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Cognitive tendency where lack of information affects decision making
The ambiguity effect is a cognitive tendency where decision making is affected by a lack of information, or "ambiguity". The effect implies that people
Ambiguity_effect
1947 book by Simone de Beauvoir
November 1947, as a book.The Ethics of Ambiguity follows the phenomenological tradition. The Ethics of Ambiguity was written shortly after World War II
The_Ethics_of_Ambiguity
Preference of known risks to unknown risks
and economics, ambiguity aversion (also known as uncertainty aversion) is a preference for known risks over unknown risks. An ambiguity-averse individual
Ambiguity_aversion
Type of uncertainty of meaning where several interpretations are possible
multiple possible meanings. The concept of ambiguity is generally contrasted with vagueness. In ambiguity, multiple distinct interpretations compete because
Ambiguity
needed] Ambiguity effect Assembly bonus effect Audience effect Baader–Meinhof effect Barnum effect Bezold effect Birthday-number effect Boomerang effect Bouba/kiki
List_of_psychological_effects
Linguistic concept
sometimes a contributing factor in the overall effect of semantic ambiguity, in the sense that the level of ambiguity in the context can change depending on whether
Semantic_ambiguity
Christian ethical consideration
not allow for such a clear distinction. This ambiguity allows those who invoke the principle of double effect to characterize virtually any harmful action
Principle_of_double_effect
Cognitive bias about one's own skill
The Dunning–Kruger effect is a cognitive bias that describes the systematic tendency of people with low ability in a specific area to give overly positive
Dunning–Kruger_effect
Type of context-free grammar
- a grammar ambiguity analyzer. CFGAnalyzer - tool for analyzing context-free grammars with respect to language universality, ambiguity, and similar
Ambiguous_grammar
The rich get richer and the poor get poorer
The Matthew effect, sometimes called the Matthew principle or cumulative advantage, is the tendency of individuals to accrue social or economic success
Matthew_effect
Social psychological theory
and bystander were strangers. Ambiguity affects whether a person assists another in need. In some cases of high ambiguity, it can take a person or group
Bystander_effect
decision or choice tasks, people select one option out of several. Ambiguity effect, the tendency to avoid options for which the probability of a favorable
List_of_cognitive_biases
Image that exploits graphical similarities between two or more distinct images
Ambiguous images or reversible figures are visual forms that create ambiguity by exploiting graphical similarities and other properties of visual system
Ambiguous_image
Science fiction media franchise
Mass Effect is a military science fiction media franchise created by Casey Hudson. The franchise depicts a distant future where humanity and several alien
Mass_Effect
Grammatically correct sentence demonstrating lexical ambiguity
had had had a better effect on the teacher" is a nearly grammatically correct English sentence used to demonstrate lexical ambiguity and the necessity of
James while John had had had had had had had had had had had a better effect on the teacher
James_while_John_had_had_had_had_had_had_had_had_had_had_had_a_better_effect_on_the_teacher
(fringe physics) Allee effect (biology) Ambiguity effect (cognitive biases) Anrep effect (cardiology) (medicine) Antenna effect (digital electronics) (electronic
List_of_effects
Sentence that starts in a way that a reader's likely interpretation will be wrong
had had had had had had had had had a better effect on the teacher, complexity and linguistic ambiguity in a grammatical sentence Comparative illusion
Garden-path_sentence
American actress (born 1982)
working with the World Bank on a two-year development program called The Girl Effect, with the mission of empowering girls around the world. In 2013, she narrated
Anne_Hathaway
Social phenomenon by which being observed causes behavioral changes
The Hawthorne effect is a type of behavioral reactivity in which individuals modify an aspect of their behavior in response to their awareness of being
Hawthorne_effect
Type of complex number
change the expectation values of a Hermitian operator; this effect is known as phase ambiguity. That is, the values of ⟨ ϕ | A | ϕ ⟩ {\displaystyle \langle
Phase_factor
Tendency for positive impressions to contaminate other evaluations
The halo effect (sometimes called the halo error), a term coined by Edward Thorndike, is the tendency for positive impressions of a person, company, country
Halo_effect
Unreliability of eyewitnesses
The Rashomon effect is the phenomenon of the unreliability of eyewitnesses. The effect is named after Akira Kurosawa's 1950 Japanese film Rashomon, which
Rashomon_effect
Country in Southern and Western Europe
of the country. They were created after the 1978 constitution came into effect in recognition of the right to self-government of the "nationalities and
Spain
Highest court of jurisdiction in the U.S.
