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Phonetic phenomenon in Uralic languages
⟨ ⟩, see IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters. Consonant gradation is a type of consonant mutation (mostly lenition but also assimilation) found
Consonant_gradation
Characteristic of the Finnish language
Uralic languages; see consonant gradation for a more general overview. Consonant gradation involves an alternation in consonants between a strong grade
Finnish_consonant_gradation
Sound change happening in linguistics
medial consonant mutation involving voicing, rendaku, in many compounds. Uralic languages like Finnish show consonant gradation, a type of consonant mutation
Consonant_mutation
Finnic language
spelling pronunciation [ts] (which is treated as a consonant cluster and hence not subject to consonant gradation). [ɣ] became: [ʋ] if it appeared originally
Finnish_language
Phonological assimilation
word-initial consonant. Generally, all obstruents in a word are either voiced or voiceless. Vowel harmony Dissimilation Fusion (phonetics) Consonant gradation Vowel-Consonant
Consonant_harmony
Most widely spoken of all Sámi languages
complex is the system of consonant gradation. Consonant gradation is a pattern of alternations between pairs of consonants that appears in the inflection
Northern_Sámi
System of sounds of the Finnish language
the consonant cluster /ŋk/ (written nk), or as geminate /ŋŋ/ (written ng), the latter being the counterpart of the former under consonant gradation (type
Finnish_phonology
Ancestor of the Finnic languages
*aw > *au etc. Consequently, these consonants can no longer close a syllable (relevant for consonant gradation). Any diphthongs ending in *u become
Proto-Finnic_language
Consonant sound change
is the same stem under consonant gradation. Fortition is the opposite of lenition: a consonant mutation in which a consonant changes from one considered
Lenition
Reconstructed ancestor of the Sámi languages
known as consonant gradation. Gradation applied to all intervocalic single consonants as well as all consonant clusters. This is unlike gradation in the
Proto-Sámi_language
Endangered Uralic language of Scandinavia
Unlike its southern neighbor Southern Sámi, Ume Sámi has consonant gradation. However, gradation is more limited than it is in the more northern Sami languages
Ume_Sámi
Ancestor of the Germanic languages
Finnic languages, also known as consonant gradation since the 19th century.) The Proto-Germanic consonant gradation is not directly attested in any of
Proto-Germanic_language
Topics referred to by the same term
texture to another Consonant gradation, mutation in which consonant sounds alternate between various "grades" Apophony or vowel gradation, sound change within
Gradation
German dialect
only partially in the HG consonant shift and later further underwent a general gradation process for almost all consonants. In general /h/ from /k/ develops
Central_Hessian
Grammar of the Estonian language
from the vocabulary (gradation may also apply). Singular genitive always ends in vowel. When formed from a stem that ends in consonant, it can take the following
Estonian_grammar
Endangered Uralic language of Finland
half-long. Consonant gradation is a pattern of alternations between pairs of consonants that appears in the inflection of words. Consonant gradation in Inari
Inari_Sámi_language
Sound change within a word that indicates grammatical information
suprafixes, superfixes, or simulfixes. Consonant alternation is commonly known as consonant mutation or consonant gradation. Bemba indicates causative verbs
Apophony
Language family of Northern Eurasia
relationship between consonant gradation and medial lenition of stops (the pattern also continuing within the three families where gradation is found) is noted
Uralic_languages
Production of a sound while the velum is lowered
versions of other consonant sounds also exist but are much rarer than either nasal occlusives or nasal vowels. The Middle Chinese consonant 日 ([ȵʑ]; [ʐ] in
Nasalization
Articulation of a consonant for a longer period of time
words. Finnish consonant length is also affected by consonant gradation. Another important phenomenon is sandhi, which produces long consonants at word boundaries
Gemination
Proto-Germanic sound law
or derivational suffixes, and is therefore called "suffixal gradation". Consonant gradation has been viewed as inheritance from Proto-Uralic, as it occurs
Verner's_law
Grammatical change of vowels in Indo-European languages
