Search references for ARANDIC LANGUAGES. Phrases containing ARANDIC LANGUAGES
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Australian Aboriginal language family
Arandic is a family of Australian Aboriginal languages consisting of several languages or dialect clusters, including the Arrernte (Upper Arrernte) group
Arandic_languages
Aboriginal Australian language family
Kalkatungic languages Mayabic languages Pama-Maric (weak support) Paman languages Kalaw Lagaw Ya Maric languages (?) Dyirbalic languages Central Arandic–Thura-Yura
Pama–Nyungan_languages
Dialect cluster of Central Australia
Glottolog defines the Arandic group of languages/dialects as comprising five Aranda (Arrernte) dialects, plus two distinct languages, Kaytetye (Koch, 2004)
Arrernte_language
Aboriginal sign language of central Australia
"34 Arandic Alternate Sign Language(s)", in Jepsen, Julie Bakken; De Clerck, Goedele; Lutalo-Kiingi, Sam; McGregor, William B. (eds.), Sign Languages of
Arrernte_sign_language
Indigenous languages of Australia
Aboriginal languages are those languages spoken by Australian Aboriginal people. There are more than 250 distinct languages. Australian languages have historically
Australian Aboriginal languages
Australian_Aboriginal_languages
Extinct Australian Aboriginal language
Southern Aranda and Alenjerntarrpe, is an extinct Arandic language (but not of the Arrernte language group). Lower Arrernte was spoken in the Finke River
Lower_Arrernte_language
Adnyamathanha language in South Australia. Other (extant) language clusters include the Kalkatungic languages, Ngarna languages Arandic languages, Ngumpin–Yapa
Deserts_of_Australia
Early Romani Proto-Nuristani Proto-Australian Proto-Pama–Nyungan Proto-Arandic Proto-Thura-Yura Proto-Trans–New Guinea (list) Proto-Austronesian Proto-Malayo-Polynesian
List_of_proto-languages
Australian musicologist and linguist
ethnobiology. One of her primary fields of interest is the relationship between language and music and ways to support of continuation and revival of traditional
Myfany_Turpin
Australian Aboriginal language
around Barrow Creek and Tennant Creek. It belongs to the Arandic subgroup of the Pama-Nyungan languages and is related to Alyawarra, which is one of the Upper
Kaytetye_language
Australian Aboriginal language
"E17/E18/E19 has a separate entry for Ayerrerenge [axe]. But Ayerrerenge is an Arandic variety subsumed under the entry Andegerebinha [adg]". Breen notes that
Andegerebinha_dialect
Eastern Arrernte linguist, educator, elder, Traditional Owner, author and ecologist
Springs online. "Author: Dobson, Valerie". Living Archive of Aboriginal Languages. Retrieved 13 July 2015.[dead link] "CSIRO congratulates members of Merne
Veronica_Perrule_Dobson
Threatened Australian Aboriginal language
known as Southern Arrernte or Southern Aranda, is an Arandic language (but not of the Arrernte language group) from the country south of Alice Springs, along
Pertame_language
Family of Australian Aboriginal languages
includes the languages of the Yolŋu clans, who are Aboriginal peoples of northeast Arnhem Land in northern Australia. The family of languages includes the
Yolŋu_languages
Australian Aboriginal sign language
Eternity: The "Horns" Handshape in Australian Indigenous Sign Languages". Sign Language Studies. 22 (1): 5–41. doi:10.1353/sls.2021.0013. ISSN 1533-6263
Akitiri_Sign_Language
The language families of Africa Map of the Austronesian languages Map of major Dravidian languages Distribution of the Indo-European language family
List_of_language_families
Aboriginal Australian people in the Northern Territory
Highway. The Kaytetye language belongs to the Arandic subgroup of the Pama-Nyungan languages. It is considered to be a threatened language. A sophisticated
Kaytetye_people
Small passerine bird native to Australia
it was known as menekedang by the local indigenous people. In the Arandic languages spoken in Central Australia, the red-capped robin is known as ak-arl-atwe-rre-ye
Red-capped_robin
Extinct Aboriginal language of Victoria, Australia
Butterfly: Balam-balam Fly: Garragarrak Dixon, R. M. W. (2002). Australian Languages: Their Nature and Development. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Bunurong_language
Australian Aboriginal language group
The Yura or Thura-Yura languages are a group of Australian Aboriginal languages surrounding Spencer Gulf and Gulf St Vincent in South Australia, that comprise
Thura-Yura_languages
Extinct Australian Aboriginal language
Australian Languages: their nature and development. Cambridge University Press. Wafer, Jim; Lissarrague, Amanda (2008). A Handbook of Aboriginal Languages of
Bigambul_language
