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Proving validity without revealing other data
In cryptography, a zero-knowledge proof (also known as a ZK proof or ZKP) is a protocol in which one party (the prover) can convince another party (the
Zero-knowledge_proof
Topics referred to by the same term
Zero knowledge may mean: Zero-knowledge proof, a concept from cryptography, an interactive method for one party to prove to another that a (usually mathematical)
Zero_knowledge
In cloud computing, the term zero-knowledge (or occasionally no-knowledge or zero-access) is a commonly used term for online services that store, transfer
Zero-knowledge_service
Cryptographic primitive
Non-interactive zero-knowledge proofs are cryptographic primitives, where information between a prover and a verifier can be authenticated by the prover
Non-interactive zero-knowledge proof
Non-interactive_zero-knowledge_proof
Software company in Canada
Zero-Knowledge Systems (also known as ZKS) was a Canadian privacy technology software and services company, best known for the Freedom Network, its privacy
Zero_Knowledge_Systems
Measure used to restrict access by age
the game (although this could be bypassed with a keyboard shortcut). Zero-knowledge proofs can be used to verify a person's age without the person disclosing
Age_verification
protocol for the construction of interactive proof systems, used widely in zero-knowledge protocols. The sum-check protocol was created by Carsten Lund, Lance
Sum-check_protocol
American cryptographer (born 1974)
Goldwasser. His dissertation, Frontiers in Zero Knowledge, addressed fundamental questions in the theory of zero-knowledge proofs. From 2000 to 2004, Sahai was
Amit_Sahai
Topics referred to by the same term
cryptology: Zero-knowledge proof Non-interactive zero-knowledge proof Zero-knowledge password proof Zero keel, a type of Suspension keel Zero-K, an open
0K
Israeli computer scientist and businessman
אלי בן-ששון) is an Israeli computer scientist known for his work on zero-knowledge proofs. He is also the co-founder and CEO of StarkWare Industries, a
Eli_Ben-Sasson
Cryptographic protocol
In cryptography, a zero-knowledge password proof (ZKPP) is a type of zero-knowledge proof that allows one party (the prover) to prove to another party
Zero-knowledge_password_proof
exchanges are not transferable. They achieve this by having the property of zero-knowledge; both parties can create transcripts of both confirmation and disavowal
Undeniable_signature
Variant of a zero-knowledge proof for languages in NP
witness-indistinguishable proof (WIP) is a variant of a zero-knowledge proof for languages in NP. In a typical zero-knowledge proof of a statement, the prover will use
Witness-indistinguishable proof
Witness-indistinguishable_proof
Italian-American computer scientist (born 1954)
and Tsinghua University. His research interests are cryptography, zero knowledge, pseudorandom generation, secure protocols, and mechanism design. Micali
Silvio_Micali
Cryptocurrency aimed at privacy
privacy-focused cryptocurrency which features an encrypted ledger using zero-knowledge proofs. Launched in October 2016, Zcash was developed by cryptographers
Zcash
American computer scientist
and cryptography. He focuses on the topics of pseudorandomness and zero-knowledge proofs. His work on the zig-zag product, with Omer Reingold and Avi
Salil_Vadhan
Abstract machine that models computation
proofs, known as zero-knowledge proofs are in fact believed to exist for all problems in NP and are valuable in cryptography. Zero-knowledge proofs were first
Interactive_proof_system
Text used for user authentication to prove identity
password-authenticated key agreement systems can perform a zero-knowledge password proof, which proves knowledge of the password without exposing it. Moving a step
Password
AI standards for robustness and data privacy
statistical data while guaranteeing that no private information is exposed. Zero-knowledge proof - providing proven validity for statements without disclosing
Trustworthy_AI
Cryptocurrency
Lelantus protocols both contributed to the area of specialised trustless zero-knowledge proofs but seldom offered strong anonymity guarantees when compared
Firo_(cryptocurrency)
