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Loss of word-final sounds
In phonology, apocope (/əˈpɒkəpi/ ə-POCK-ə-pee) is the omission (elision) or loss of a sound or sounds at the end of a word. While it most commonly refers
Apocope
Direct descendants of Vulgar Latin
to eliminate final consonants in Vulgar Latin, either by dropping them (apocope) or adding a vowel after them (epenthesis). Many final consonants were
Romance_languages
West Franconian dialect of German
Rhine Franconian dialects, Palatine German has e-apocope (i.e. loss of earlier final -e), n-apocope (i.e. loss of earlier final n in the suffix -en) and
Palatine_German_dialects
Language family
sixth century CE. It is marked by the loss of Brittonic final syllables (apocope) and the eventual loss of compositional vowels in compound words (syncope)
Neo-Brittonic
Central Norwegian dialect
dialect is, among other things, perhaps mostly characterized by the use of apocope, palatalization and the use of voiced retroflex flaps (thick L). Historically
Trøndersk
Group of dialects of northern Sweden
an original heavy syllable, the final vowel is often reduced or lost (apocope). The former is common in southern Norrland dialects, as in the infinitive
Norrland_dialects
Process of language change that affects pronunciation or sound system structure
sometimes jokingly pronounced haplogy. Elision, aphaeresis, syncope, and apocope: All are losses of sounds. Elision is the loss of unstressed sounds, aphaeresis
Sound_change
Grammatical features of Old English
ending there at all. This was caused by a sound change called high vowel apocope, which occurred in the prehistory of Old English. Short -i and -u disappeared
Old_English_grammar
Celtic language family branch
*kom-mrog-) has been explained from a special development of *-og- to *-ag- pre-apocope antepenultimate syllables. Closely paralleling the common Celtic change
Brittonic_languages
Examples of apocope of -e in Spanish Latin Spanish Latin Spanish parietem pared mercēdem merced pānem pan mare mar fidēlem fiel mēnsem mes pācem paz
History of the Spanish language
History_of_the_Spanish_language
Branch of the Romance language group
to have the apocope of -o when the word ends with -n, -r and -l, such as in camín (path), rar (rare) and pel (hair). However, this apocope of -o but also
Occitano-Romance_languages
Portuguese-based creole spoken by a minority in Macau
Macanese patois (Macanese: Patuá), also called Maquista, is a Portuguese-based creole language with a substrate from Cantonese, Malay and Sinhala, which
Macanese_Patois
Region in northwestern Colombia; also the demonym for an inhabitant
Pereira, Manizales and Armenia. The name Paisa derives from the Spanish apocope of Paisano (fellow countryman), but they are also known as "Antioqueños"
Paisa_people
Loss of a sound within a word
adjacent to a consonant cluster or a final consonant. Apheresis (linguistics) Apocope Clipping (morphology) Clipping (phonetics) Deletion (phonology) Elision
Syncope_(phonology)
County in Central Norway
area, trøndersk, is characterized by dropping out most vowel endings; see apocope. Trøndelag is one of the most fertile regions of Norway, with large agricultural
Trøndelag
Merging of two syllables into one
Metaplasm Elision—Contraction (grammar) Apheresis (initial) Syncope (medial) Apocope (final) Crasis Synizesis (merge into one syllable without change in writing)
Synalepha
Finnic language
e(i)ks teil(lä) oo "do you (pl.) have?" "don't you (pl.) have (it)?" vowel apocope and common use of the clitic -s in interrogatives (compare eiks to standard
Finnish_language
Sound change converting an alveolar consonant to a rhotic consonant
Prothesis Paragoge Unpacking Vowel breaking Elision Apheresis Syncope Apocope Haplology Cluster reduction Transphonologization Compensatory lengthening
Rhotacism
Adjectives in the Spanish language
Spanish adjectives are similar to those in most other Indo-European languages. They are generally postpositive, and they agree in both gender and number
Spanish_adjectives
Phonological phenomenon in certain German dialects
depending on the language concerned. More generally called n-deletion or n-apocope, it appears to varying extents in all dialects of the Western group of
Eifel_rule
