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American political scientist
Zvi Gitelman is a professor of political science that teaches Judaic Studies at the University of Michigan. Gitelman received a Ph.D., an M.A., and a B
Zvi_Gitelman
before the Bolshevik Revolution of 1917. "For two centuries – wrote Zvi Gitelman – millions of Jews had lived under one entity, the Russian Empire and
History of the Jews in the Soviet Union
History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Soviet_Union
Violent attack on an ethnic or religious group
of the Russian Civil War in the aftermath of World War I. Professor Zvi Gitelman (in A Century of Ambivalence, originally published in 1988) estimated
Pogrom
1897–1921 Jewish socialist party in Russia
Bolshevik Power. Indiana University Press. p. 39. ISBN 978-0-253-02463-3. Zvi Gitelman (8 March 2015). Jewish Nationality and Soviet Politics: The Jewish Sections
General_Jewish_Labour_Bund
295. ISBN 0-7864-0371-3. See also review Jan T. Gross, op.cit., p.188 Zvi Gitelman (2001). A Century of Ambivalence: The Jews of Russia and the Soviet Union
Soviet repressions of Polish citizens (1939–1946)
Soviet_repressions_of_Polish_citizens_(1939–1946)
synagogues existing in 1917, 547 were still functioning in 1930. According to Zvi Gitelman: "Never before in Russian history—and never subsequently has a government
History_of_the_Jews_in_Russia
Israeli Jews who perceive and define themselves as neither strictly religious nor secular
Yadgar, Beyond the Religious-Secular Dichotomy: Masortim in Israel, in: Zvi Gitelman, Religion or Ethnicity? Jewish Identities in Evolution, Rutgers University
Masortim
Academic discipline centered on the study of Jews and Judaism
America: An Historical Encyclopedia. Other leading faculty members include Zvi Gitelman, Todd Endelman, Anita Norich, Madeline Kochen, Mikhail Krutikov, Elliot
Jewish_studies
Note 17: M. Dean, Collaboration in the Holocaust. Daniel Romanovsky. Zvi Gitelman (ed.). "Soviet Jews under the Nazi Occupation (Data on North-Eastern
The_Holocaust_in_Belarus
"Russian Jewish Encyclopedia". Jewishgen.org. Retrieved 2012-01-04. Zvi Gitelman. A Century of Ambivalence: The Jews of Russia and the Soviet Union, 1881
List of Jews born in the Russian Empire and the Soviet Union
List_of_Jews_born_in_the_Russian_Empire_and_the_Soviet_Union
справочник. Russkai︠a︡ panorama. ISBN 5-93165-107-1. OCLC 54860366. Zvi Gitelman, History, Memory and Politics: The Holocaust in the Soviet Union "Europe-Asia
Consequences_of_Nazism
Russian and French artist (1887–1985)
Chagall and the Artists of the Russian Jewish Theater. with essays by Zvi Gitelman, Vladislav Ivanov, Jeffrey Veidlinger, and Benjamin Harshav. Yale University
Marc_Chagall
Polish socialist (1882–1942)
Charles Scribner's Sons. p. 235. Retrieved 16 September 2023. Zvi Gitelman; Zvi Y. Gitelman (2001). A Century of Ambivalence: The Jews of Russia and the
Henryk_Ehrlich
Israeli Jewish law scholar (1938–2020)
20-30 “‘Ideal’ and ‘Real’ in Classical Jewish Political Theory,” in Zvi Gitelman, ed., The Quest for Utopia: Jewish Political Ideas and Institutions through
Gerald_Blidstein
Jewish American labor leader, journalist and politician (1886-1938)
Survey Associates, Inc. pp. 663–667, 700–701. Retrieved January 27, 2025. Zvi Gitelman, The Emergence of Modern Jewish Politics: Bundism and Zionism in Eastern
Baruch_Charney_Vladeck
New York; former president of the New York Military Affairs Symposium Zvi Gitelman (1962), Jewish scholar at the University of Michigan Ken Jowitt (1962)
List of Columbia College people
List_of_Columbia_College_people
Canadian historian (born 1944)