Topics referred to by the same term
Summer Olympics (IOC code) Aer language, an Indo-Aryan language of Pakistan Eastern Arrernte language (ISO-639: aer), an Arandic dialect cluster of Australia
AER
Australian Aboriginal language family
another Thaypan / Rarmul Pama language. Pama–Maran languages Hale, Kenneth L. (1964). "Classification of Northern Paman Languages, Cape York Peninsula, Australia;
Paman_languages
Constructed Tasmanian language
the languages, Fanny Cochrane Smith, died in 1905. In 1972, Robert M. W. Dixon and Terry Crowley investigated reconstructing the Tasmanian languages from
Palawa_kani
Group of Australian Aboriginal languages
The Karnic languages are a group of languages of the Pama–Nyungan family. According to Dixon (2002), these are three separate families, but Bowern (2001)
Karnic_languages
Extinct Australian Aboriginal language
Retrieved 14 January 2020. D1 Wemba-Wemba at the Australian Indigenous Languages Database, Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander
Wemba_Wemba_dialect
Australian Aboriginal languages
The Macro-Gunwinyguan languages, also called Arnhem or Gunwinyguan, are a family of Australian Aboriginal languages spoken across eastern Arnhem Land
Macro-Gunwinyguan_languages
Australian Aboriginal language of the Yolngu group spoken in the Northern Territory
is one of the Yolŋu languages spoken by Aboriginal Australians in the Northern Territory, Australia. Although all Yolŋu languages are mutually intelligible
Dhuwal_language
Language family of northern Australia
The Tangkic languages form a small language family of Australian Aboriginal languages spoken in northern Australia. The Tangkic languages are Lardil (Leerdil)
Tangkic_languages
Group of Australian Aboriginal languages
The Wik languages are a subdivision of the Paman languages consisting of sixteen languages, all spoken on the Cape York Peninsula of Queensland, Australia
Wik_languages
Extinct Australian Aboriginal language
of Australian languages formerly spoken throughout much of Queensland by many of the Murri peoples. The well attested Maric languages are clearly related;
Maric_languages
Southwestern Australian Aboriginal language
Noongar (or Nyungar) language before European settlement: it was a subgroup (or possibly a dialect continuum) of closely related languages, whose speakers
Noongar_language
Australian Aboriginal language
has an avoidance language. Avoidance languages, sometimes known as 'mother-in-law languages', are special registers within a language that are spoken between
Djaru_language
Australian Aboriginal language
Indigenous Languages Database, Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies L41 Iningay at the Australian Indigenous Languages Database
Bidjara_language
Australian Aboriginal language
Explorer". Retrieved 12 January 2023. N57 Jawoyn at the Australian Indigenous Languages Database, Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander
Jawoyn_language
Australian Aboriginal language
Aboriginal languages have five or six. This is because Dyirbal lacks the dental/alveolar/retroflex split typically found in these languages. Like the majority
Dyirbal_language
Aboriginal Australian people of Central Australia
Alyawarr land, partly on land of the Anmatyerr. As a specialist in Arandic culture and language T. G. H Strehlow also worked with Anmatyerr people throughout
Anmatyerr
Australian Aboriginal language
Indigenous Languages Database, Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies Dixon, R. M. W. (2002). Australian Languages: Their Nature
Kayardild_language
Australian Aboriginal language
practice of naming based on some distinctive word is found in many other languages. The name has many spelling variants, including Gogo-Yimidjir, Gugu-Yimidhirr
Guugu_Yimithirr_language
Language branch spoken in Australia
Minyangbal, and Bandjalang as separate Bandjalangic languages. All Yugambeh–Bundjalung languages are nearly extinct. As of 2016[update], Bandjalang proper
Yugambeh–Bundjalung_languages
Extinct Australian Aboriginal language
Ndra'ngith language and Ndwa'ngith language, and places it in the Northern Paman languages. Y202 Ndrangith at the Australian Indigenous Languages Database
Ndrangith_language
Extinct indigenous language of Australia
2002; Gaagudju has traditionally been classified with the Gunwinyguan languages. However, in 1997 Nicholas Evans proposed an Arnhem Land family that includes
Gaagudju_language
Australian Aboriginal language
Bininj Kunwok is typical of the languages of central Arnhem Land (and contrasts with most other Australian languages) in having a phonemic glottal stop
Bininj_Kunwok
Australian Aboriginal language of north-central Arnhem land