the court below is affirmed, but does not establish binding precedent. In effect, it results in a return to the status quo ante. For a case to be heard,
Supreme Court of the United States
Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States
Harmful effect from negative belief
A nocebo effect is said to occur when a patient's expectations for a treatment cause the treatment to have a worse effect than it otherwise would have
Nocebo
Penal code of the Republic of India
India (JCI), 2023) is the official criminal code of India. It came into effect on 01-July-2024, after being passed by the Parliament in December-2023,
Bharatiya_Nyaya_Sanhita,_2023
Country in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991
country's educational system expanded dramatically, which had a tremendous effect. In the 1960s, nearly all children had access to education, the only exception
Soviet_Union
Inclination for or against
contradicts it. The effect is stronger for emotionally charged issues and for deeply entrenched beliefs. People also tend to interpret ambiguous evidence as supporting
Bias
Psychological effect that people learn more by spreading studying out in time
The spacing effect demonstrates that learning is more effective when study sessions are spaced out. This effect shows that more information is encoded
Spacing_effect
Class of potential semantics errors in Jean Ichbiah's specifications for Ada
below all resolve the ambiguity. Ada.Text_IO.New_Line; A.New_Line; New_Line (Number_Of_Lines => 1); "What is the "Beaujolais Effect"?". Archived from the
Beaujolais_effect
Types of error in data reporting
result being false. The latter is known as the false positive risk (see Ambiguity in the definition of false positive rate, below). A false negative error
False positives and false negatives
False_positives_and_false_negatives
Medical condition caused by receiving too little or too many nutrients
"Breastfeeding in the 21st century: epidemiology, mechanisms, and lifelong effect". Lancet. 387 (10017): 475–490. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(15)01024-7. hdl:10072/413175
Malnutrition
Country in Northwestern Europe
the ECJ, though the Stormont Brake can prevent new EU rules from taking effect. The United Kingdom has a highly developed social market economy. With an
United_Kingdom
Leader of Russia since 1999
flight, although it has also been argued that the sanctions had little to no effect on Russia's economy. In 2014, the Organized Crime and Corruption Reporting
Vladimir_Putin
Volatility, uncertainty, complexity and ambiguity in leadership
the intertwined forces and issues, making cause-and-effect relationships unclear. A = Ambiguity: Points to the unclear realities and potential misunderstandings
VUCA
those phonemes, creating an ambiguity. In such ambiguity, the brain tends towards filling in absent phonemes. The effect can be so strong that some listeners
Phonemic_restoration_effect
British actor (born 1981)
and Wallander. Hiddleston said of Branagh, "Ken has had a life-changing effect. He was able to say to the executives, 'Trust me on this, you can cast Tom
Tom_Hiddleston
Aethiopian princess in Greek mythology
look like living people, her skin could have been of any colour. The ambiguity is reflected in a description by the 2nd-century AD sophist Philostratus
Andromeda_(mythology)
King of Macedon from 336 to 323 BC
rigorous training, and Alexander used its speed and manoeuvrability to great effect against larger but more disparate Persian forces. Alexander also recognized
Alexander_the_Great
American businessman (born 1944)
ISBN 978-0-7432-2505-2. OCLC 52638805. Filion, Avra Amar (2014). The Ellison Effect. Melbourne, FL: Motivational Press. ISBN 9781518380655. OCLC 1054829496
Larry_Ellison
Topics referred to by the same term
different forms of aversion: Ambiguity aversion Brand aversion Dissent aversion in the United States of America Endowment effect, also known as divestiture
Aversion
Ongoing military and political conflict in West Asia
Heights, and two islands in the Gulf of Aqaba. The war exerted a significant effect upon Palestinian nationalism, as the PLO was unable to establish any control
Israeli–Palestinian_conflict
Most populous city in Illinois, US
Calumet Harbor on the South Side. The lake also provides another positive effect: moderating Chicago's climate, making waterfront neighborhoods slightly
Chicago
2012 video game
Mass Effect 3 is a 2012 action role-playing game developed by BioWare and published by Electronic Arts. The third major entry in the Mass Effect series
Mass_Effect_3
Colombian drug lord (1949–1993)
details of his father's life and describes the fundamentally disintegrating effect of his death upon the family. Marroquín aimed to publish the book in hopes
Pablo_Escobar
Form of word play that sounds similar to or has a similar meaning to another word
similar-sounding words, for an intended humorous or rhetorical effect. These ambiguities can arise from the intentional use of homophonic, homographic
Pun
Painting by Kazimir Malevich
brushwork with the flat application of the red pigment creating an ambiguous effect on the surface of the painting. The ruby red pigment used by Malevich
Red_Square_(painting)
American multinational technology company
an embargo on exports to China of advanced microchips, which went into effect in October 2022, Nvidia saw its data center chip added to the export control
Nvidia
