game developed by Guerrilla Games and published by Sony Interactive Entertainment. The first instalment
Horizon_Zero_Dawn
Game-playing artificial intelligence
paper detailing MuZero, a new algorithm able to generalize AlphaZero's work, playing both Atari and board games without knowledge of the rules or representations
AlphaZero
Cryptocurrency and Ethereum token
by Juels. DECO is described by its authors as a protocol that uses zero-knowledge proofs to allow users to prove information is true to a blockchain oracle
Chainlink_(blockchain_oracle)
American computer scientist and cryptographer (born 1955)
Gilles Brassard and Claude Crépeau published a paper that introduced zero-knowledge arguments, as well as a security model using information-theoretic private-channels
David_Chaum
Dutch entrepreneur & mathematician
earlier versions of Brands' protocols were implemented by DigiCash, by Zero-Knowledge Systems, and by two consortiums made up of academic research groups
Stefan_Brands
Password management software
in LastPass. The research demonstrated that the platform's promised "zero-knowledge encryption" could be bypassed if the central server was compromised
LastPass
Motor vehicle
in 1975, with the goal of producing sports cars using knowledge gained from auto racing. The Zero was to be their first production road car and Dome planned
Dome_Zero
System where only the inputs and outputs can be viewed, and not its implementation
capture the notion of knowledge obtained by an algorithm through the execution of a cryptographic protocol such as a zero-knowledge proof protocol. If the
Black_box
2014 single by Breathe Carolina
stated, "'Sellouts' is about stupid people with stupid thoughts and zero knowledge." A dubstep version of the song was featured in their 2015 EP Thank
Sellouts_(song)
Secure multi-party computation protocol
choice of alphabet and operator makes it possible for clients to use zero-knowledge proof techniques to prove correctness properties about the DC-net ciphertexts
Dining_cryptographers_problem
Digital credentials following W3C open standards
include: JSON Web Tokens with JSON Web Signatures, JSON-LD proofs, and zero-knowledge proofs using schemes such as IBM's anonymous credentials. Various protocols
Verifiable_credentials
Basic cryptographic algorithm used to build cryptographic protocols
Cryptographically secure pseudorandom number generator Non-interactive zero-knowledge proof Conditional disclosure of secrets—allows two non-communicating
Cryptographic_primitive
Cryptographic problem
logarithm problem, just as the above does. All sent values also include zero-knowledge proofs that they were generated according to protocol. Part of the security
Socialist_millionaire_problem
2020 American musical comedy film
Sharf, Zack; Donnelly, Matt (January 21, 2024). "Will Ferrell Had 'Zero Knowledge' About the Trans Community. Then His Best Friend of 30 Years Came Out:
Eurovision Song Contest: The Story of Fire Saga
Eurovision_Song_Contest:_The_Story_of_Fire_Saga
Event in cryptography
of keys to participants securely. It is also used in non-interactive zero-knowledge proof (zKP) protocols, specifically first generation zk-SNARK, as they
Key_ceremony
ZERO KNOWLEDGE
ZERO KNOWLEDGE
Biblical
root; that straightens or binds; that keeps tight
Girl/Female
Latin Greek Shakespearean
Daughter of Priam.
Boy/Male
Arabic, Australian, German, Greek, Kurdish
Empty; Void
Male
Spanish
Spanish name derived from Latin juniperus, JUNÃPERO means "juniper tree."
Boy/Male
African, Finnish, German
The Lord is Exalted
Boy/Male
American, Australian, German, Jamaican, Latin
Strong; Vigorous; Powerful; Wise Warrior
Male
Italian
 Short form of Italian Raniero, NERO means "wise warrior." Compare with another form of Nero.
Male
African
builder; or fierce.
Male
Croatian
, a stone.
Female
Greek
(ἩÏá½¼) Greek name derived form the word hÄ“rÅs, HERO means "hero." In mythology, this is the name of the lover of Leandros (Latin Leander).
Girl/Female
Latin
Mother of Asopus.
Girl/Female
Assamese, Indian
Rounded
Girl/Female
African, Australian, French, Greek, Hebrew, Kurdish, Swahili
Seed
Boy/Male
Greek
Rock.
Boy/Male
Arabic
Empty.
Male
Finnish
Short form of Finnish Antero, TERO means "man; warrior."
Biblical
crack; leak; distillation; balm
Male
Finnish
Finnish form of German Erich, EERO means "ever-ruler."Â
Boy/Male
Biblical
Root, that straitens or binds, that keeps tight.
Boy/Male
Australian, French, German, Greek, Italian, Portuguese
Rock; Stone
ZERO KNOWLEDGE
ZERO KNOWLEDGE
Boy/Male
Hindu
Supreme Joy
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian, Traditional
Method of Doing; A Rule of Action
Boy/Male
Hindu
To see
Boy/Male
Indian, Tamil
Lord Shiva
Girl/Female
Hindu, Indian, Kannada, Malayalam, Marathi, Telugu
Prosperity
Girl/Female
Gujarati, Indian
Wife of the Moon God
Girl/Female
Hindu, Indian
Completion
Male
Irish
Irish form of Scottish Gaelic Cináed, CIONAODH means "born of fire."
Girl/Female
Tamil
Initiation, Consecration
Boy/Male
Indian, Punjabi, Sikh
Glory of Kindness
ZERO KNOWLEDGE
ZERO KNOWLEDGE
ZERO KNOWLEDGE
ZERO KNOWLEDGE
ZERO KNOWLEDGE
n.
Fig.: The lowest point; the point of exhaustion; as, his patience had nearly reached zero.
n.
An illustrious man, supposed to be exalted, after death, to a place among the gods; a demigod, as Hercules.
n.
The art of calculating by nine figures and zero.
v. t.
To render worthy; to exalt into a hero.
n.
The character or personality of a hero.
n.
A man of distinguished valor or enterprise in danger, or fortitude in suffering; a prominent or central personage in any remarkable action or event; hence, a great or illustrious person.
n.
A Roman emperor notorius for debauchery and barbarous cruelty; hence, any profligate and cruel ruler or merciless tyrant.
a.
Resembling Achilles, the hero of the Iliad; invincible.
superl.
Able; strong; valiant; redoubtable; as, a doughty hero.
pl.
of Zero
n.
The principal personage in a poem, story, and the like, or the person who has the principal share in the transactions related; as Achilles in the Iliad, Ulysses in the Odyssey, and Aeneas in the Aeneid.
n.
The point from which the graduation of a scale, as of a thermometer, commences.
n.
A cipher; nothing; naught.
n.
A large and valuable fish of the Mackerel family, of the genus Scomberomorus. Two species are found in the West Indies and less commonly on the Atlantic coast of the United States, -- the common cero (Scomberomorus caballa), called also kingfish, and spotted, or king, cero (S. regalis).
pl.
of Hero
n.
A cipher; zero.
n.
The common cero; also, the spotted cero. See Cero.
n.
That which has no value; a cipher; zero.
pl.
of Zero