in Ukraine’s Intellectual Tradition: The Role of Istoriia Rusov, “in Zvi Gitelman, Lubomyr Hajda, John-Paul Himka, and Roman Solchanyk eds., Cultures and
Zenon_Kohut
Jewish cultural and linguistic institute in New York City
The Jews of Russia and the Soviet Union, 1881 to the Present (1988) – Zvi Gitelman's historical overview of Jewish life in Russia and the USSR, published
YIVO
Yiddish language journal from Moscow 1919–1920
Modernism to Socialist Realism. MHRA. p. 24. ISBN 978-1-905981-12-0. Zvi Gitelman (8 March 2015). Jewish Nationality and Soviet Politics: The Jewish Sections
Di_komunistishe_velt
American historian
before, during, and after the Second World War". Contributors included Zvi Gitelman, Nechama Tec, Israel Gutman, Henry Abramson, Samuel Kassow, Dariusz Stola
Joshua_D._Zimmerman
Russian literature has a long tradition of negative Jewish stereotypes. Zvi Gitelman wrote that "Whatever their personal views of the Jewish people, pre-1881
Stereotypes of Jews in literature
Stereotypes_of_Jews_in_literature
Richard E. Flathman Johns Hopkins University Concept of political freedom Zvi Gitelman University of Michigan Citizen strategies in the Soviet administrative
List of Guggenheim Fellowships awarded in 1983
List_of_Guggenheim_Fellowships_awarded_in_1983
American rabbi and Humanistic Judaism leader
Wine (IISHJ, 2012). “Beyond Apikorsut: A Judaism for Secular Jews” in Zvi Gitelman, ed. Religion or Ethnicity? Jewish Identities in Evolution (Rutgers University
Adam_Chalom
Jewish-American archivist and records manager
& Culture - Volume 37, Number 3, Summer 2002, pp. 213–228. Professor Zvi Gitelman; Ms. Laura Meislin; Colonel Seymour Pomrenze; Dr. Jaclc Ukeles. 1999
Seymour_Pomrenze
2003 book
a 2003 book discussing the Holocaust in Poland. Contributors include Zvi Gitelman, Nechama Tec, Israel Gutman, Henry Abramson, Samuel Kassow, Dariusz Stola
Contested_Memories
Antisemitic conspiracy theory
deny some national or regional elements of the Holocaust. According to Zvi Gitelman, Soviet writers tended either to ignore or downplay the Holocaust, treating
Holocaust_denial
Revolution. Harvard University Press. p. 258. ISBN 978-0-674-03510-2. Zvi Gitelman (8 March 2015). Jewish Nationality and Soviet Politics: The Jewish Sections
Jewish Communist Union in Ukraine
Jewish_Communist_Union_in_Ukraine
American historian of Ukrainian origin
of Central and Eastern Europe: Essays in Honor of Roman Szporluk, ed. Zvi Gitelman et al. (Cambridge, 2000). "Bohdan Chmel'nyc'kyj's Image in Ukrainian
Frank_Sysyn
Award
POLIN Museum of the History of Polish Jews. Retrieved 30 January 2025. Gitelman, Zvi. "American Jewish Yearbook 2004" (PDF). AJC. Retrieved 23 January 2008
Auschwitz_Cross
Series of anti-Jewish attacks in Kiev, Ukraine in 1919
Britain, and the Russian Revolution. Published by Routledge, pg. 87 [1] Zvi Y. Gitelman, A Century of Ambivalence: The Jews of Russia and the Soviet Union
Kiev_pogroms_(1919)
Election
власти в Белоруссии. Izd-vo "Nauka i tekhnika". p. 172. OCLC 217314034. Zvi Gitelman (8 March 2015). Jewish Nationality and Soviet Politics: The Jewish Sections
1917_Minsk_City_Duma_election
Soviet/Russian/Ukrainian painter
Soviet and Post-Soviet Eras,” in Jewish Life after the USSR, edited by Zvi Gitelman with Musya Glants and Marshall I. Goldman (Bloomington and Indianapolis:
Felix_Lembersky
[citation needed]. History of the Jews in Russia and the Soviet Union Zvi Y. Gitelman (2001): A Century of Ambivalence: the Jews of Russia and the Soviet
Herzel_Yankel_Tsam
Jewish communal structure
University Press. p. 383. ISBN 978-0-8143-2494-3. Retrieved 2009-12-01. Gitelman, Zvi Y. (2003). The emergence of modern Jewish politics: Bundism and Zionism