Indian actor and film producer (born 1965)
release of 2010, Dabangg, Khan played the role of a fearless cop with comic effect in the film. The film was noted by the Economic Times as being remarkable
Salman_Khan
West Germanic language
For example, the possessive enclitic can, in cases which do not lead to ambiguity, follow the entire noun phrase, as in "The President of India's wife"
English_language
Hypothesis that human replicas elicit revulsion
The uncanny valley effect is a hypothesized psychological and aesthetic relation between an object's degree of resemblance to a human being and the emotional
Uncanny_valley
Country in Eastern Europe and Central Asia
January 2022, retrieved 7 January 2022 "Karachaganak field agreement takes effect". Oil & Gas Journal. PennWell Corporation. 28 June 2012. Archived from the
Kazakhstan
President of Syria from 2000 to 2024
"The nature and extent of Assad's violence is strategic in design and effect. He is pursuing a strategy of terror, siege, and depopulation in key areas
Bashar_al-Assad
Domesticated species of canid
Hatlauf J, Jhala YV, et al. (2019). "Old World Canis spp. with taxonomic ambiguity: Workshop conclusions and recommendations. CIBIO. Vairão, Portugal, 28th
Dog
Interpretation of sensory information
experiment that showed that ambiguous images have multiple interpretations on the perceptual level. The confusing ambiguity of perception is exploited
Perception
Societal phenomenon
The bandwagon effect is a psychological phenomenon where people adopt certain behaviors, styles, or attitudes simply because others are doing so. More
Bandwagon_effect
Ethnic and cultural group in the United States
slaveowners, sons of slaveowners, and overseers took Black mistresses or in effect raped the wives and daughters of slave families." A famous example was Thomas
African_Americans
Player character of the Fear Effect series
central protagonist of Fear Effect (2000), and returned in its prequel Fear Effect 2: Retro Helix (2001) and the sequel Fear Effect Sedna (2018). Hana is depicted
Hana_Tsu-Vachel
Country in Southwestern Europe
ambigüedad de la frontera hispano-lusa (La Raya)" [Historical origins and ambiguity of the Hispano-Portuguese border (La Raya)] (PDF). Revista de estudios
Portugal
Aspect of English grammar
animals found here can be dangerous." Reduced relative clauses are given to ambiguity or garden path effects, and have been a common topic of psycholinguistic
Reduced_relative_clause
American musician and songwriter (1958–2016)
public radio station 89.3 The Current premiere his new song "Cause and Effect" as a gesture in support of independent radio. In 2010, Prince was included
Prince_(musician)
American rapper and actress (born 1970)
letting the public categorize her in their own way. Queen Latifah's ambiguity played to her strengths when acting, allowing her to have versatile roles
Queen_Latifah
Violent tactic resulting in the attacker's intentional death
fear and anxiety". Its goal is not to produce a negative psychological effect only on the victims of the actual attack, but on the entire target population
Suicide_attack
American author and humorist (1835–1910)
with a piece of atrocious anti-climax which nullified all the really fine effect you had produced. It was in these days that Twain became a writer of the
Mark_Twain
Mexican multi-day holiday
attended by 250,000 people. This could be seen as an example of the pizza effect. The idea of a massive celebration was also popularized in the Disney Pixar
Day_of_the_Dead
Solid-state electrically operated switch also used as an amplifier
schemes, and the abbreviation of part numbers when printed on the devices, ambiguity sometimes occurs. For example, two different devices may be marked J176
Transistor
Surgical or chemical action that removes use of testicles
non-castrated ones does not conclusively prove that it is a biological effect of castration, but might be explained by other factors. One suggested factor
Castration
Major branch of Protestantism
them. God concurs with an act's effect, but he does not cooperate in the corruption of an act or the evil of its effect. Lutherans believe everything exists
Lutheranism
Arab national group of the Levant
al-Husayni, said "Now, after the recent events in Damascus, we have to effect a complete change in our plans here. Southern Syria no longer exists. We
Palestinians
Typographical symbol (@)
command is executed and takes effect from the next line onward, but @ is a rare example of a command that takes effect immediately. It is most commonly
At_sign
American television host and comedian (born 1950)
California state legislature in August 2026 as Senate Bill 1392, and would take effect in 2028 once signed by the governor. Hosting the 2014 Genesis Prize award
Jay_Leno
Country in Southeast Asia and Oceania
urbanisation and an expanding consuming class. Domestic demand helped soften the effect of the 2008 financial crisis, while exports, public consumption and private
Indonesia
Armed conflict in the Gaza Strip
six-month "lull" or pause in hostilities between Israel and Hamas went into effect. The agreement had no mutually agreed text or enforcement mechanism and
Gaza_War_(2008–2009)
Warm-blooded animals with wings and feathers
demonstrated many small theropod feathered dinosaurs, contributed to this ambiguity. The consensus view in contemporary palaeontology is that the flying theropods
Bird
American singer and actor (1935–1977)