Privacy in blockchain systems
recording only cryptographic commitments, such as hashes, on-chain. A zero-knowledge proof (ZKP) is a cryptographic method by which one party (the prover)
Blockchain_privacy
Italian computer scientist
University of California, Berkeley. He has contributed to the field of zero-knowledge proofs, and was a co-founder of Zcash and StarkWare Industries. Chiesa
Alessandro_Chiesa
Israeli software company
Israeli software company that specializes in cryptography. It develops zero-knowledge proof technology that compresses information to address the scalability
StarkWare_Industries
Israeli American computer scientist (born 1959)
several technology startups, including QED-it, specializing in the Zero Knowledge Blockchain, and Algorand, a pure proof-of-stake blockchain founded by
Shafi_Goldwasser
Class of interactive proof
necessarily spit out the knowledge itself (as is the case for zero-knowledge proofs), a machine with a different program, called the knowledge extractor is introduced
Proof_of_knowledge
is a type of parallel zero-knowledge proof developed by Uriel Feige, Amos Fiat, and Adi Shamir in 1988. Like all zero-knowledge proofs, it allows one
Feige–Fiat–Shamir identification scheme
Feige–Fiat–Shamir_identification_scheme
Open-source password management software
is owned and developed by Bitwarden, Inc. Bitwarden uses client-side zero-knowledge encryption, meaning the company cannot see its users' data. This is
Bitwarden
Logic puzzle
Each row and column is unique (100101 & 1001xx → 100101 & 100110). A zero-knowledge proof for the puzzle was published in Jun 2016. The puzzle was adapted
Takuzu
Public-key cryptographic pseudorandom function
structures. VRFs have been used to make: Resettable zero-knowledge proofs (i.e. one that remains zero-knowledge even if a malicious verifier is allowed to reset
Verifiable_random_function
Privacy protocol
succinct non-interactive zero-knowledge arguments of knowledge (also known as zk-SNARKs), a special kind of zero-knowledge method for proving the integrity
Zerocoin_protocol
Verifiable digital identity technology
solution developed by Polygon, a blockchain scaling platform. It leverages zero-knowledge proofs (ZKPs) to allow users to verify specific aspects of their identity—such
Decentralized_identifier
Type of encryption
under the misleading or incorrect term "zero-knowledge", but this is a misnomer, as the term zero-knowledge describes something entirely different in
Client-side_encryption
Cryptographic scheme
a number of cryptographic protocols including secure coin flipping, zero-knowledge proofs, and secure computation. A way to visualize a commitment scheme
Commitment_scheme
American technology corporation
conflicted with the mechanism behind cryptographic zero-knowledge proofs. SpiderOak adopted the phrase "no knowledge" for their marketing. In November 2017, founder
SpiderOak
Concept in cryptography
construct digital signatures schemes such as the Merkle signature scheme, zero knowledge and computationally integrity proofs, such as the zk-STARK proof system
Hash-based_cryptography
Topics referred to by the same term
number theory zk-STARK (zero-knowledge Scalable Transparent Argument of Knowledge), a protocol in non-interactive zero-knowledge proofs in cryptography
Stark
Arabic folk tale
Alibaba Group of China used the name because of its universal appeal. Zero-knowledge proofs are often introduced to students of computer science with a pedagogical
Ali Baba and the Forty Thieves
Ali_Baba_and_the_Forty_Thieves
Email authentication method designed to associate a domain with a message stream
constructed. However, you can still verify such emails if the owner creates a zero-knowledge proof of the DKIM signature on a masked subset of headers or body text
DomainKeys_Identified_Mail
Machine learning method to transfer knowledge from a large model to a smaller one
logits have zero mean, it is possible to show that model compression is a special case of knowledge distillation. The gradient of the knowledge distillation
Knowledge_distillation
Artificial intelligence that plays Go
said that AlphaGo Zero was so powerful because it was "no longer constrained by the limits of human knowledge". Furthermore, AlphaGo Zero performed better