(quantitative gradation: photograph / photography shows reduction of the first vowel to a schwa), others in vowel coloring (qualitative gradation: man / men)
Indo-European_ablaut
Grammatical rules of the Finnish language
Finnish has vowel harmony, and like other Finnic languages, it has consonant gradation. The pronouns are inflected in the Finnish language much in the same
Finnish_grammar
Language family of Northeastern Europe
processes is the characteristic consonant gradation. Two kinds of gradation occur: radical gradation and suffix gradation. They both affect the plosives
Finnic_languages
Type of secondary articulation in speech
secondary articulation of consonants by which the back of the tongue is raised toward the velum during the articulation of the consonant. In the International
Velarization
Sound change converting an alveolar consonant to a rhotic consonant
sound change that converts one consonant (usually a voiced alveolar consonant: /z/, /d/, /l/, or /n/) to a rhotic consonant in a certain environment. The
Rhotacism
Spelling conventions of the Finnish language
However, if the /k/ is weakened (because of a phenomenon called consonant gradation that occurs when the word is inflected), the result is a long, or
Finnish_orthography
Phonetic sound change
phonology, voicing (or sonorization) is a sound change where a voiceless consonant becomes voiced due to the influence of its phonological environment; shift
Consonant voicing and devoicing
Consonant_voicing_and_devoicing
Type of sound change at morpheme or syllable boundaries
silent final consonants of words before words beginning with vowels) and Italian raddoppiamento fonosintattico (lengthening of initial consonants of words
Sandhi
Phenomenon in linguistics
phonology, assimilation is a sound change in which some phonemes (typically consonants or vowels) change to become more similar to other nearby sounds. This
Assimilation_(phonology)
Endangered Uralic language of Scandinavia
Q1, Q2 and Q3 for short. The consonants of a word alternate in a process known as consonant gradation, where consonants appear in different quantities
Lule_Sámi
Finnic language
Votic consonants may occur as geminates. Also, Votic also has a system of consonant gradation, which is discussed in further detail in the consonant gradation
Votic_language
Process of word formation by combining morphemes of singular meaning
Uralic and Turkic languages: consonant gradation, meaning that there is alternation between certain pairs of consonant clusters such that one member
Agglutination
Loss of word-final sounds
the loss of a final vowel, it can also describe the deletion of final consonants or even entire syllables. For instance, in much spoken English, the t
Apocope
Pronunciation of a latent word-final consonant immediately before a following vowel sound
liaison (French pronunciation: [ljɛzɔ̃] ) is the pronunciation of a linking consonant between two words in an appropriate phonetic and syntactic context. For
Liaison_(French)
Sound change that either results in a palatal or palatalized consonant or a front vowel
articulation of a consonant or, in certain cases, a front vowel. Palatalization involves change in the place or manner of articulation of consonants, or the fronting
Palatalization_(sound_change)
Subregion of northern Europe
prolonged contact. Sámi is divided into several languages or dialects. Consonant gradation is a feature in both Finnish and northern Sámi dialects, but it is
Scandinavia
Language spoken on the Kola Peninsula of northwestern Russia
conjugation paradigms. The first is consonant gradation, which is a phenomenon of alternations based on consonant length. This can be illustrated through
Kildin_Sámi
Insertion of a sound at the beginning of a word
changing the word's meaning or the rest of its structure. A vowel or consonant added by prothesis is called prothetic or less commonly prosthetic. Prothesis
Prothesis_(linguistics)
Syllabic separation of two adjacent vowels
of two separate vowel sounds in adjacent syllables with no intervening consonant. When two vowel sounds instead occur together as part of a single syllable
Vowel_hiatus
Omission of sounds in words or phrases
or deletion is the omission of one or more sounds (such as a vowel, a consonant, or a whole syllable) in a word or phrase. However, these terms are also
Elision
Ancestor of the Uralic languages
on the first syllable, although this is not universally accepted. Consonant gradation may have occurred already in Proto-Uralic: if it did, it was probably