Continuous sequence of sounds in spoken language
Prothesis Paragoge Unpacking Vowel breaking Elision Apheresis Syncope Apocope Haplology Cluster reduction Transphonologization Compensatory lengthening
Connected_speech
Group of dialects of Danish
and finally to a sonorant. The final step of lenition is then complete apocope. This phenomenon can be seen in all its stages in the Jutlandic dialects
Jutlandic
Production of a sound while the velum is lowered
Prothesis Paragoge Unpacking Vowel breaking Elision Apheresis Syncope Apocope Haplology Cluster reduction Transphonologization Compensatory lengthening
Nasalization
Language of ancient Sumer and Babylon
*/e/ > ne */neː/. The suspected long /eː/ also seems to be resistant to apocope and assimilation which are undergone by the suspected short /e/. Some frequent
Sumerian_language
Endangered Uralic language of Finland
into a foot, leaving the third-last syllable as a foot of its own. The apocope of certain final vowels, in words of three syllables or more, reduced this
Inari_Sámi_language
Reduction of a word to one of its parts
mainly consists of the following types: Final clipping, which may include apocope Initial clipping, which may include apheresis, or procope Medial clipping
Clipping_(morphology)
Grammatical change of vowels in Indo-European languages
Prothesis Paragoge Unpacking Vowel breaking Elision Apheresis Syncope Apocope Haplology Cluster reduction Transphonologization Compensatory lengthening
Indo-European_ablaut
Type of backsword with curved blade, designed to cut and slash
via Kipchak Turkic selebe, with later metathesis (of l-b to b-l) and apocope changed to *seble, which would have changed its vocalisation in Hungarian
Sabre
Ancestor of the Finnic languages
*lešti). The change was fed by *ei > *i, which also caused assibilation. Apocope of final *-i when at least two syllables preceded. This occurred after
Proto-Finnic_language
Proto-Balto-Slavic sound law
that the appearance of the "secondary" acute is associated with the vowel apocope caused by the Leskien–Otrębski–Smoczyński's rule. The appearance of the
De_Saussure's_law
Language family of the Andes in South America
penultimate in most dialects of Quechua. In some varieties, factors such as the apocope of word-final vowels may cause exceptional final stress. Stress in Chachapoyas
Quechuan_languages
Omission of sounds in words or phrases
bird' where the initial a- has been lost in the singulative. Aphaeresis Apocope Clipping (morphology) Cluster reduction Contraction Crasis Disemvoweling
Elision
Loss of the vowel at the beginning of a word
apheresis, aphaeresis, or aphesis in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Apocope Elision Initial dropping List of phonetics topics Syncope Campbell, Lyle
Apheresis_(linguistics)
Type of synthetic language
theory and that of general linguistic attrition, especially word-final apocope and elision. "Agglutinative language". Glossary of Linguistic Terms. SIL
Agglutinative_language
Consonant sound change
Prothesis Paragoge Unpacking Vowel breaking Elision Apheresis Syncope Apocope Haplology Cluster reduction Transphonologization Compensatory lengthening
Lenition
Doric Greek artifact
varieties. Among the typical Northwest features of the curse tablet are the apocope in the proverbs κατ- and παρ-, the dative pronoun εμίν for εμοί, the temporal
Pella_curse_tablet
1947 book by Raymond Queneau
Past Present Reported Speech Passive Alexandrines Polyptotes Apheresis Apocope Syncope Speaking Personally Exclamations You Know Noble Cockney (Vulgaire)
Exercises_in_Style
Alemannic dialects spoken in Switzerland
[ˈχuχːiˌχæʃtli]. Most Swiss German dialects have gone through the Alemannic n-apocope, which has led to the loss of final -n in words such as Garte 'garden'
Swiss_German
Phonological process of sound change
"elision". Other types of elision include the processes of apheresis, syncope, apocope, synizesis, and synaloepha. Synaeresis comes from Greek συναίρεσις (synaíresis)
Synaeresis
Type of linguistic sound change
Prothesis Paragoge Unpacking Vowel breaking Elision Apheresis Syncope Apocope Haplology Cluster reduction Transphonologization Compensatory lengthening
Fusion_(phonetics)
Branch of the Romance languages