AlphaGo_Zero
verified on multiple parachain cores, are aggregated into a single zk (zero knowledge) proof that can be verified cheaply on any blockchain, thereby increasing
Hyperbridge
Internet hosting service for user files
victim's backups. Secret key encryption is sometimes referred to as zero knowledge, meaning that only the user has the encryption key needed to decrypt
File-hosting_service
Technologies to minimize personal data use and maximize data security
while keeping those inputs private. Non-interactive zero-knowledge proof (NIZKs) are zero-knowledge proofs that require no interaction between the prover
Privacy-enhancing technologies
Privacy-enhancing_technologies
Whole number
rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols. 0 (zero, /ˈziː.roʊ/) is a number representing an empty quantity. Adding (or subtracting)
0
Software tools for medical audio transcription
with digital voice assistants). Some retailers say their tools use zero-knowledge encryption (meaning that the service provider can't access the data)
AI_scribe
Cryptographer (born 1973)
Wagner), and for his role as chief scientist of Radialpoint (formerly Zero Knowledge Systems), a Canadian software company. Goldberg is currently a professor
Ian_Goldberg
{\displaystyle g^{x_{2}}} together with the Zero-knowledge proofs (using for example Schnorr non-interactive zero-knowledge proof as specified in RFC 8235) for
Password Authenticated Key Exchange by Juggling
Password_Authenticated_Key_Exchange_by_Juggling
model. The CRS model has applications in the study of non-interactive zero-knowledge proofs and universal composability. Ran Canetti and Marc Fischlin; Universally
Common_reference_string_model
File hosting and synchronization service operated by Microsoft
2012. "Zero-Knowledge Encryption Cloud Storage Explained for 2026". Fastio. Retrieved April 19, 2026. "End-to-End Encryption vs. Zero-Knowledge Encryption:
OneDrive
Password management software
Security, Inc. (Keeper) is a global cybersecurity company providing zero-knowledge security and encryption software covering functions such as password
Keeper_(password_manager)
Swiss company
entry and exit node selection, an internet connection kill switch, zero-knowledge credentials and payments, diskless architecture, IPv6 with leak protection
Nym_Technologies
American computer scientist and cryptographer (born 1955)
Gilles Brassard and Claude Crépeau published a paper that introduced zero-knowledge arguments, as well as a security model using information-theoretic private
David_Chaum
Topics referred to by the same term
Zentralkomitee, the Socialist Unity Party of Germany's executive body Zero knowledge (disambiguation), various concepts in cryptographic proof Zettakelvin
ZK
Digital asset using a distributed ledger
implement additional measures to increase privacy, such as by using zero-knowledge proofs. A recent 2020 study presented different attacks on privacy in
Cryptocurrency
Method for enciphering information releasable after a specified time has passed
further cryptographic primitives, such as verifiable delay functions and zero knowledge proofs. Time-released cryptography can be achieved through several different
Time-lock_puzzle
Danish cryptography researcher
cryptographer known for his work on pairing-based cryptography and zero-knowledge proofs. He received a PhD in computer science from Aarhus University
Jens_Groth
Application for storing and managing passwords
Cloud-based password managers often describe their client-side encryption as "zero-knowledge encryption". In this usage, encryption is intended to prevent the provider
Password_manager
American writer (born 1961)
Retrieved 2024-09-16. Sharf, Zack (2024-01-22). "Will Ferrell Had 'Zero Knowledge' About the Trans Community. Then His Best Friend of 30 Years Came Out:
Harper_Steele
Goldwasser, US and Israel, MIT and Weizmann Institute, co-discoverer of zero-knowledge proofs, and of Semantic security. Martin Hellman, US, (public) co-inventor
List_of_cryptographers
Israeli computer scientist (born 1957)
Goldreich has contributed to the development of pseudorandomness, zero knowledge proofs, secure function evaluation, property testing, and other areas
Oded_Goldreich
Knowledge about knowledge
