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Irregular plural forms in Semitic and other Afroasiatic languages
In linguistics, a broken plural (or internal plural) is an irregular plural form of a noun or adjective found in the Semitic languages and other Afroasiatic
Broken_plural
Declined according to case, state, gender and number
a sound plural or broken plural. The sound plural is formed by adding endings, and can be considered part of the declension. The broken plural, however
Arabic_nouns_and_adjectives
Use of grammar in a language to express number
thieves have broken in both houses" [definite plural: both are known to the speakers]). Lapurrak bi etxeotan sartu dira ("The thieves have broken in these
Grammatical_number
God, in the Amharic or Ge'ez language
amlak (አምላክ) which can be applied to deities of any religion and is a broken plural of Malik, Proto-Semitic for king. In the fourth century, the Axumites
Igziabeher
Branch of the Afroasiatic languages
كتابة "writing" kuttāb كُتاب or كتاب "writers" (broken plural) katabat كَتَبَة or كتبة "clerks" (broken plural) maktab مَكتَب or مكتب "desk" or "office" maktabat
Semitic_languages
Pakistani actress and influencer (born 2001)
by some as unusual, the given name Dananeer originates as the Arabic broken plural form of the generic noun dīnār (pl. دنانير, danānīr)—a type of historical
Dananeer_Mobeen
Royal title of Ethiopia and Eritrea, equivalent to "king"
king, was elevated to the generic word for "god" in the form of the broken plural "ʾämlak, ʔamlāk," as well as the word for angelic or divine when conjugated
Negus
Fictional language of dwarves in J. R. R. Tolkien's Middle-earth
stated plural formations were similar to Arabic's broken plurals, which would make for many irregular plurals; two examples are known: baruk, the plural of
Khuzdul
Word for deity or deities in the Hebrew Bible
Biblical Hebrew. In this view, the Proto-Semitic *ʾilāh- originated as a broken plural of *ʾil-, but was reanalyzed as singular "god" due to the shape of its
Elohim
System of suffixes of Classical Arabic
certain adverbs. For the citation form of words. For singular nouns and broken plurals, it is marked as a usually unwritten ضَمَّة ḍammah (-u) for the definite
ʾIʿrab
Type of word formation
which also uses it to form approximately 41% of plurals in what is often called the broken plural. Autosegmental phonology Apophony Transfix Disfix
Nonconcatenative_morphology
Grammar of the Semitic language
make up the noun root ("internal" or "broken" plural). In some cases suffixes may also be added to an internal plural. The most common patterns are as follows
Tigrinya_grammar
Consonant roots in Semitic languages
regular verbs, producing no indivisible clusters. Apophony Arabic grammar Broken plural Indo-European ablaut Khuzdul K-T-B Modern Hebrew grammar Nonconcatenative
Semitic_root
Alexis (2013). "Pattern-and-root inflectional morphology: the Arabic broken plural". Language Sciences. 40 (2): 221–250. arXiv:2605.22310. doi:10.1016/j
Standard_Arabic_phonology
Group of Semitic Languages
argue for the older classification, based on the distinctive feature of broken plurals. The Semitic Languages: An International Handbook, Chapter V, page 425
West_Semitic_languages
Arabic variety spoken in Egypt
sound plural or broken plural. The sound plural is formed by adding endings, and can be considered part of the declension. For the broken plural, however
Egyptian_Arabic
Broken piece of pottery with inscription
An ostracon (Greek: ὄστρακον ostrakon, plural ὄστρακα ostraka) is a piece of pottery, usually broken off from a vase or other earthenware vessel. In an
Ostracon
Root of a number of Semitic words
(feminine) kuttāb كُتاب or كتاب "writers" (broken plural) katabat كَتَبَة or كتبة "clerks" (broken plural) maktab مَكتَب or مكتب "desk" or "office" makātib
K-T-B
Family of languages spoken in Eritrea, Ethiopia, and Sudan
press for work' (replaces PS *malik 'king', which only survives in a broken plural form *ʔamlāk, meaning 'god'); *ŝʼaħāy 'sun' < PS √ɬʼħw 'to shine' (replaces
Ethio-Semitic_languages
Maghrebi dialect of the Arabic language spoken in Algeria