Kentucky", again in a distinctive style and employing a jury-rigged echo effect that Sam Phillips dubbed "slapback". A single was pressed with "That's All
Elvis_Presley
American fantasy drama TV series (2011–2019)
characters; writers quoted attributed this success to the rich detail, moral ambiguity, sexual explicitness and epic scale of the series and novels. The previous
Game_of_Thrones
American television series (2016–2025)
Production began on that day and wrapped on December 20. To create the aged effect for the series, a film grain was added over the footage, which was captured
Stranger_Things
27 BC–476/1453 AD state and civilization
hierarchies. The civil war preceding Augustus caused upheaval, but did not effect an immediate redistribution of wealth and social power. From the perspective
Roman_Empire
Overlapping set of patent rights
of innovation literature suggests that patent thickets may have an ambiguous effect on patent transactions. On one hand, dispersion in the ownership of
Patent_thicket
American business executive (born 1969)
discourage the word bossy from general use owing to its perceived harmful effect on young girls. Several video spots with spokespersons including Beyoncé
Sheryl_Sandberg
Class of animals with milk-producing glands
bronchi, and expands the alveoli. Relaxing the diaphragm has the opposite effect, decreasing the volume of the lung cavity, causing air to be pushed out
Mammal
Economic system based on private ownership
industrialists replaced merchants as a dominant factor in the capitalist system and effected the decline of the traditional handicraft skills of artisans, guilds, and
Capitalism
Country in Western Europe
profound effect on the historical memory of the country and its citizens. However, many republican ideas of this era continue to have a lasting effect on Luxembourg;
Luxembourg
Space in which a market operates
Quin, S., Markets Matter: Reviewing the evidence & detecting the market effect, [Report], Institute of Place Management, Manchester Metropolitan University
Marketplace
Act of typing and sending a brief, digital message
own) the prices may be higher, but in July 2009, EU legislation went into effect limiting this price to €0.11. Mobile service providers in Finland offered
Text_messaging
Autonomous territory in the Middle East
Israeli troops. On 19 January 2025, a ceasefire between Israel and Hamas took effect. It lasted until 18 March, when Israel launched a surprise attack. On 5
Gaza_Strip
Structured system of communication
words onomatopoeically imitate a sound. Also] there's the 'bouba-kiki' effect, whereby people from varying cultures are more likely to associate the nonsense
Language
Constructed auxiliary language
⟨sh⟩, and ⟨u⟩, respectively. The main issue with this convention is its ambiguity: If used in a database, a program could not easily determine whether to
Esperanto
Two-dimensional vector image file format
pixel of the final image, using alpha blending. Filter effects A filter effect consists of a series of graphics operations that are applied to a given
SVG
Fundamentalist movement within Sunni Islam
reasoning), rather than a clear textual source from Qur'an and Hadith. In effect, this allowed the Wahhabi qadis to remain autonomous. Opponents of Wahhabi
Wahhabism
U.S. state
territory to the United States through the Adams–Onís Treaty, which took effect in 1821. President James Monroe was authorized on March 3, 1821, to take
Florida
Virtual online communities
the association with sleep disturbance was not established. One studied effect of social media is 'Facebook depression', which affects adolescents who
Social_media
Canid species native to Australia
Suvi; Werhahn, Geraldine (2019). "Old World Canis spp. with taxonomic ambiguity: Workshop conclusions and recommendations. CIBIO. Vairão, Portugal, 28th
Dingo
Alleged anomalous behavior of pendulums and gravimeters
the Allais effect remains controversial among the scientific community, as its testing has frequently met with inconsistent or ambiguous results over
Allais_effect
Physical or psychological proximity between people
Michael I.; Frost, Jeana H.; Ariely, Dan (2007). "Less is more: The lure of ambiguity, or why familiarity breeds contempt". Journal of Personality and Social
Propinquity
Fatal neurodegenerative disease of cattle
crisis led to the European Union (EU) banning exports of British beef with effect from March 1996; the ban lasted for 10 years before it was finally lifted
Bovine spongiform encephalopathy
Bovine_spongiform_encephalopathy
American financier, banker, and art collector (1837–1913)
stock and Moore and Schley was saved. The announcement had an immediate effect; by November 7, 1907, the panic was over. While conservatives hailed Morgan
J._P._Morgan
American musician (1932–2020)
drummer Connor to thump "real hard" on his bass drum to get a "bass fiddle effect". In 1954, Richard signed on to a Southern tour with Little Johnny Taylor
Little_Richard
Indigenous confederacy in North America
declaring that the members of the Six Nations were British citizens. In effect, as Canada was at the time a division of the British government, it was
Haudenosaunee
President of Egypt from 1970 to 1981
recognize Israel. The peace agreement between Egypt and Israel has remained in effect since the treaty was signed. The treaty was extremely unpopular in most
Anwar_Sadat
travel, tourism, insurance
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