Metaknowledge or meta-knowledge is knowledge about knowledge. Some authors divide meta-knowledge into orders: zero order meta-knowledge is knowledge whose domain
Metaknowledge
File encryption software
NordVPN announced the upcoming launch of NordLocker, "an app with a zero-knowledge encryption process". Although the initial estimated time of arrival
NordLocker
Cryptographic protocol
{\displaystyle \scriptstyle g^{x_{i}}} together with a zero-knowledge proof for the proof of the knowledge of the exponent x i {\displaystyle \scriptstyle x_{i}}
Open_vote_network
Logic-based number-placement puzzle
Pinkas, Benny; Rothblum, Guy N. (2007). "Cryptographic and Physical Zero-Knowledge Proof Systems for Solutions of Sudoku Puzzles". In Crescenzi, Pierluigi;
Sudoku
Password management software
and more secure than the AES-256 algorithm. The service operates on a zero-knowledge architecture, meaning that passwords are encrypted on the user's device
NordPass
Secure multi-party computation protocol
choice of alphabet and operator makes it possible for clients to use zero-knowledge proof techniques to prove correctness properties about the DC-net ciphertexts
Dining_cryptographers_problem
Formal language
to be considered for recommendation. In 2004, a lawsuit was filed by Zero-Knowledge Systems claiming that IBM breached a copyright agreement from when they
Enterprise Privacy Authorization Language
Enterprise_Privacy_Authorization_Language
Cryptocurrency
(for consensus) and Monero (for privacy), using CryptoNote alongside zero-knowledge proofs to hide details of users' transactions. The MobileCoin company
MobileCoin
Multi-party secure computation protocol
public key g x i {\displaystyle \scriptstyle g^{x_{i}}} together with a zero-knowledge proof for the proof of the exponent x i {\displaystyle \scriptstyle
Anonymous_veto_network
Doctrines and plans for production and use of atomic weapons
Prominent among these structural fail-safes is the application of physical zero-knowledge proofs for nuclear warhead verification. These cryptographic protocols
Nuclear_strategy
Unfixed software vulnerability
features in popular software. Zero-day vulnerabilities are often classified as alive—meaning that there is no public knowledge of the vulnerability—or dead—the
Zero-day_vulnerability
Draft open standard for identity verification
or optionally a QR code, where a user identifies via a pseudonymous zero-knowledge proof rather than providing a user ID and password. This method is thought
SQRL
American computer scientist
participants. They also defined the concept of zero-knowledge proofs, a type of interactive proof where no knowledge is shared when proving a proof except the
Charles_Rackoff
Cloud storage and file synchronization service
user authentication and two-step verification for account security. Zero-knowledge encryption, where files placed in a Crypto folder remain inaccessible
PCloud
Virtual currency mixer on the Ethereum blockchain
Wayback Machine (archived 8 August 2022) Tornado Cash Blog at Medium Understanding Zero-Knowledge Proofs Through the Source Code of Tornado Cash at Medium
Tornado_Cash
Type of cryptographic software obfuscation
Perfectly zero-knowledge non-interactive zero-knowledge proofs and succinct non-interactive arguments Constant-round concurrent zero-knowledge protocols
Indistinguishability obfuscation
Indistinguishability_obfuscation
Computer hacking technique
smart card and initiates an exchange of messages that constitute a zero-knowledge password proof that the card is Peggy's. The building then allows Peggy
Relay_attack
Processing of knowledge to accomplish organizational goals
recognizes a "zero stage" for initiation of the project. A knowledge audit is a comprehensive assessment of an organization's knowledge assets, including
Knowledge_management
Interactive proof system in computational complexity theory
complex zero?" is in AM. For a proof, see Rafael Pass and Jean-Baptiste Jeannin (March 24, 2009). "Lecture 17: Arthur-Merlin games, Zero-knowledge proofs"
Arthur–Merlin_protocol
Form of digital signature
information as the signer. This is similar to the way zero-knowledge is defined in zero-knowledge proof systems. One of the simplest blind signature schemes