often use regular plural while the wider use of the broken plural is characteristic to pre-Hilalian dialects. The regular masculine plural is formed with
Algerian_Arabic
Proposed group of Semitic languages
languages is the presence of broken plurals in the former. The majority of Arabic nouns (apart from participles) form plurals in this manner, whereas virtually
Central_Semitic_languages
Publication that is typically distributed at a regular interval
"magazine" suggests derivation from the Arabic makhāzin (مخازن), the broken plural of makhzan (مخزن) meaning "depot, storehouse" (originally military storehouse);
Magazine
Variety of the Arabic language
“left-handed, left”, ḥawlíy “cross-eyed”, safʿíy “black-eared (goat)” Broken plural *CaCCā: nōmiy “asleep (pl.)”, mōtiy ~ máwtiy “dead (pl.)” In the dialects
Northwest_Arabian_Arabic
Semitic language spoken in Ethiopia and Eritrea
Tigre and Geʼez (as well as Arabic), noun plurals may be formed through internal changes ("broken" plural) as well as through the addition of suffixes
Tigrinya_language
Simple and cheap Afghan rifle
جزائل. The word is ultimately from the Arabic word جزائل jazā'il, a broken plural of جزيل jazīl, meaning "[something] big or thick". Burnell, A. C.; Yule
Jezail
Archaic form of the Hebrew language
point had the broken plural, any vestigial forms that may remain have been extended with the strong plural endings. The dual and strong plural endings were
Biblical_Hebrew
Semitic language spoken mostly in Malta
Arabic -īn and Hebrew -im). If irregular, they fall in the 'plural miksur' (broken plural) category, in which a word is pluralised by internal vowel changes:
Maltese_language
Grammar of the Arabic language
the sound feminine plural, as well as the singular and broken plural of most nouns). Furthermore, -ū of the masculine sound plural is assimilated to -ī
Arabic_grammar
Sasanian Empire cavalry force
certain faction of the Sasanian cavalry after the Muslim conquest, is a broken plural form of the Middle Persian aswār. However, the word aswār only means
Aswaran
Morphological feature of verbs in Semitic languages
Hebrew Grammar, §39 Pattern-and-root inflectional morphology: the Arabic broken plural Alexis NEME and Eric Laporte, Do computer scientists deeply understand
Derived_stem
Arabic variety spoken in the Levant
There are many broken plurals (also called internal plurals), in which the consonantal root of the singular is changed. These plural patterns are shared
Levantine_Arabic
Old form of chess
(a new singular extracted by treating the Persian form as an Arabic broken plural), moves and captures like the pawns in chess, but not moving two squares
Shatranj
Latest stage of the Egyptian language
however, only definite articles mark gender. Coptic has a number of broken plurals, a vestige of Older Egyptian, but in the majority of cases, the article
Coptic_language
Grammar of the Levantine Arabic variety
faːtuːra (plural: fwaːtiːr), from the Italian fattura, invoice. The plural of loanwords may be sound or broken. Several patterns of broken plurals exist and
Levantine_Arabic_grammar
Ancient Semitic people in the Near East
Semitic root rwm, "to be high". A newer suggestion is that it as a broken plural meaning "white antelopes" or "white bulls". The earliest undisputed
Arameans
Affix inserted inside a word stem
Laporte (2013), Pattern-and-root inflectional morphology: the Arabic broken plural |year= Alexis Amid Neme and Eric Laporte (2015), Do computer scientists
Infix
Turkic people
Terekeme or Tarakama (from Arabic: تراكمة, romanized: Tarākameh, the broken plural for Turkmen—a term traditionally used for any Turkic nomadic people)
Karapapakhs
Arab-speaking Sufi mystic and poet (c. 858–922)
mystical experiences that he could not express in words. Ṭawāsīn is the broken plural of the word ṭā-sīn which spells out the letters ṭā (ط) and sīn (س) placed
Al-Hallaj
Twelfth letter of the Latin alphabet
and others worldwide. Its name in English is el (pronounced /ˈɛl/ EL), plural els. Lamedh may have come from a pictogram of an ox goad or cattle prod
L
was disbanded in 703 by al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf. The word is the Arabic broken plural form of the Middle Persian word aswār ("horseman"), which in turn is