Kehilla_(modern)
Lithuanian Jewish doctor
giving poor medical care to various communist workers and activists. Gitelman, Zvi Y., ed. (1997). "Lithuanian-Jewish Relations in the Shadow of the Holocaust"
Leonas_Koganas
Yiddish Newspaper
1918-1930. Cambridge University Press. p. 249. ISBN 978-0-521-82630-3. Zvi Gitelman (8 March 2015). Jewish Nationality and Soviet Politics: The Jewish Sections
Der_Veker_(Minsk)
Political party in Russia
European studies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988. p. 45 Gitelman, Zvi Y. A Century of Ambivalence: The Jews of Russia and the Soviet Union
Folksgrupe
Soviet lieutenant colonel (1918–2004)
Герой Советского Союза". 27 September 2010. Retrieved 19 April 2012. .Zvi Y. Gitelman (2001). A Century of Ambivalence:The Jews of Russia and the Soviet
Shatiel_Abramov
World History Encyclopedia. Archived from the original on 2026-02-16. Gitelman, Zvi. "Russian Revolutions of 1917". The YIVO Encyclopedia of Jews in Eastern
History of the Russian Republic
History_of_the_Russian_Republic
University Press. p. 396. ISBN 0-691-09603-1. Jan T. Gross, op cit, p188 Zvi Gitelman (2001). A Century of Ambivalence: The Jews of Russia and the Soviet Union
History_of_Poland_(1939–1945)
Ethnic group
March 2010.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) Gitelman, Zvi (2001). Century of Ambivalence: The Jews of Russia and the Soviet Union
Mountain_Jews_in_Israel
such difficult conditions. This is the way we scholars fight Fascism.” Gitelman, Zvi Y.; Ro'i, Yaacov (2007). Revolution, Repression, and Revival: The Soviet
Sergei_Zhebelev
Jewish Section of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
26 Trotsky, L., "The Russian Revolution," 1959, Doubleday, New York Gitelman, Zvi. Jewish Nationality and Soviet Politics: The Jewish Sections of the
Yevsektsiya
Soviet government organisation (1917–1924)
Nationalities 1917–1924 by Stephen Blank, Greenwood Press 1995, p. 20. Zvi Y. Gitelman, Jewish Nationality and Soviet Politics: The Jewish Sections of the
People's Commissariat for Nationalities
People's_Commissariat_for_Nationalities
Lithuanian Holocaust perpetrator
Rezistencija (in Lithuanian). I. ISSN 1392-3463. Retrieved 9 June 2006. Gitelman, Zvi (1998). Bitter Legacy: Confronting the Holocaust in the USSR. Indiana
Algirdas_Klimaitis
Political party in Russia
Zion Document 20 Archived 15 September 2006 at the Wayback Machine Zvi Y. Gitelman (8 March 2015). Jewish Nationality and Soviet Politics: The Jewish
Jewish Communist Party (Poalei Zion)
Jewish_Communist_Party_(Poalei_Zion)
Jewish life in Soviet Minsk, 1917-1939. Stanford University. p. 119. Zvi Y. Gitelman (8 March 2015). Jewish Nationality and Soviet Politics: The Jewish
Der_proletarisher_gedank
Least religious Jews in Israel
"Secular-Jewish Identity and the Condition of Secular Judaism in Israel". In Gitelman, Zvi (ed.). Religion or Ethnicity? Jewish Identities in Evolution. New Brunswick
Hiloni
Jay Risch, Harvard University Press, 2011, ISBN 0674050010, (page 4) Zvi Y. Gitelman (1992). Politics of Nationality and the Erosion of the USSR. p. 218
1991 Ukrainian sovereignty referendum
1991_Ukrainian_sovereignty_referendum
Secular Jewish socialist movement
"General Secretariat of the Central Rada". Encyclopedia of Ukraine. Gitelman, Zvi (2003). The Emergence of Modern Jewish Politics: Bundism and Zionism
Bundism
American Jewish private foundation
and Civil Society, Sanford School of Public Policy, Duke University Gitelman, Zvi (2009), "Do Jewish Schools Make a Difference in the Former Soviet Union
Avi_Chai_Foundation
Russian neurologist (1855–1942)