as was noted above. One major exception is the Ligurian language, where apocope only occurred after nasal consonants. Further reductions of final vowels
Gallo-Romance_languages
Mexican alternative metal band
the time, was not expected in Mexican music.[promotion?] "Cuca" is an apocope for cucaracha (cockroach), and blátidos means blattodea, which is the scientific
Cuca_(band)
Situational pronunciation of /r/ in non-rhotic varieties of English
Prothesis Paragoge Unpacking Vowel breaking Elision Apheresis Syncope Apocope Haplology Cluster reduction Transphonologization Compensatory lengthening
Linking_and_intrusive_R
Syllable-based writing system
result from the diachronic loss of the inherent vowel, e.g. by syncope and apocope in Hindi. When not separating syllables containing consonant clusters (CCV)
Abugida
Language family of Northeastern Europe
gradation vary by language (see the separate article for more details). Apocope (strongest in Livonian, Võro and Estonian) has, in some cases, left a phonemic
Finnic_languages
Variety of Spanish generally spoken in the Zulia state in the northwest of Venezuela
preserves verbal forms identical to the original medieval voseo, without apocope or syncope, which distinguishes it from Chilean and Rioplatense voseo,
Maracucho_Spanish
Capital district of Atlántico Department, Colombia
"currambero". Others refer to the expression "curramba" which reads the apocope of the city "Barranq" backwards as "q-rran-ba", then given the regulations
Barranquilla
Change in tone contour based on adjacent syllable tones
Prothesis Paragoge Unpacking Vowel breaking Elision Apheresis Syncope Apocope Haplology Cluster reduction Transphonologization Compensatory lengthening
Tone_sandhi
Type of secondary articulation in speech
Prothesis Paragoge Unpacking Vowel breaking Elision Apheresis Syncope Apocope Haplology Cluster reduction Transphonologization Compensatory lengthening
Velarization
Indo-Aryan language spoken primarily in western Odisha, India
and to an extent the Ganjami Odia dialect. Word Final Vowel Deletion: Apocope of word-final schwa (see Schwa deletion). Voiced retroflex consonant usage:
Sambalpuri_language
Two Latin-based writing systems of Papiamento
words have undergone a seemingly systematic elision of final letters, or apocope. In verbs, the final -r in infinitive form and -do of past participles
Papiamento_orthography
Chicham language of Peru
Aguaruna also experiences three types of vowel elision: apocope, syncope, and diphthong reduction. Apocope takes precedence; the nucleus of the final light syllable
Aguaruna_language
Phenomenon in linguistics
Prothesis Paragoge Unpacking Vowel breaking Elision Apheresis Syncope Apocope Haplology Cluster reduction Transphonologization Compensatory lengthening
Assimilation_(phonology)
American linguist and etymologist (born 1937)
adequate model of a phonetic change continuing for centuries, such as apocope and consonant shifts, is that of a change caused by some event and is over
Anatoly_Liberman
Vowel sound change
Prothesis Paragoge Unpacking Vowel breaking Elision Apheresis Syncope Apocope Haplology Cluster reduction Transphonologization Compensatory lengthening
Monophthongization
Character(s) following an ordinal number
of primer (an apocope of primero) before singular masculine nouns, which is not abbreviated as 1.º but as 1.er; of tercer (an apocope of tercero) before
Ordinal_indicator
Extinct language isolate of the Mississippi Valley
Those that affect words that combine into phrases are vocalic apocope, consonantic apocope, amalgamation, and stress losses. More specific information and
Tunica_language
Group of Celtic languages of Brittany, Great Britain, Ireland, and the Isle of Man
The lenition of voiceless stops Raising/i-affection Lowering/a-affection Apocope Syncope Morphological changes Creation of conjugated prepositions Loss
Insular_Celtic_languages
Syllabic separation of two adjacent vowels
Prothesis Paragoge Unpacking Vowel breaking Elision Apheresis Syncope Apocope Haplology Cluster reduction Transphonologization Compensatory lengthening
Vowel_hiatus
Sound change of vowels assimilating to each other, especially in Germanic languages
Prothesis Paragoge Unpacking Vowel breaking Elision Apheresis Syncope Apocope Haplology Cluster reduction Transphonologization Compensatory lengthening