Asawira
Semitic deity associated with Venus
or tribe, the 𐪆𐪚𐪃 (śaym, of which ʾaśyimāʾ is the ʾafʿilāʾu-type broken plural), is assimilated to ʿAttar. One 8th century BC Aramaic inscription found
ʿAṯtar
1938–1945 series of three science fiction novels by C. S. Lewis
final -a or -i; others (as for Oyarsa, sorn, hnakra), are quite complex broken plurals, adding an internal -é-, and adding or altering a final vowel (usually
The_Space_Trilogy
Yemenite Jewish scholarly and belief system
Yitzhak Halevi named Qafiḥ's movement Darad'ah, derived from an Arabic broken plural and based on the Hebrew Dor De'ah. Its objectives were: To combat the
Dor_Daim
Arabic grammatical structure
the sound feminine plural, as well as the singular and broken plural of most nouns). Furthermore, -ū of the masculine sound plural is assimilated to -ī
Iḍāfah
2004 novel by Martha Witt
Broken as Things Are is a 2004 novel by Martha Witt. The book was released on August 12, 2004, through Henry Holt and Co. and follows the coming of age
Broken_as_Things_Are
However, There is a suffixed structure which is considered as a broken plural which is the plural of name of the noun constituted of the name of a town or a
Tunisian_Arabic_morphology
Religious concept
He told Nehemiah, cup-bearer to the king, that the wall of Jerusalem was broken down and the gates had been burned with fire. Nehemiah obtained a decree
Biblical literalist chronology
Biblical_literalist_chronology
Third letter of the Latin alphabet
and others worldwide. Its name in English is cee (pronounced /ˈsiː/ ), plural cees. "C" comes from the same letter as "G". The Semites named it gimel
C
American politician and businessman
survived. Mitt Romney, who was not at fault in the accident, had suffered broken ribs, a fractured arm, a concussion, and facial injuries, but recovered
Mitt_Romney
Reconstructed ancestor of the Afroasiatic language family
and plural. One of the first features of Proto-Afroasiatic proposed by Joseph Greenberg was the existence of "internal-a plurals" (a type of broken plural):
Proto-Afroasiatic_language
Group or designation of Semitic semi-nomads west of the Euphrates
found in the variant ḥlm ح ل م. He further compares the word form as a broken plural pattern that is found commonly in Arabic: bands of wild young men. There
Ahlamu
Chief-Rabbi of Yemen in early 20th-century CE
pp. 211-212). Called in Arabic, Daradʻah, a word which is an Arabic broken plural made-up of the Hebrew words Dör Deʻoh, and which means "Generation of
Yihya_Yitzhak_Halevi
Edible fruit cultivar
Etrog (Hebrew: אֶתְרוֹג, plural: etrogim; Ashkenazi Hebrew: esrog, plural: esrogim), also spelled esrog is the yellow citron (Citrus medica) used by Jews
Etrog
forms pluralize using the āt (ات) suffix. Nouns borrowed from Arabic human forms often pluralize using īn (ین). The class of Arabic broken plurals are formed
Persian_nouns
Depression in New Valley Governorate, Egypt
local pronunciation, Arabic: الفرفرون al-Farfarun in Middle Ages) is a broken plural form of Arabic: فرفر farfar meaning "fizzy spring". The oasis was called
Farafra,_Egypt
Province of Iran
the people's name as Hūzī, and referred to the Hūzīs using the Arabic broken plural on the pattern afʿāl, that is, Ahvāz. They knew the city of Ahvaz as
Khuzestan_province
Royal title in the Ethiopian Empire
titles Negus Ras (fascism) Bulakh, Maria (2010). "Observations on Some "Broken" Plurals of Gəʿəz". Aethiopica. 13: 131–149. the possibility that a Proto-Semitic
Ras_(title)
West Germanic language
Regular plural formation: Singular: cat, dog Plural: cats, dogs Irregular plural formation: Singular: man, woman, foot, fish, ox, knife, mouse Plural: men
English_language
Concept in linguistics
Laporte (2013), Pattern-and-root inflectional morphology: the Arabic broken plural |year= Alexis NEME and Eric Laporte (2015), Do computer scientists deeply
Transfix
Period of the history of Spain corresponding to the Contemporary Age
was distributed among the various nationalist candidacies, La Izquierda Plural (10.03% of the votes, formed around Izquierda Unida and the Greens) and