Proto-Uralic_language
Grammar of the Ingrian language
is an agglutinative language and exhibits both vowel harmony and consonant gradation. In the late 1930s, a written standard of the Ingrian language (referred
Ingrian_grammar
Situational pronunciation of /r/ in non-rhotic varieties of English
Linking R and intrusive R are sandhi phenomena wherein a rhotic consonant is pronounced between two consecutive vowels with the purpose of avoiding a
Linking_and_intrusive_R
Finnic language south of Lake Onega, Russia
several features found in its relatives, such as consonant gradation and the length contrast in consonants. Original vowel length has mostly been lost as
Veps_language
Endangered Uralic language of Scandinavia
Southern Sámi is the only Sami language that does not have consonant gradation. Hence, consonants in the middle of words never alternate in Southern Sámi
Southern_Sámi
Loss of a sound within a word
vowel of a word was deleted unless it was adjacent to a consonant cluster or a final consonant. Apheresis (linguistics) Apocope Clipping (morphology) Clipping
Syncope_(phonology)
Phonological process
final position (at the end of a word) become voiceless before voiceless consonants and in pausa. The process can be written as *C[+ obstruent, +voice] →
Final-obstruent_devoicing
Sound change in vowels
umlaut is also used in a different sense to refer to a type of vowel gradation, as well as the diacritic that often marks such changes. Metaphony is
Vowel_harmony
Process of language change that affects pronunciation or sound system structure
of a sequence of changes: *[t] first changed to [θ] (like the initial consonant of English thin), which has since yielded [f] and can be represented more
Sound_change
Pronouncing "l" sounds as vowels
Modern English, in certain -al- and -ol- sequences before coronal or velar consonants, or at the end of a word or morpheme. In these sequences, /al/ became
L-vocalization
Secondary articulatory feature of sounds in some languages
Labialization is a secondary articulatory feature of sounds in some languages. Consonants pronounced this way are said to be labialized and are usually transcribed
Labialization
Change in tone contour based on adjacent syllable tones
different tone, and which tone it turns into sometimes depending on the final consonant of the syllable that bears it. Take for example Taiwanese varieties of
Tone_sandhi
Controversial Germanic sound law
(consonants)". Pages 141–173 in van Coetsem, Frans (ed.): Toward a Grammar of Proto-Germanic. De Gruyter. Kroonen, Guus (2012). "Consonant gradation in
Kluge's_law
Concept in historical linguistics
elided, the changed root indicates the presence of the case, see consonant gradation. Rephonologisation was a term used by Roman Jakobson (1931 [1972])
Transphonologization
Aspect of verbs in the Finnish language
(that has been) given. The passive past participle is subject to consonant gradation: tt → t; and for verbs of type III: lt → ll nt → nn rt → rr st →
Finnish_conjugation
Process by which monophthongs become diphthongs and triphthongs
the triggering vowel or consonant. For example, the second segment may be /u/ (a back vowel) if the following vowel or consonant is back (such as velar
Vowel_breaking
Concept in linguistics
the consonants /t/ and /d/ into a quick flap consonant ([ɾ]) in words such as "butter" ([ˈbʌɾɹ]) and "notable" ([ˈnoʊɾəbl]). The stop consonants /t/ and
Phonological_rule
Language where one kind of inflection indicates multiple changes of aspect
gained more fusionality than Finnish and Estonian since they involve consonant gradation but also vowel apophony. Inflections in fusional languages tend to
Fusional_language
Sound change towards glottal articulation
an oral consonant loses its original place of articulation and moves it to the glottis ([h], [ɦ], or [ʔ]). The pronunciation of a consonant as [h] is
Debuccalization
Phonological process involving the addition of one or more sounds to a word
phonotactics of a given language may discourage vowels in hiatus or consonant clusters, and a consonant or vowel may be added to help pronunciation. Epenthesis may
Epenthesis
Type of linguistic sound change
distinctive features merge into a single segment. This can occur both on consonants and in vowels. A word like educate is one that may exhibit fusion: /ˈɛdjʊkeɪt/
Fusion_(phonetics)
Consonant preceded by strong burst of air
denasalization of earlier clusters (e.g. *nt > [d̥ː]) or in connection to consonant gradation. In Scottish Gaelic, preaspiration is phonemic in medial and final