Umlaut_(linguistics)
Gallo-Italic language spoken in Italy
syllables and as [ɐ] when in unstressed position and at end of the word. Apocope, i.e., dropping of all of the unstressed vowels at word end, except /a/
Piedmontese_language
Phonological process
Prothesis Paragoge Unpacking Vowel breaking Elision Apheresis Syncope Apocope Haplology Cluster reduction Transphonologization Compensatory lengthening
Final-obstruent_devoicing
Australian Aboriginal language
final, underlying short vowels undergo apocope (deletion), as in *jalulu > jalul 'fire'. Front-vowel apocope fails to occur in locatives, verbal negatives
Lardil_language
Sound changes
Prothesis Paragoge Unpacking Vowel breaking Elision Apheresis Syncope Apocope Haplology Cluster reduction Transphonologization Compensatory lengthening
Fronting_(sound_change)
Old form of chess
appears as chatrang, with the 'u' lost due to syncope and the 'a' lost to apocope, such as in the title of the text Mâdayân î chatrang ("Book of Chess")
Shatranj
Classical Age dialect of Middle Aramaic
The Hatran b-yld corresponds to the Syriac bēt yaldā "anniversary". The apocope of the final consonant of the substantive bt in the construct state is
Hatran_Aramaic
Ancestor of the Celtic languages
Peter (1994). "The Celtic adverbs for 'against' and 'with' and the early apocope of *-i". Ériu. 45: 151–89. Schrijver, Peter (1995). Studies in British
Proto-Celtic_language
/siˈlɔɾɐ/) Presence of syncope. (eg: /ˈʃikɐɾɐ/ becomes /ˈʃikɾɐ/) Presence of apocope. (eg: /hiˈdikulu/ becomes /hiˈdikŭ/) Presence of epenthesis. (eg: /kutuˈviɐ/
Recifense_Portuguese
Extinct and revived Austronesian language
this regard, it is similar to the Southern dialects of Māori, in which apocope is occasionally found. A vowel is also sometimes dropped after a vowel
Moriori_language
Phonological process involving the addition of one or more sounds to a word
Prothesis Paragoge Unpacking Vowel breaking Elision Apheresis Syncope Apocope Haplology Cluster reduction Transphonologization Compensatory lengthening
Epenthesis
Pre-6th century Goidelic Celtic language of Ireland and Britain
on the first syllable, as is typical of Celtic languages. This caused apocope of (final) syllables, syncope of stressless (internal) syllables, and the
Primitive_Irish
Slang term
spelling of the common Southern Italian familiar term of address, cumpà, the apocoped oxytone form of the word cumpari found in Southern Italian dialects and
Goombah
Use of pitch to distinguish lexical or grammatical meaning
Prothesis Paragoge Unpacking Vowel breaking Elision Apheresis Syncope Apocope Haplology Cluster reduction Transphonologization Compensatory lengthening
Tone_(linguistics)
Māori iwi in New Zealand
and pronunciations also occur in the North Island (e.g. Tolaga Bay). The apocope, the dropping of the final vowel of words, resulting from pronunciations
Ngāi_Tahu
Ancient Hellenic variety
present in Epirotic [aː] as a result of contraction between [aː] and [ɔː] Apocope of short vowels in prepositions in synthesis (παρκαττίθεμαι, Attic παρακατατίθεμαι)
Ancient_Macedonian_language
whereas many dialectal speakers drop it. This word-final vowel deletion (apocope) is a documented characteristic of dialects such as Sambalpuri: Standard
Standard_Odia
Vowel sound change in Celtic languages
claf "patient (n.)". See Middle Welsh for more examples. Cornwall portal Apocope Metaphony Benjamin W. Fortson, Indo-European Language and Culture: An Introduction
Affection_(linguistics)
Phonetic sound change
Prothesis Paragoge Unpacking Vowel breaking Elision Apheresis Syncope Apocope Haplology Cluster reduction Transphonologization Compensatory lengthening
Consonant voicing and devoicing
Consonant_voicing_and_devoicing
Systematic raising of the tongue in speech sounds
Prothesis Paragoge Unpacking Vowel breaking Elision Apheresis Syncope Apocope Haplology Cluster reduction Transphonologization Compensatory lengthening
Raising_(sound_change)
Personal names of modern Greeks
beginning of the name); for example: Παναγιώτα (Panagióta) → Γιώτα (Gióta) Apocope (loss of syllables at the end of the name); for example: Νικόλαος (Nikólaos)
Greek_name
Ancestor of Latin and other Italic languages
*t became *d. Bakkum posits that this development occurred prior to the apocope of final *i. Thus, the PIE secondary ending *-t became Proto-Italic *-d