Blind_signature
Dutch entrepreneur & mathematician
earlier versions of Brands' protocols were implemented by DigiCash, by Zero-Knowledge Systems, and by two consortiums made up of academic research groups
Stefan_Brands
Cryptographer
Obfuscation OCB mode of operation Probabilistically checkable proofs Zero-knowledge proofs Fiat-Shamir transform Password-based encryption Multi-user security
Mihir_Bellare
Open-source blockchain computing platform
are different types of L2 chains, including optimistic rollups and zero-knowledge rollups (zk rollups). Depending on their individual technical details
Ethereum
Swiss cloud storage platform
collaboration platform based on client-side end-to-end encryption and a zero-knowledge architecture. In its early years, Tresorit gained attention through
Tresorit
System where only the inputs and outputs can be viewed, and not its implementation
capture the notion of knowledge obtained by an algorithm through the execution of a cryptographic protocol such as a zero-knowledge proof protocol. If the
Black_box
Israeli computer scientist
security, secure multi-party computation, threshold cryptosystems, and zero-knowledge proofs, In 1996, Adam L. Young and Yung coined the term cryptovirology
Moti_Yung
Event in cryptography
of keys to participants securely. It is also used in non-interactive zero-knowledge proof (zKP) protocols, specifically first generation zk-SNARK, as they
Key_ceremony
2000 film by Reginald Hudlin
Sharf, Zack; Donnelly, Matt (January 21, 2024). "Will Ferrell Had 'Zero Knowledge' About the Trans Community. Then His Best Friend of 30 Years Came Out:
The_Ladies_Man_(2000_film)
Topics referred to by the same term
Network may refer to: Freedom Network, an anonymity network controlled by Zero Knowledge Systems from 1997 to 2001 Freedom Network, a series of HMO health insurance
Freedom_Network
{\displaystyle g^{x}} together with a zero-knowledge proof (using for example Schnorr non-interactive zero-knowledge proof as described in RFC 8235) for
YAK_(cryptography)
Theorem in computational complexity theory
2025 the PCP theorem was proven to hold even when limited to perfectly zero knowledge proofs. A version of the PCP theorem for quantum nonlocal games would
PCP_theorem
Japanese light novel by Gen Urobuchi and Takashi Takeuchi
Fate/Zero is a Japanese light novel series written by Gen Urobuchi and illustrated by Takashi Takeuchi. It serves as a prequel to all routes in the Fate/stay
Fate/Zero
2012 video game
2016. Hart, Eammon; Joshua A., McGinnis (10 February 2022). "Physical Zero-knowledge Proofs for Flow Free". arXiv:2202.04113 [cs.CR]. Basu, Saikat (16 November
Flow_Free
Blockchain and cryptocurrency
Polygon announced a new protocol called AggLayer that aims to aggregate zero-knowledge proofs (ZK-proofs) from multiple blockchains and allow developers to
Polygon_(blockchain)
later, they present their identity and personal accumulated hash (or a zero-knowledge proof thereof); by accumulating the identity of the claimed member and
Accumulator_(cryptography)
Annual award
cryptography, Public-key cryptography, and Cryptographic protocols (such as Zero-knowledge proofs, Secure multi-party computations, or Threshold cryptosystems);
RSA Award for Excellence in Mathematics
RSA_Award_for_Excellence_in_Mathematics
American university professor
Format-preserving encryption OCB mode Random oracle model SEAL UMAC Zero-knowledge proofs Rogaway, Phil. "Phil Rogaway - Students". Archived from the original
Phillip_Rogaway
Resistance to a malicious network attack
implementation as combining Confidential Computing, homomorphic encryption, and zero-knowledge proofs to verify biometric data within Confidential Virtual Machines
Proof_of_personhood
Situation where total gains match total losses
Zero-sum game is a mathematical representation in game theory and economic theory of a situation that involves two competing entities, where the result
Zero-sum_game
Game-playing artificial intelligence
paper detailing MuZero, a new algorithm able to generalize AlphaZero's work, playing both Atari and board games without knowledge of the rules or representations
AlphaZero
travel, tourism, insurance
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travel, tourism, insurance