Preaspiration
Consonantal change
articulatory phonetics, fortition, also known as strengthening, is a consonantal change that increases the degree or duration of stricture. It is the
Fortition
Switching the order of sounds
as adjacent metathesis or local metathesis: anemone > **anenome (onset consonants of adjacent syllables) cavalry > **calvary (codas of adjacent syllables)
Metathesis_(linguistics)
Sound change of vowels assimilating to each other, especially in Germanic languages
and alternation Metathesis Quantitative metathesis Lenition Consonant gradation Consonant voicing and devoicing Assibilation Spirantization L-vocalization
Umlaut_(linguistics)
Grammatical case
stem may change, however, with consonant gradation and other reasons. For example, in certain words ending in consonants, -e- is added, e.g. mies – miehen
Genitive_case
Punctuation or diacritical mark (')
and d, and for the two-digit year notation. In Finnish, one of the consonant gradation patterns is the change of a k into a hiatus, e.g. keko → keon ('a
Apostrophe
Categorizations of simultaneous or successive sounds
dissonance is what is not consonant. However, a finer consideration shows that the distinction forms a gradation, from the most consonant to the most dissonant
Consonance_and_dissonance
Study of the interaction between morphology and phonology
nonetheless displays tone sandhi, a morphophonemic alternation. Consonant gradation, found in some Uralic languages such as Finnish, Estonian, Northern
Morphophonology
Continuous sequence of sounds in spoken language
and alternation Metathesis Quantitative metathesis Lenition Consonant gradation Consonant voicing and devoicing Assibilation Spirantization L-vocalization
Connected_speech
Use of pitch to distinguish lexical or grammatical meaning
languages—additionally use tones to distinguish one word from another, just as consonant and vowel sounds do in all languages. The distinctive tonal patterns of
Tone_(linguistics)
Declination patterns for nouns in the Finnish language
vesi = '(the) water' Characteristic ending: -n possibly modified by consonant gradation: mäki → mäen, talo → talon. For the nouns and adjectives that have
Finnish_noun_cases
Extinct Finnic language of Europe
Finnic language with the diphthong *ai instead of Finnic ei, lack of consonant gradation and the vowel /ɤ/. However, toponymic and historical data also suggest
Bjarmian_languages
Consonants like /k, w, x, g/ articulated with the back of the tongue
⟨ ⟩, see IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters. Dorsal consonants are consonants articulated with the back of the tongue (the dorsum). They include
Dorsal_consonant
Phonological sound change
In linguistics, assibilation is a sound change resulting in a sibilant consonant. It is a form of spirantization and is commonly the final phase of palatalization
Assibilation
Uralic language
system of consonant gradation. In its origins, consonants occurring in the middle of words would change depending on the number and type of consonants occurring
Skolt_Sámi
Vowel sound change
and alternation Metathesis Quantitative metathesis Lenition Consonant gradation Consonant voicing and devoicing Assibilation Spirantization L-vocalization
Monophthongization
Finnic language of southern Karelia, Russia
pä, so) and Veps-like traits (such as an almost complete loss of consonant gradation). Like Veps, Ludic has also partially lost vowel harmony. Ludic comprises
Ludic_language
Inuit language spoken in Greenland
inflection, but only the intransitive inflection is given here. Consonant gradation[citation needed] like in Finnish appears to occur in the verb conjugation
Greenlandic_language
/ŋː/ in contrast to ⟨nk⟩ /ŋk/, which is its "strong" form under consonant gradation, a type of lenition. Weakening /k/ produces an archiphonemic "velar
List_of_Latin-script_digraphs
Way of classifying the world's languages
phonological changes in the root (i.e. morphophonology), such as consonant gradation and vowel gradation, or by suprasegmental features such as stress or tone,
Morphological_typology
Group of dialects of Finnish
to non-singleton consonants (pelttoo, cf. standard peltoa), to consonants that don't ordinarily participate in the consonant gradation process, and after
Savo_dialects
Finnic language in western Latvia
Estonian, has lost vowel harmony, but unlike Estonian, it has also lost consonant gradation. Livonian has 8 vowels in the table below[clarification needed].