Proto-Italic_language
Insertion of a sound at the beginning of a word
Prothesis Paragoge Unpacking Vowel breaking Elision Apheresis Syncope Apocope Haplology Cluster reduction Transphonologization Compensatory lengthening
Prothesis_(linguistics)
Group of German dialects
dialects, the same merger of the old diphthongs as Central Hessian and the apocope of -e and -en, it has no striking feature setting it apart. Franconian
Hessian_dialects
*rr *mꞵ > *mm elision of intervocalic *h between unstressed syllables Apocope, at least in certain inflected forms, likely began around the 14th century
History of the Finnish language
History_of_the_Finnish_language
2002 documentary film by Jeffrey Blitz
George Thampy. Stagg spelled seguidilla, disclaimant, kookaburra, viand, apocope, and brunneous, before misspelling clavecin (spelled incorrectly as "clavison")
Spellbound_(2002_film)
Subtractive morpheme
feminine formed by adding /ə/. The modern situation results from regular apocope which removed a consonant from the masculine and the final schwa of the
Disfix
Subgroup of the Austronesian language family
Buol originally has the epenthetic vowel -o, but now often reverted by apocope. Modern reflexes are inconsistent, the most common is -∅, and the least
Gorontalo–Mongondow_languages
Sound changes affecting each other
Prothesis Paragoge Unpacking Vowel breaking Elision Apheresis Syncope Apocope Haplology Cluster reduction Transphonologization Compensatory lengthening
Chain_shift
Oto-Pamean language family of south-central Mexico
the analysis. In verb inflection, infixation, consonant mutation, and apocope are prominent processes. The number of irregular verbs is large. A class
Otomi_language
Settlement in Greece
harbour, from which derived the ancient Λακκίον (Lakkíon) and, after the apocope, the nowadays Greek toponym, already anchored semantically at the same
Lakki,_Leros
Phonetic changes in the Old Irish language
absolute forms the apocope was blocked due to a succeeding enclitic element. Contrast: *bereti- > beirid "carries" (absolute form without apocope) *bereti > *beret
Phonological history of Old Irish
Phonological_history_of_Old_Irish
Elision through dissimilation
Prothesis Paragoge Unpacking Vowel breaking Elision Apheresis Syncope Apocope Haplology Cluster reduction Transphonologization Compensatory lengthening
Haplology
antinovel antistrophe antithesis antithetical couplet antonym aphorism apocope Apollonian and Dionysian apologue apology apothegm A terse, pithy saying
Glossary_of_literary_terms
Alteration in the pronunciation or the orthography of a word
removal of a sound: beginning of a word (apheresis) middle (syncope) end (apocope). Crasis (Ancient Greek contraction), coalescence of two vowels into a
Metaplasm
Sound change
Prothesis Paragoge Unpacking Vowel breaking Elision Apheresis Syncope Apocope Haplology Cluster reduction Transphonologization Compensatory lengthening
Synizesis
Phonological sound change
Prothesis Paragoge Unpacking Vowel breaking Elision Apheresis Syncope Apocope Haplology Cluster reduction Transphonologization Compensatory lengthening
Assibilation
Australian slang words
supermarkets Woollies, especially winter woollies, woollen garments Back to top Apocope Hypocorism List of English apocopations Shibboleth Luu, Chi. "Small Poppy
Diminutives in Australian English
Diminutives_in_Australian_English
Pronunciation of a latent word-final consonant immediately before a following vowel sound
Prothesis Paragoge Unpacking Vowel breaking Elision Apheresis Syncope Apocope Haplology Cluster reduction Transphonologization Compensatory lengthening
Liaison_(French)
Switching the order of sounds
Prothesis Paragoge Unpacking Vowel breaking Elision Apheresis Syncope Apocope Haplology Cluster reduction Transphonologization Compensatory lengthening
Metathesis_(linguistics)
Regional varieties of the Italian language
[reˈdʒiːna]). A popular trait in the everyday southern speech is the usage of the apocope of the final syllable of the words, (ma' for mamma "mom", professo' for
Regional_Italian
travel, tourism, insurance
APOCOPE
APOCOPE
APOCOPE
APOCOPE
APOCOPE
APOCOPE
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APOCOPE
travel, tourism, insurance