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Chemical reaction
The aldol reaction (aldol addition) is a reaction in organic chemistry that combines two carbonyl compounds (e.g. aldehydes or ketones) to form a new
Aldol_reaction
Type of chemical reaction
An aldol condensation is a condensation reaction in organic chemistry in which two carbonyl moieties (of aldehydes or ketones) react to form a β-hydroxyaldehyde
Aldol_condensation
Michael/aldol reaction (or domino Michael/aldol reaction) is a consecutive series of reactions composed of either Michael addition reactions or aldol reactions
Multiple Michael/aldol reaction
Multiple_Michael/aldol_reaction
Organic reaction between a silyl enol ether and an aldehyde or formate
In organic chemistry, the Mukaiyama aldol addition is an organic reaction and a type of aldol reaction between a silyl enol ether (R2C=CR−O−Si(CH3)3) and
Mukaiyama_aldol_addition
Reaction in organic chemistry
and Barbas-List reactions in organic chemistry are a family of proline-catalysed asymmetric aldol reactions. In the 1970s, two research groups
Proline-catalyzed aldol reactions
Proline-catalyzed_aldol_reactions
Organic compound of the form R–CH(OH)–CHR–C(=O)–R
bond-formation reaction, giving them wide applicability as a precursor for a variety of other compounds. Aldols are usually synthesized from an aldol addition
Aldol
Chemical reaction
type of reaction is also referred to as a nitroaldol reaction (nitroalkane, aldehyde, and alcohol). It is nearly analogous to the aldol reaction that had
Henry_reaction
Modified aldol tandem reaction is a sequential chemical transformation that combines aldol reaction with other chemical reactions that generate enolates
Modified aldol tandem reaction
Modified_aldol_tandem_reaction
The Aldol–Tishchenko reaction is a tandem reaction involving an aldol reaction and a Tishchenko reaction. In organic synthesis, it is a method to convert
Aldol–Tishchenko_reaction
Type of strain energy in organic chemistry
oxazolidinone. There is another aspect of aldol reaction that is influenced by the allylic strain. On the second aldol reaction, the product which is a 1,3 dicarbonyl
Allylic_strain
Chemical reaction involving the formation of sugars from formaldehyde
The reaction is catalyzed by a base and a divalent metal such as calcium. The intermediary steps taking place are aldol reactions, reverse aldol reactions
Formose_reaction
Japanese chemist (1927–2018)
the Mitsunobu reaction. The aldol reaction is an essential tool for synthetic chemists. At its simplest, the aldol reaction involves two carbonyl compounds
Teruaki_Mukaiyama
Class of organic chemistry reactions
development of related reactions including the Michael addition, asymmetric aldol reaction, and the Mannich reaction. This reaction has likewise been used
Proline_organocatalysis
Chemical reaction in organic chemistry
transformations termed Tandem Michael-aldol reactions, that sequentially combine Michael addition and aldol reaction into a single reaction. As is the case with Robinson
Robinson_annulation
Functional group of organic compounds
Unsaturated carbonyls can be prepared in the laboratory in an aldol reaction and in the Perkin reaction. α,β-Unsaturated carbonyl compounds can be subclassified
Α,β-Unsaturated carbonyl compound
Α,β-Unsaturated_carbonyl_compound
Chemical reaction
Tishchenko reaction discovered in 1906. The Aldol–Tishchenko reaction provides another potential route to 1,3-diol monoester products. The reaction mechanism
Evans–Tishchenko_reaction
Organic anion formed by deprotonating a carbonyl (>C=O) compound
of Lewis acids (the Mukaiyama aldol reaction): Other important electrophiles are aldehydes/ketones (the aldol reaction) and Michael acceptors. Enamine