Livonian_language
Grammatical aspect that indicates repeated action over multiple occasions or places
frequentative morphemes, underlined above; these are affected by consonant gradation as indicated. Their meanings are slightly different; see the list
Frequentative
Sound changes affecting each other
b → p → f dʱ → d → t → θ ɡʱ → ɡ → k → h, x Another is the High German consonant shift which separated Old High German from other West Germanic dialects
Chain_shift
Elision through dissimilation
For if there are no other consonants between the two identical ones (affected by haplology), the vowel after the first consonant is thrown out (ἀμ(φι)φορεύς
Haplology
Vowel shift
phonology and phonetics, raising is a sound change in which a vowel or consonant becomes higher or raised, meaning that the tongue becomes more elevated
Raising_(sound_change)
Method of reconstructing an earlier state in a language's history
that characterize subgroups. An example is consonant gradation in Finnish, Estonian, and Sami. A pre-gradation phonology can be derived for each of the
Internal_reconstruction
Grammatical mood
imperative uses the suffixes -ka- and -kä-, both cases subjected to consonant gradation; for instance, kävellös (thou shalt walk) is the active voice second
Optative_mood
Finnic language of Karelia, in Russia and Finland
multigraphs ⟨ng⟩, ⟨nk⟩ or ⟨nkk⟩. Karelian Proper does not geminate /ŋ/ in consonant gradation unlike Finnish: kengät 'shoes' pronounces as [ˈkeŋɡæt] instead of
Karelian_language
Endangered Samoyedic language
position. One of the main features of Nganasan is consonant gradation, which concerns the consonant phonemes /h, t, k, s/ alternating with /b, d, g, ɟ/
Nganasan_language
Simplification of consonant clusters in certain environments
and historical linguistics, cluster reduction is the simplification of consonant clusters in certain environments or over time. Cluster reduction can happen
Cluster_reduction
Systematic change in the pronunciation of the vowel sounds of a language
and alternation Metathesis Quantitative metathesis Lenition Consonant gradation Consonant voicing and devoicing Assibilation Spirantization L-vocalization
Vowel_shift
Form of the Finnish language spoken in North America
generations. There are also grammatical differences from Finnish, such as consonant gradation. In American Finnish the letter k remains unchanged, unlike in Finnish:
American_Finnish
Fictional language in the fantasy works of J. R. R. Tolkien
Latin than on Finnish. Thus, Quenya lacks the vowel harmony and consonant gradation present in Finnish, and accent is not always on the first syllable
Quenya
Lengthening of vowel sounds in place of a deleted consonant
loss of a following consonant, usually in the syllable coda, or of a vowel in an adjacent syllable. Lengthening triggered by consonant loss may be considered
Compensatory_lengthening
Alternate phonetic realization of a morpheme
the nature of the preceding sound. If the preceding sound is a sibilant consonant (one of /s/, /z/, /ʃ/, /ʒ/), or an affricate (one of /tʃ/, /dʒ/), the
Alternation_(linguistics)
Duration of a vowel sound
follows from consonant gradation: haka → haan. In some cases, it is caused by a following chroneme, which is etymologically a consonant: jää "ice" ← Proto-Uralic
Vowel_length
Concept in phonetics
sound, /θ/, is dental. the production of a co-articulated consonant, that is, a consonant with two simultaneous places of articulation. An example of
Coarticulation
CONSONANT GRADATION
CONSONANT GRADATION
Boy/Male
Indian
Constant
Girl/Female
Tamil
Constant
Boy/Male
Tamil
Nityagopal | நிதà¯à®¯à®•à¯‹à®ªà®¾à®²Â
Constant
Nityagopal | நிதà¯à®¯à®•à¯‹à®ªà®¾à®²Â
Girl/Female
Latin
Constant.