Contemporary_history_of_Spain
Language of ancient Sumer and Babylon
house" Likewise, the plural marker is usually (albeit not always) added only once when a whole series of coordinated nouns have plural reference: 𒀳𒉺𒇻𒋗𒄩𒂊𒉈
Sumerian_language
Ancient Indo-Aryan language of South Asia
of the former include ahám (first singular), vayám (first plural) and yūyám (second plural). The latter can be demonstrative, deictic or anaphoric. Both
Sanskrit
French politician (born 1951)
Hamon, and was not a radical leftist, having unconditionally supported the Plural Left that was in power between 1997 and 2002, and having himself been a
Jean-Luc_Mélenchon
101704. 101704. doi:10.1016/j.jaa.2025.101704. Prat, S. (2025). "Singular or plural Oldowan tool-makers during the Lower Pleistocene in eastern Africa?". Comptes
2025_in_paleomammalogy
Variety of Arabic formerly spoken on the Iberian Peninsula
'anniversary' or 'birthday') was made plural as nibšāriyāt and lubb (from lobo 'wolf') became a broken plural as lababah. Romance loanwords were used
Andalusi_Arabic
Guerrero, Yuridope Isosceles Records Or Nah Rajondo Unstable Records Way Back Home Lua$ Independent 28 Shelter of the Broken Ice Seguerra Pop Star Music
2025_in_Philippine_music
"Energy in the executive," the classic argument for a single rather than plural president. Also at the Avalon Project. Hamilton, A. (1788, May 28). The
Bibliography of Alexander Hamilton
Bibliography_of_Alexander_Hamilton
Dictator of Cambodia from 1975 to 1979
collectivist mentality; Cambodians were encouraged to talk about themselves in the plural "we" rather than the singular "I". While working in the fields, people were
Pol_Pot
Neo-Aramaic varieties
Akkadian but unlike Arabic, has only "sound" plurals formed by means of a plural ending (i.e. no broken plurals formed by changing the word stem). As in all
Suret_language
1991–2001 series of wars in the Balkans
fear and repression Janssens, Jelle (2015). State-building in Kosovo. A plural policing perspective. Maklu. p. 53. ISBN 978-90-466-0749-7. Archived from
Yugoslav_Wars
Ancient city near modern Naples, Italy
annually. Pompeii in Latin is a second declension masculine nominative plural noun (Pompeiī, -ōrum). According to Theodor Kraus, "The root of the word
Pompeii
Ancient Indian empire (c. 321–185 BCE)
Arthaśastra becomes moot. We have to instead seek dates and authors in the plural. (p. 29) Given that the composition of the AŚ proper begins with this recension
Maurya_Empire
Extinct Northwest Semitic language
are a few irregular (or broken) plurals; for example bt (bêtu), “house”, plural bhtm (bahatūma); and bn (binu), “son”, plural banūma (with Ablaut). The
Ugaritic
One of the seven Dead Sea Scrolls
Muhammed edh-Dhib returned alone before them, finding a cave filled with broken and whole jars and fragments of scrolls. Of the intact jars, edh-Dhib found
Isaiah_Scroll
Mystic practices in Islam
way of purity except in the wake of the chosen one." Walī (Arabic: ولي, plural ʾawliyāʾ أولياء) is an Arabic word whose literal meanings include "custodian"
Sufism
Plurality voting system
representation (e.g. UK and Canada). In some election systems, multi-seat districts (plural districts in the U.S.) are used but FPP may be used because multi-seat contests
First-past-the-post_voting
Episode of Neon Genesis Evangelion
version, the pilots are called with the English term "children", keeping the plural in the case of a single subject, a foreshadowing of Ayanami's various clones
Rei_III
Female figure in Near Eastern mythology
Qumran, the Great Isaiah Scroll (1Q1Isa) in 34:14 renders the creature as plural liliyyot (or liliyyoth). Eberhard Schrader (1875) and Moritz Abraham Levy
Lilith
may remain filled with water long after the waterfall itself dries up. plural society A situation in which two or more distinct cultures occupy the same
Glossary of geography terms (N–Z)
Glossary_of_geography_terms_(N–Z)
deductive power of formal proof systems. matrix In mathematics, a matrix, (plural matrices), is a rectangular array (see irregular matrix) of numbers, symbols
Glossary_of_computer_science
Language spoken in Indonesia