Enolate
Stereogenic group placed on a molecule to encourage stereoselectivity in reactions
stereoselective transformations, including aldol reactions, alkylation reactions, and Diels-Alder reactions. The oxazolidinones are substituted at the
Chiral_auxiliary
Protein family
often just aldolase, is an enzyme catalyzing a reversible reaction that splits the aldol, fructose 1,6-bisphosphate, into the triose phosphates dihydroxyacetone
Fructose-bisphosphate aldolase
Fructose-bisphosphate_aldolase
Chemistry
aldol reaction in tandem with dynamic kinetic resolution to obtain a high enantioselective reaction. In this reaction proline catalyzes the reaction through
Dynamic kinetic resolution in asymmetric synthesis
Dynamic_kinetic_resolution_in_asymmetric_synthesis
French chemist (1817–1884)
Wurtz reaction, to form carbon-carbon bonds by reacting alkyl halides with sodium, and for his discoveries of ethylamine, ethylene glycol, and the aldol reaction
Charles_Adolphe_Wurtz
Chemical ring forming reaction
bond. These two steps are similar to a base-catalyzed aldol reaction. The oxygen anion in this aldol-like product then SN2 attacks on the formerly-nucleophilic
Darzens_reaction
Charged chemical group of the form >CO–
and enantioselective acetate aldol addition reactions. The oxocarbenium ion is used as an electrophile in the reaction. When the methyl group increases
Oxocarbenium
Chemical reaction
proton acceptor. Typical reactions catalyzed by proton transfer are esterifications and aldol reactions. In these reactions, the conjugate acid of the
Acid_catalysis
Reaction sequence in organic chemistry
or aldehyde, a process that may be difficult to achieve directly. The reaction is named after its inventor, Gilbert Stork (Columbia University). The most
Stork_enamine_alkylation
Russian Romantic composer, physician, and chemist (1833–1887)
nucleophilic substitution, as well as being the co-discoverer of the aldol reaction. Borodin was a promoter of education in Russia and founded the School
Alexander_Borodin
Chemical reaction
with a C=C bond) and the resulting cyclobutane ring undergoes a retro-aldol reaction to yield a 1,5-diketone: The net effect is to add the two carbon atoms
DeMayo_reaction
Organic reaction
chiral ligands can cause asymmetric Reformatsky additions. Aldol reaction Blaise reaction Claisen condensation Organozinc chemistry Example use in total
Reformatsky_reaction
Type of aldol condensation reaction
organic reaction in which a chemical compound containing a carbonyl group (C=O) acts both as the electrophile and the nucleophile in an aldol condensation
Self-condensation
Structural analog of a ketone with selenium replacing oxygen
oxazolidineselones can be used for stereoselective control of aldol reactions, analogous to the Evans aldol reaction that uses oxazolidinones, which allows 77Se-NMR
Selone
Use of metal-based Lewis acids to catalyze organic reactions
the aldol reaction, and various pericyclic processes that proceed slowly at room temperature, such as the Diels-Alder reaction and the ene reaction. In
Lewis_acid_catalysis
Chemical reaction where molecules are combined and a small molecule is lost
biosynthesis of fatty acids. Many variations of condensation reactions exist. Common examples include the aldol condensation and the Knoevenagel condensation, which
Condensation_reaction
Type of Lewis acid catalyst
acid (BLA) catalyzes a number of diene-aldehyde cycloaddition reactions. In the aldol reaction, the diastereoselectivity of the product is often dictated
Chiral_Lewis_acid
Index of chemical compounds with the same name
synthesis inhibitor antibiotics and the Evans chiral auxiliaries for aldol reactions. Cycloserine is an antibiotic based on the 3-isoxazolidone parent.