and Soviet Politics: The Jewish Sections of the CPSU, 1917–1930, by Zvi Y. Gitelman, p. 116 all-photo.ru diclib.com jjew.ru Independent Medical Evaluations;
Lazar_Solomonovich_Minor
Ethnic group in the United States
ISBN 978-1-59884-220-3. OCLC 828140721.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link) Gitelman, Zvi (1998). "Native Land, Promised Land, Golden Land: Jewish Emigration
Soviet Jews in the United States
Soviet_Jews_in_the_United_States
Constituency of the Russian Republic
собрание: Россия 1918 : стенограмма и другие документы. Недра. p. 13. Zvi Y. Gitelman (8 March 2015). Jewish Nationality and Soviet Politics: The Jewish
Kherson_electoral_district
History of printing and book publishing in Ukraine
Korenizatsiya in Ukraine". East European Jewish Affairs. 33 (1): 23–45. Gitelman, Zvi (1991). "Jewish Culture in the Soviet Union during the 1920s: Language
Printing_in_Ukraine
Death count of a Nazi death squad, 1941
Regimes in Lithuania. Vol. III. Margi raštai. p. 172. ISBN 9986-09-280-9. Gitelman, Zvi Y. (1997). Bitter Legacy: Confronting the Holocaust in the USSR. Indiana
Jäger_Report
1972 book by Norman Davies
33 (3): 566–568. doi:10.2307/2494765. ISSN 0037-6779. JSTOR 2494765. Gitelman, Zvi (November 1972). "White Eagle, Red Star: The Polish-Soviet War, 1919–1920:
White_Eagle,_Red_Star
the Past. London: Bloomsbury Academic. ISBN 9781350130555., ch. 6. Gitelman, Zvi (1990). "History, Memory and Politics: The Holocaust in the Soviet Union"
The Holocaust in the Soviet Union
The_Holocaust_in_the_Soviet_Union
1963 antisemitic book
Free Soviet Jews. Brandeis University Press. ISBN 978-0-874-51912-9. Gitelman, Zvi (2001). A Century of Ambivalence: The Jews of Russia and the Soviet
Judaism_Without_Embellishment
Political party in Russia
"From Soviets to Parliamentarism". In White, Stephen; Pravda, Alex; Gitelman, Zvi (eds.). Developments in Russian Politics 4. Macmillan Publishers. p
Ivan_Rybkin_Bloc
Yiddish language and culture preservation movement
Gruyter. pp. 321–331. doi:10.1515/9783110848984.321. ISBN 3110135302. Gitelman, Zvi (2017). "The Divergent Fates of Yiddish and Hebrew". Harvard Ukrainian
Yiddishist_movement
Lithuanian genocide perpetrator
the Shadow of the Holocaust: Some Recent Lithuanian Discussions". In Gitelman, Zvi Y. (ed.). Bitter Legacy: Confronting the Holocaust in the USSR. Indiana
Petras_Raslanas
Гешарим, 2002. p. 274 Russian Jewry: 1917-1967. T. Yoseloff, 1966. p. 408 Gitelman, Zvi. Jewish Nationality and Soviet Politics: The Jewish Sections of the
1918 Provisional Jewish National Assembly election in Ukraine
1918_Provisional_Jewish_National_Assembly_election_in_Ukraine
Political party in Russia
Leaders 1. A - L. Westport, Conn. [u.a.]: Greenwood Press, 1995. p. 5 Zvi Y. Gitelman (8 March 2015). Jewish Nationality and Soviet Politics: The Jewish
Social_Democratic_Bund
Government ministry of Lithuania
Palgrave Macmillan. p. 272. ISBN 978-0-312-22458-5. Retrieved 2009-11-07. Gitelman, Zvi Y. (2003). The emergence of modern Jewish politics: Bundism and Zionism
Lithuanian Ministry for Jewish Affairs
Lithuanian_Ministry_for_Jewish_Affairs
1922 Renamed to Ministry of Agriculture during the 9th Government Gitelman, Zvi Y. (2003). The emergence of modern Jewish politics: Bundism and Zionism
List of governments of Lithuania (1918–1940)
List_of_governments_of_Lithuania_(1918–1940)
June–December 1941: From White Terror to Holocaust in Lithuania". In Gitelman, Zvi (ed.). Bitter Legacy: Confronting the Holocaust in the USSR. Indiana
History of the Jews during World War II
History_of_the_Jews_during_World_War_II
Bosnian architect (1924–2022)