"butterfly/butterflies"; these words can be both singular and plural, and if one needs to explicitly state as plural, a speaker must identify it with quantity words
Indonesian_language
Ṣayhadic language spoken in Yemen
be formed in a number of ways even in the very same word: Inner ("Broken") Plurals: as in Classical Arabic they are frequent. ʾ-Prefix: ʾbyt "houses"
Sabaic
whether it is acquired or innate, with some referring to "autisms" in the plural. In 1906, Carl Jung suggested an indeterminate causality, possibly involving
Autism_in_psychoanalysis
Ethnoreligious group
יְהוּדִי Yehudi, with the plural יְהוּדִים Yehudim. Endonyms in other Jewish languages include the Ladino ג׳ודיו Djudio (plural ג׳ודיוס, Djudios) and the
Jews
Ancient Egyptian religious festivities
body. French-speaking Egyptologists, however, restore the word redjou (plural: redjouou ) by “flow”, “exudation”, “humours” or “lymphs”. For Osiris, the
Mysteries_of_Osiris
Church in Ceredigion, Wales
power that the local ruler could exert over his neighbours. The term clas, plural clasau, probably derived from classis, meaning a gathering or group of people
St Padarn's Church, Llanbadarn Fawr
St_Padarn's_Church,_Llanbadarn_Fawr
argue that framing schools as secular spaces ignores Nigeria's religiously plural educational history, and propose interfaith dialogue as a pathway to resolving
Islamic veiling practices by country
Islamic_veiling_practices_by_country
Country in Southern Africa
Eswatini International rankings of Eswatini In the Swazi language, emaSwati (plural) and liSwati (singular) are used. /ˌɛswɑːˈtiːni/ ESS-wah-TEE-nee; Swazi:
Eswatini
Yemenite rabbi
name Daradʻah by Rabbi Yihya Yitzhak Halevi, a word that is an Arabic broken plural made-up of the Hebrew words Dör Deʻoh, which means "Generation of Reason
Yiḥyah_Qafiḥ
Central nervous system stimulant
structurally related compounds. Due to confusion that may arise from use of the plural form, this article will only use the terms "amphetamine" and "amphetamines"
Amphetamine
Bantu ethnic group native to Central Africa
teaching the values on which society depended. Another form, u-mugani (plural migani), was sometimes hard to distinguish from fumo, though its stories
Fuliru_people
City in Veneto, Italy
without motorcars or trucks. The classic Venetian boat is the gondola, (plural: gondole) although it is now mostly used for tourists, or for weddings,
Venice
U.S. state
applied to the Arkansas River. It derives from a French term, Arcansas, their plural term for their transliteration of akansa, an Algonquian term for the Quapaw
Arkansas
Second-largest Christian church
Calendarists". In Clogg, Richard (ed.). Minorities in Greece: Aspects of a Plural Society. C. Hurst & Co. Publishers. pp. 2–4. ISBN 978-1-85065-705-7. "Independent
Eastern_Orthodox_Church
Country in Southeast Africa
Karanga dialect of Shona as "houses of stones" (dzimba = plural of imba, "house"; mabwe = plural of ibwe, "stone"). The Karanga-speaking Shona people live
Zimbabwe
Social-cultural system
largest denomination within Islam and follows the Qur'an, the ahadith (plural of Hadith) which record the sunnah, whilst placing emphasis on the sahabah
Religion
Vacuum tube used to display images
faceplate of crt using spraying of photosensitive pva-phosphor suspension in plural layers". Google Patents. 26 September 1951. Ohno, K.; Kusunoki, T. (5 August
Cathode_ray_tube
Marriage to more than one spouse
performing new plural marriages. By 1910 the LDS Church excommunicated those who entered into, or performed, new plural marriages. Even so, many plural husbands
Polygamy
President of the Philippines from 1965 to 1986
2019. Steinberg, David Joel (2000). The Philippines: A Singular and a Plural Place. Basic Books. pp. 115–116. ISBN 978-0-8133-3755-5.[permanent dead
Ferdinand_Marcos
Mathematician and astronomer (1473–1543)
(koper) and the German word for "copper" (Kupfer). The suffix -nik (or plural, -niki) denotes a Slavic and Polish agent noun. As was common in the period
Nicolaus_Copernicus
travel, tourism, insurance
BROKEN PLURAL
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travel, tourism, insurance