Oxazolidinone
Method in organic chemistry
interconnected field. In this reaction, naturally occurring chiral proline is the chiral catalyst in an aldol reaction. The starting material is an achiral
Organocatalysis
Transmission of electronic effects through a system of conjugated chemical bonds
the carbonyl of the methyl ketone. In a vinylogous variation of the aldol reaction, an electrophile is attacked by a nucleophilic vinylogous enolate (see
Vinylogy
Chemical reaction
carbon-carbon bond forming reactions in organic chemistry, including the aldol reaction, Henry reaction (nitro-aldol reaction) and Mannich reaction. Although extensive
Nitro-Mannich_reaction
Chemical reaction
followed by the elimination of water in an E1cB dehydration reaction. Aldol reactions are a key reaction in organic chemistry because they provide a means of
E1cB-elimination_reaction
Chemical reaction
prior, the reaction begins with 1,4-addition of the catalytic amine to the activated alkene. The resulting zwitterionic aza-enolate undergoes aldol addition
Baylis–Hillman_reaction
American organic chemist (1941–2022)
active molecules. Among his best-known works is the development of aldol reaction methodology (for example, Evans' acyl oxazolidinone method). Evans was
David_A._Evans
Chemical reactions involving organic compounds
place is much smaller, for example the ene reaction or aldol reaction. Another approach to organic reactions is by type of organic reagent, many of them
Organic_reaction
Chemical compound
asymmetric synthesis for example in the formation of boron enolates in the aldol reaction. Organic Syntheses, Coll. Vol. 8, p.339 (1993); Vol. 68, p.83 (1990)
Dibutylboron trifluoromethanesulfonate
Dibutylboron_trifluoromethanesulfonate
Functional group made of a ketone (>C=O) and hydroxyl (–OH) group on nearby carbons
Fehling's test. Beta-hydroxy ketones are a type of aldol. They are commonly formed by an aldol reaction between two carbonyl compounds. A simple example
Hydroxy_ketone
Compound with carbon to copper bonds
carbocupration/Mukaiyama aldol reaction sequence (as shown in the figure above) carbocupration favors the formation of the Z-aldol. Ethyl copper Yao, B.;
Organocopper_chemistry
components of an aldol reaction are combined with the asymmetric catalyst S-proline in a ball mill in a mechanosynthesis. The reaction product has 97%
Dry_media_reaction
Method of synthesizing supramolecular assemblies
reactions. The second type, formation reactions, rely on the formation of new covalent bonds. Some examples include Diels–Alder and aldol reactions.
Dynamic_covalent_chemistry
Family of chiral diphosphine ligands used for asymmetric catalysis
Laboratories previously-known ferrocenyl ligands for a Au(I)-catalyzed aldol reaction. Togni's team began considering diphosphine ligands, and technician
Josiphos_ligands
Chemical compound
precursor as the intermediate, aldol adduct, is a crystalline solid. A chelation-controlled Mukaiyama-aldol reaction was used to set the stereogenicity
Discodermolide
German chemist (born 1968)
as an efficient chiral catalyst. This takes place in intermolecular aldol reactions, in which carbon atoms from two different molecules are bonded together
Benjamin_List
Organic chemical reaction
deprotonation there, leading to enolates and possible aldol reactions. Under ideal conditions the reaction produces 50% of both the alcohol and the carboxylic
Cannizzaro_reaction
Chemical compound
produced by cooking or drying of the ginger root, which causes a reverse aldol reaction on gingerol. Zingerone was first isolated from the ginger root in 1917
Zingerone
Study of compounds with carbon to zinc bonds
after protonation. The benefits of the Reformatsky reaction over the conventional aldol reaction protocols is the following: Allows for exceedingly derivatized
Organozinc_chemistry
Organic reaction developed by William Henry Perkin
β-unsaturated aromatic acid or α-substituted β-aryl acrylic acid by the aldol condensation of an aromatic aldehyde and an acid anhydride, in the presence
Perkin_reaction
Chemical compound
a reaction known as the Ehrlich-Sachs reaction: Sometimes condensation with active methylene compounds gives products of O-nitroso-aldol reaction: R–CH2-CHO
Nitrosobenzene
Class of organosilicon compounds of the form R3Si–O–CR=CR2
are used in many reactions resulting in alkylation, e.g., Mukaiyama aldol addition, Michael reactions, and Lewis-acid-catalyzed reactions with SN1-reactive
Silyl_enol_ether
Subdiscipline of chemistry, focusing on carbon compounds
enolate, or as an electrophile; the combination of the two is called the aldol reaction. Designing practically useful syntheses always requires conducting the