Girl/Female
Spanish Italian
Constant.
Boy/Male
Tamil
Constant
Surname or Lastname
French and English
French and English : from a medieval personal name (Latin Constans, genitive Constantis, meaning ‘steadfast’, ‘faithful’, present participle of the verb constare ‘stand fast’, ‘be consistent’). This was borne by an 8th-century Irish martyr. This surname has also absorbed some cases of surnames based on Constantius, a derivative of Constans, borne by a 2nd-century martyr, bishop of Perugia. Compare Constantine.English : perhaps also a nickname from Old French constant ‘steadfast’, ‘faithful’.
Boy/Male
Latin Greek
Constant.
Boy/Male
Welsh
Constant.
Girl/Female
Indian
Constant
Boy/Male
Russian
Constant.
Boy/Male
Latin
Constant.
Girl/Female
Irish
Constant.
Boy/Male
Latin Spanish English
Constant.
Girl/Female
Irish
Constant.
Boy/Male
Latin
Constant.
Girl/Female
Italian
Constant.
Boy/Male
Latin English
Constant.
Girl/Female
Latin
Constant.
Boy/Male
English Latin
Steady; stable.
CONSONANT GRADATION
CONSONANT GRADATION
Boy/Male
Sikh
One accepting gods being as true
Boy/Male
Arabic, Muslim
Archangel of Allah; Variant of Jibril or Gabriel
Boy/Male
Tamil
Pleasant
Boy/Male
Australian, Greek
A Healing
Girl/Female
Hindu
Wife of bharat in ramayana (Bharat's wife & King Janak's daughter)
Boy/Male
Tamil
Who is always victorious, Winner from directions, Perfectly victorious
Girl/Female
Indian
Eternal Respect
Boy/Male
Muslim
Curtailing, Shortening, Curtailed
Boy/Male
American, British, English
Attendant
Girl/Female
Indian, Tamil
Fragment
CONSONANT GRADATION
CONSONANT GRADATION
CONSONANT GRADATION
CONSONANT GRADATION
CONSONANT GRADATION
superl.
Sonant; vocal; -- applied to any one of the sonant or vocal consonants, as distinguished from a nonsonant (or sharp) consonant.
n.
An articulate sound which in utterance is usually combined and sounded with an open sound called a vowel; a member of the spoken alphabet other than a vowel; also, a letter or character representing such a sound.
a.
Discordant; contrary; -- opposed to consonant.
n.
A nonsonant or nonvocal consonant.
a.
Of the nature of a consonant; pertaining to consonants.
a.
Not consonant or agreeing; inconsistent; discordant.
a.
harmonizing together; accordant; as, consonant tones, consonant chords.
a.
Not sonant.
a.
Consonant to justice; just; as, a rightful cause.
n.
Alt. of Consonancy
a.
Having agreement; congruous; consistent; according; -- usually followed by with or to.
n.
A nonvocal consonant.
a.
Agreeing; correspondent; harmonious; consonant.
a.
Having like sounds.
a.
Of or pertaining to consonants; made up of, or containing many, consonants.
v. t.
To change into, or use as, a consonant.
a.
Vocally or musically concordant; agreeably consonant; symphonious.
a.
Concordant; musical; consonant; as, harmonic sounds.
adv.
In a consonant, consistent, or congruous manner; agreeably.
n.
An agreeable combination of tones simultaneously heard; a consonant chord; consonance; harmony.