Tragedy. Maria M. Tumarkin. Datumi koji trebaju buditi razum. Al Jazeera Gitelman, Zvi. "American Jewish Yearbook 2004" (PDF). AJC. Retrieved 23 January 2008
Greta_Ferušić
Lithuanian and Soviet politician
the Post-Soviet Republics. WestviewPress. p. 63. ISBN 0-8133-1839-4. Gitelman, Zvi Y. (1997). Bitter legacy: confronting the Holocaust in the USSR. Indiana
Mečislovas_Gedvilas
American poet (1894–1972)
Mark Van Doren: Collected and New Poems University of Pennsylvania Gitelman, Zvi (October 14, 1959). "Review Produced Literary Notables: Barzun, Dewey
Mark_Van_Doren
Polish Jewish spiritual leader (1972–2026)
for Limmud NY 2014". limmudny2014.sched.org. Retrieved 18 June 2015. Gitelman, Zvi Y. (2003). New Jewish Identities: Contemporary Europe and Beyond. Central
Miriam_Gonczarska
1941 massacre of Jews in Kaunas, Lithuania
June–December 1941: From White Terror to Holocaust in Lithuania". In Gitelman, Zvi (ed.). Bitter Legacy: Confronting the Holocaust in the USSR. Indiana
Kaunas_pogrom
Ethnic group
42 (2): 321–335. doi:10.1080/00905992.2013.867930. ISSN 0090-5992. Gitelman, Zvi (Apr 22, 2001). A Century of Ambivalence, Second Expanded Edition: The
Bukharan_Jews_in_Israel
Soviet artillery lieutenant
Heimland’: Lone Voices, Stifled Creators. Judaism 14, no. 1 (1965). Gitelman, Zvi. Soviet Reactions to the Holocaust, 1945–1991. Essay. In The Holocaust
Grigoriy_Plaskov
Israeli historian and Holocaust survivor (born 1935)
eyes of Holocaust survivors". Haaretz.com. Retrieved 21 December 2020. Gitelman, Zvi (1997). "War, Holocaust and Stalinism: A Documented History of the Jewish
Shimon_Redlich
Hungarian rabbi (1910–1985)
American Jewish Year Book. 60: 219–222. 1 January 1959. JSTOR 23602941. Gitelman, Zvi (1 January 1987). "Soviet Bloc Nations". American Jewish Year Book.
László_Salgó
Belarusian Bundist and historian (1884–1947)
imi︠a︡ Petrusi︠a︡ Broŭki. p. 42. ISBN 5-85700-130-7. OCLC 30945131. Gitelman, Zvi (1972). Jewish Nationality and Soviet Politics: The Jewish Sections
Samuil_Agurskii
Political party in Ukraine
Revolution. Cambridge University Press. p. 144. ISBN 978-1-107-19599-8. Gitelman, Zvi (8 March 2015). Jewish Nationality and Soviet Politics: The Jewish Sections
United Jewish Communist Workers Party
United_Jewish_Communist_Workers_Party
Lithuanian poet, writer and literary critic
Lithuania: Vyriausioji enciklopedijų redakcija. p. 623. LCCN 86232954. Gitelman, Zvi Y. (1997). Bitter legacy: confronting the Holocaust in the USSR. Indiana
Liudas_Gira
Symbol of anti-fascism
POLIN Museum of the History of Polish Jews. Retrieved 30 January 2025. Gitelman, Zvi. "American Jewish Yearbook 2004" (PDF). AJC. Retrieved 23 January 2008
Red_triangle_(badge)
Set of attitudes and beliefs that give order and meaning to a political process
doi:10.1057/9780230583078_3, ISBN 978-0-230-58307-8 White, Stephen; Gitelman, Zvi Y.; Sakwa, Richard, eds. (2005). Developments in Russian politics 6
Political_culture
Americans of Russian birth or descent
Archived from the original on October 1, 2018. Retrieved November 2, 2024. Gitelman, Zvi. A Century of Ambivalence, The Jews of Russia and the Soviet Union,
Russian_Americans
City and administrative center of Odesa Oblast, Ukraine
original on 6 January 2024. Retrieved 6 January 2024. Endelman, Todd M.; Gitelman, Zvi; Moore, Deborah Dash (7 April 2020). The Posen Library of Jewish Culture
Odesa
Jewish People. Harvard University Press. p. 965. ISBN 978-0-674-39731-6. Gitelman, Zvi Y. (8 March 2015). Jewish Nationality and Soviet Politics: The Jewish
1917 Russian Constituent Assembly election
1917_Russian_Constituent_Assembly_election
Israeli historian and researcher