Organic_chemistry
Organic compound containing the functional group R–CH=O
additions, Barbier reactions, and the Nozaki–Hiyama–Kishi reaction. In the aldol reaction, the metal enolates of ketones, esters, amides, and carboxylic
Aldehyde
Chemical compound
pentaerythritol synthesis and in the crossed Cannizzaro reaction of formaldehyde with the aldol reaction product trimethylol acetaldehyde [3-hydroxy-2
Sodium_formate
Chemical reaction
prepared by alternative methods (from butyraldehyde by aldol condensation). Instead, the Guerbet reaction is mainly applied to fatty alcohols to afford oily
Guerbet_reaction
Chemical compound
(the Gatterman-Koch reaction). Natural benzaldehyde is produced from cinnamaldehyde obtained from cassia oil by the retro-aldol reaction: the cinnamaldehyde
Benzaldehyde
Chemical reaction
typical reactions of aldehydes such as the aldol reaction. Other possible electrophiles include aldehydes, amides, and esters. The reaction between lithiated
Corey–Seebach_reaction
Pericyclic chemical reaction
used masked-aldol reaction. Cycloaddition between a nitrile oxide and an alkene yields the cyclic isoxazoline product, whereas the reaction with an alkyne
1,3-Dipolar_cycloaddition
Chemical compound
African Ginger species. Cooking ginger transforms gingerol via a reverse aldol reaction into zingerone, which is less pungent and has a spicy-sweet aroma. When
Gingerol
Chemical reaction in which water is produced as a byproduct
3-Hydroxylcarbonyls, called aldols, release water upon standing at room temperature: RC(O)CH2CH(OH)R' → RC(O)CH=CHR' + H2O The reaction is induced by dehydrating
Dehydration_reaction
Inorganic salt: MgCl2 and its hydrates
polypropylene. Magnesium chloride is also a Lewis acid catalyst in aldol reactions. Magnesium chloride is used for low-temperature de-icing of highways
Magnesium_chloride
Disproportionation reaction of aldehydes
hydride transfer mechanism between aldehydes. Aldol–Tishchenko reaction Baylis–Hillman reaction Cannizzaro reaction Meerwein–Ponndorf–Verley reduction Oppenauer
Tishchenko_reaction
Monosaccharide with four carbon atoms
transaldolase utilizes a Schiff base to perform a reverse aldol reaction and a forward aldol reaction in its mechanism, generating an erythrose 4-phosphate
Tetrose
Class of chiral ligands
observed for aldol-type reactions, Mannich-type reactions, ene reaction, Michael addition, Nazarov cyclization, and hetero-Diels-Alder reaction. On the other
Bisoxazoline_ligand
Triflate salts of the lanthanides
catalysed Michael additions and aldol reactions can be used. For aromatic nitro compounds, synthesis is via a substitution reaction. The standard synthesis is
Lanthanide trifluoromethanesulfonates
Lanthanide_trifluoromethanesulfonates
Chemical compound
desired bispidine. The reaction conditions need to be controlled to avoid the competitive aldol reaction. Indeed the reaction solution should be as concentrated
Bispidine
Chemical compound
can be produced. Neopentyl glycol is synthesized industrially by the aldol reaction of formaldehyde and isobutyraldehyde. This creates the intermediate
Neopentyl_glycol
Chemical compound
preparation of the drug flopropione by the Houben-Hoesch reaction. The nitrile aldol reaction with benzophenone, followed by reduction of the nitrile with
Propionitrile
Covalent bond between two carbon atoms
bonds are the aldol reaction, Diels–Alder reaction, Grignard reaction, cross-coupling reactions, the Michael reaction and the Wittig reaction. The directed
Carbon–carbon_bond
Chemical compound
and being a scaffold for certain chemical reactions. NOBIN is an excellent catalyst for the aldol reaction producing reliable products, good yields, and
NOBIN
Chemical compound
6-secocholestan-6-al. Atheronal B (secosterol B) is formed by the intramolecular aldol reaction of atheronal A, which is 3β-hydroxy-5β-hydroxy-B-norcholestane-6β-carboxaldehyde
Atheronals
Reaction in organic chemistry
react efficiently to form a new carbon–carbon bond. Like the aldol addition, the Michael reaction may proceed via an enol, silyl enol ether in the Mukaiyama–Michael
Michael_addition_reaction
Chemical compound
is used as a Lewis acid catalyst in some organic synthesis, e.g., in aldol reaction. Magnesium bromide also has been used as a tranquilizer and as an anticonvulsant
Magnesium_bromide
Chemical rearrangement
Another proposed mechanism is from Yin and co-workers, involving aldol/retro-aldol intramolecular addition: The Piancatelli strategy has been used extenively
Piancatelli_rearrangement
Chemical compound
Christophe; Roush, William R. (2015). "Enantioselective Reductive Syn-Aldol Reactions of 4-Acryloylmorpholine: Preparation of (2R, 3S)-3-Hydroxy-2-methy
Hydrocinnamaldehyde
Chemical reaction
Aldol reaction to 6 and elimination to 7. The Pfitzinger reaction and the Niementowski quinoline synthesis are variations of the Friedländer reaction
Friedländer_synthesis
Most abundant structural protein in animals
tropocollagen molecules form collagen fibrils, via covalent cross-linking (aldol reaction) by lysyl oxidase which links hydroxylysine and lysine residues. Multiple
Collagen
Chemical reaction involving the addition of a nucleophile to an electrophile
the Mannich reaction an enolate ion in an aldol reaction or Baylis–Hillman reaction an organometallic nucleophile in the Grignard reaction or the related
Nucleophilic_addition
reaction takes place. An alternative classification with broader scope is suggested by Yujiro Hayashi as he describes certain organocatalytic Aldol reactions
On-water_reaction
Chemical compounds containing C–Li bonds
Lithium dialkylamides (LiNR2) are widely used in enolate formation and aldol reaction. The reactivity and selectivity of these bases are also influenced by
Organolithium_reagent
Class of chemical compounds
other to deliver epothilone B in an approach including Wittig reaction, aldol reaction, and Yamaguchi esterification (Figure 3). Preparative thin-layer
Epothilone
Organic chemistry reaction
Japp–Maitland condensation is an organic reaction and a type of Aldol reaction and a tandem reaction. In a reaction between the ketone 3-pentanone and the
Japp–Maitland_condensation
Chemical reaction
natural product synthesis for building complex skeletons. Aldol reaction "Iwanow Reaction". Organic Chemistry Portal. Retrieved 17 June 2025. ^ Ivanov
Ivanov_reaction
Organic chemical compound
synthesis. In addition reactions acetaldehyde is prochiral. It is used primarily as a source of the "CH3C+H(OH)" synthon in aldol reactions and related condensation
Acetaldehyde
Chemical group (–OSO2CF3) or anion (charge –1)
triflate is used in such reactions as aldol reactions and Diels–Alder reactions. An example is the Mukaiyama aldol addition reaction between benzaldehyde
Triflate
Named reaction in organic chemistry
α-hydrogen. It can be considered as a specific variation of the aldol condensation. This reaction is named after two of its pioneering investigators Rainer
Claisen–Schmidt_condensation
Organic chemical reaction
[ˈknøːvənaːɡl̩]) reaction is a type of chemical reaction named after German chemist Emil Knoevenagel. It is a modification of the aldol condensation. A
Knoevenagel_condensation
Chemical synthesis
The ring closure of ring III to intermediate 8 was achieved with an aldol reaction using lithium bis(trimethylsilyl)amide, using only the epimer with correct
Strychnine_total_synthesis
Method for synthesizing longer monosaccharides
transformation). Some unusual sugars are also accessible via aldol addition. Homologation reactions Wohl degradation Ruff degradation Carey, Francis A. (2006)
Kiliani–Fischer_synthesis
is an expert on aldol reactions and not surprisingly his Taxol version contains no less than 5 of these reactions. Other key reactions encountered in this
Mukaiyama Taxol total synthesis
Mukaiyama_Taxol_total_synthesis
Chemical reaction
driving force effect of deprotonation of the β-keto ester in the last step. Aldol condensation Stobbe condensation Fatty acid synthesis Polyketide synthase
Claisen_condensation
Chemical compound
organic synthesis. In particular, it catalyzes the Michael reaction and the Mukaiyama aldol reaction. The addition of other metal iodides increases its catalytic
Bismuth_chloride
Cholesterol-lowering medication
first of the two alcohol functional groups via a diastereoselective aldol reaction. Once the compound entered pre-clinical development, process chemistry
Atorvastatin
Monoamide of a phosphite diester
Enantioselective Catalytic Conjugate Addition and Tandem Conjugate Addition–Aldol Reactions of Organozinc Reagents" (PDF). Angewandte Chemie International Edition
Phosphoramidite
Chemical agent and drug construction
amine 8, which upon reaction with 2-iodoxybenzoic acid gave ketone 9, the first major building block of the synthesis. The aldol reaction of ketone 9 with
Quinine_total_synthesis
Italian biochemist (1933–2021)
glycolaldehyde to produce nonracemic solutions of threose and erythrose via an aldol reaction concluding that amino acids can act as asymmetric catalysts in carbohydrate
Sandra_Pizzarello
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ALDOL REACTION
ALDOL REACTION
Boy/Male
Christian, French, German, Polish
Old; Wise Protector; Old Friend
Male
Italian
 Short form of Italian Aldobrandino, ALDO means "little old sword." Compare with another form of Aldo.