Under Nazi Occupation in Northeastern Belarus and Western Russia", in Gitelman, Zvi (ed.), Bitter Legacy: Confronting the Holocaust in the USSR, Indiana
Daniel_Romanovsky
Local police force in German-occupied Lithuania
Police Official in Nazi-Occupied Lithuania". Retrieved 2006-06-09. Gitelman, Zvi (1998). Bitter Legacy: Confronting the Holocaust in the USSR. Indiana
Lithuanian_Security_Police
Movements of people during the Cold War
Dowty 1989, p. 68 Dowty 1989, p. 69 Dowty 1989, p. 70 Dowty 1989, p. 71 Gitelman, Zvi (1 January 1982). "Exiting from the Soviet Union: Emigrés or Refugees
Emigration from the Eastern Bloc
Emigration_from_the_Eastern_Bloc
Ruling party of the Soviet Union (1912–1991)
Pearson Education. ISBN 0-582-77190-0. White, Steven; Pravda, Alex; Gitelman, Zvi (1990). Developments in Soviet Politics. Palgrave MacMillan. ISBN 978-1-349-20819-7
Communist Party of the Soviet Union
Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union
Student conversazione society at Columbia University
Friday". Columbia Daily Spectator. 5 May 1941. Retrieved 5 March 2016. Gitelman, Zvi (14 October 1959). "Review Produced Literary Notables: Barzun, Dewey
Boar's_Head_Society
Various alphabets used to write the Tajik language
Retrieved 10 March 2023. Ido, S. (2005). Tajik. München: Lincom. p. 8. Gitelman, Zvi Y (2001). A Century of Ambivalence: The Jews of Russia and the Soviet
Tajik_alphabets
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 183–184. ISBN 0-521-24713-6. Zvi Y. Gitelman (2001). The Black Years and the Gray, 1948–1967. Indiana University
Anti-Jewish violence in Central and Eastern Europe, 1944–1946
Anti-Jewish_violence_in_Central_and_Eastern_Europe,_1944–1946
Hasidic Jewish dynasty
Jews of struggle: the Jewish national movement in the USSR, 1967–1989. Gitelman, Z. (2007). Do Jewish Schools Make a Difference in the Former Soviet Union
Chabad
Russian anarchist (1888–1957)
and Soviet Politics: The Jewish Sections of the CPSU, 1917–1930, by Zvi Y. Gitelman, pp. 114–115 The life and work of S.M. Dubnov: diaspora nationalism
Isaac_Steinberg
Jewish subgroup of Central Asia
Studia Historica 48. ISBN 951-710-008-6. OCLC 832629341. OL 25433417M. Gitelman, Zvi (Apr 22, 2001). A Century of Ambivalence, Second Expanded Edition: The
Bukharan_Jews
West Germanic language spoken by Ashkenazi Jews
"Yiddish". www.encyclopediaofukraine.com. Retrieved July 29, 2020. Gitelman, Zvi Y. (2001). A century of ambivalence : the Jews of Russia and the Soviet
Yiddish
Migration of Jews from the former Soviet Union to Israel
Sheleg, Yair: Improperly Jews. Israel Democracy Institute (P. 10) Gitelman, Zvi (April 22, 2001). A Century of Ambivalence. Indiana University Press
1990s_post-Soviet_aliyah
Schools of thought on classless society
University Press. p. 144. ISBN 978-1-107-19599-8 – via Google Books. Gitelman, Zvi (8 March 2015). Jewish Nationality and Soviet Politics: The Jewish Sections
List_of_communist_ideologies
Subgroup of Slavic peoples who speak the South Slavic languages
original on 27 September 2023. Retrieved 25 September 2016. Journals Gitelman, Zvi; Hajda, Lubomyr A.; Himka, John-Paul; Solchanyk, Roman, eds. (2000)
South_Slavs
Fortress complex in Kaunas, Lithuania
Russian Army 1914–18, Osprey Publishing, p. 48, ISBN 978-9955-638-97-1 Gitelman, Zvi (1997), Bitter Legacy: Confronting the Holocaust in the USSR, Indiana:
Kaunas_Fortress
Religion of the Jewish people
Archived from the original on 21 June 2023. Retrieved 15 June 2023. Gitelman, Zvi, ed. (2009). Religion or Ethnicity? Jewish Identities in Evolution.
Judaism
travel, tourism, insurance
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