Female
Italian
Feminine form of Italian Aldo, ALDA means "noble."
Girl/Female
Australian, Italian, Spanish
Wise; Elder; Similar to Aldo
Boy/Male
Australian, British, Christian, English, French, German
Old; Wise; Variant of the German Aldo
Boy/Male
American, Australian, British, Chinese, Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, Swedish, Swiss, Teutonic
Old; Wise; Archaic; Noble
Male
English
Variant spelling of Middle English Alden, ALDON means "old friend."
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian, Tamil
New Taste; Nine Types of Reactions
Boy/Male
English
German Aldo, an Old German name meaning old, or from the old house. Aldous has been common in...
Boy/Male
English American German Italian Teutonic
Archaic.
Male
German
 Short form of longer German names containing the element ald, ALDO means "old." Compare with another form of Aldo.
Boy/Male
Indian, Punjabi, Sikh
Stable
ALDOL REACTION
ALDOL REACTION
ALDOL REACTION
ALDOL REACTION
ALDOL REACTION
ALDOL REACTION
ALDOL REACTION
n.
A radioactive isotope of strontium produced by certain nuclear reactions, and constituting one of the prominent harmful components of radioactive fallout from nuclear explosions; also called radiostrontium. It has a half-life of 28 years.
n.
Aerated salt; a white crystalline substance having an alkaline taste and reaction, consisting of sodium bicarbonate (see under Sodium.) It is largely used in cooking, with sour milk (lactic acid) or cream of tartar as a substitute for yeast. It is also an ingredient of most baking powders, and is used in the preparation of effervescing drinks.
n.
One who favors reaction, or seeks to undo political progress or revolution.
a.
Being, causing, or favoring reaction; as, reactionary movements.
n.
A light earthy white substance, consisting of magnesium oxide, and obtained by heating magnesium hydrate or carbonate, or by burning magnesium. It has a slightly alkaline reaction, and is used in medicine as a mild antacid laxative. See Magnesium.
n.
The art or process of making a compound by putting the ingredients together, as contrasted with analysis; thus, water is made by synthesis from hydrogen and oxygen; hence, specifically, the building up of complex compounds by special reactions, whereby their component radicals are so grouped that the resulting substances are identical in every respect with the natural articles when such occur; thus, artificial alcohol, urea, indigo blue, alizarin, etc., are made by synthesis.
n.
Simple succession, or the coming after in time, without asserting or implying causative energy; as, the reactions of chemical agents may be conceived as merely invariable sequences.
n.
The force which a body subjected to the action of a force from another body exerts upon the latter body in the opposite direction.
n.
A reactionary.
pl.
of Reactionary
n.
An action induced by vital resistance to some other action; depression or exhaustion of vital force consequent on overexertion or overstimulation; heightened activity and overaction succeeding depression or shock.
a.
Having power to react; tending to reaction; of the nature of reaction.
n.
The mutual or reciprocal action of chemical agents upon each other, or the action upon such chemical agents of some form of energy, as heat, light, or electricity, resulting in a chemical change in one or more of these agents, with the production of new compounds or the manifestation of distinctive characters. See Blowpipe reaction, Flame reaction, under Blowpipe, and Flame.
a.
Pertaining to, or derived from, xanthoprotein; showing the characters of xanthoprotein; as, xanthoproteic acid; the xanthoproteic reaction for albumin.
n.
A reaction employed to recognize or distinguish any particular substance or constituent of a compound, as the production of some characteristic precipitate; also, the reagent employed to produce such reaction; thus, the ordinary test for sulphuric acid is the production of a white insoluble precipitate of barium sulphate by means of some soluble barium salt.
n.
A water wheel, commonly horizontal, variously constructed, but usually having a series of curved floats or buckets, against which the water acts by its impulse or reaction in flowing either outward from a central chamber, inward from an external casing, or from above downward, etc.; -- also called turbine wheel.
n.
A fixed star, in Medusa's head, in the constellation Perseus, remarkable for its periodic variation in brightness.
n.
A firework which, while burning, is caused to revolve on an axis by the reaction of the escaping gases.
n.
Backward tendency or movement after revolution, reform, or great progress in any direction.
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