Indigenous Languages Database, Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies N74 Ndjebanna at the Australian Indigenous Languages Database
Ndjébbana_language
Nearly extinct dialect cluster of Western Australia
Warriyangga is one of 20 languages prioritised as part of the Priority Languages Support Project, being undertaken by First Languages Australia and funded
Mantharta_language
Australian Aboriginal language
the language as they lived amongst people speaking English and other Aboriginal languages, although it continued to be used as a written language. The
Diyari_language
Proposed language family of Australia
Macro-Pama-Nyungan language family is made up of the Gunwinyguan languages from Arnhem Land in Northern Australia, the Tangkic languages from Mornington
Macro-Pama–Nyungan_languages
Australian Aboriginal language
Retrieved 29 October 2017. N78 Mangarrayi at the Australian Indigenous Languages Database, Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander
Mangarrayi_language
Pama–Nyungan language branch of Australia
W. 2002. Australian Languages: Their Nature and Development. Cambridge University Press Bowern, Claire. 2011. "How Many Languages Were Spoken in Australia
Kulinic_languages
Australian Aboriginal language
Indigenous Languages Database, Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies Austin, Peter (30 June 1988). "Aboriginal languages of the
Bayungu_language
Family of Australian Aboriginal languages
a small family of Australian Aboriginal languages of Queensland. Bowern (2011) lists five Durubalic languages: Durubalic Turrubal (Turubul) Yagara (Jagara)
Durubalic_languages
Extinct Australian Aboriginal language
allophones as [e], [ɛ, ɔ], and [o]. Dyangadi languages D24 Southern Anaiwan at the Australian Indigenous Languages Database, Australian Institute of Aboriginal
Anewan_language
Extinct Australian Aboriginal language
Categories in Australian Languages. Australian Institute of Aboriginal Studies: Canberra Dixon, RMW. (2004). Australian Languages, Their Nature and Development
Yugambal_language
Pama–Nyungan language of northern Australia
Australia. Yanyuwa, like many other Australian Aboriginal languages, is a highly agglutinative language with ergative-absolutive alignment, whose grammar is
Yanyuwa_language
Proposed group of Australian Aboriginal languages
The East Queensland Border languages are a proposed group of Australian Aboriginal languages which are mostly extinct. The family is accepted by Glottolog
East Queensland Border languages
East_Queensland_Border_languages
Extinct Australian Indigenous language
Indigenous Languages. Sydney University Press. pp. 387–401. ISBN 978-1-920-89955-4. Dixon, Robert M. W. (2004) [First published 2002]. Australian Languages: Their
Bindjali_language
Australian Aboriginal language
"thang" in accordance with Dixon. S49 Bidhawal at the Australian Indigenous Languages Database, Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander
Bidhawal_language
Family of Pama–Nyungan indigenous Australian languages
Peramangk. Bowern, Claire. 2011. "How Many Languages Were Spoken in Australia?", Anggarrgoon: Australian languages on the web, 23 December 2011 (corrected
Lower_Murray_languages
Aboriginal language in New South Wales, Australia
Australian Languages: Their Nature and Development. Cambridge University Press. p. xxxvi. D12 Paakantyi at the Australian Indigenous Languages Database
Paakantyi_language
Australian Aboriginal language
in his book Searching for Aboriginal Languages: Memoirs of a Field Worker. Most of what is known of the language is from Dixon's field research with speaker
Mbabaram_language
Extinct Australian Aboriginal language
the similar-sounding Ndrangith language and Ndwa'ngith language. Y39 Ndra'ngith at the Australian Indigenous Languages Database, Australian Institute
Ndra'ngith_language
Nearly extinct Australian Aboriginal language
sadder than the death of a language". The Spectator Australia. Retrieved 2026-03-12. W25 Thiin at the Australian Indigenous Languages Database, Australian Institute
Thiin_language
Extinct Australian Aboriginal language
Australian Aboriginal languages once spoken along the South Coast of New South Wales. According to Bob Dixon (2002), four Tharawal languages are attested, though
Tharawal_languages
Extinct Australian Aboriginal language
linguists have suggested that it is a mixed language, containing elements of neighbouring languages. The language is first attested in 1839. Though much of
Gulidjan_language
Extinct Australian Aboriginal language
for additional links) "Centre for Australian Languages and Linguistics". Centre for Australian Languages and Linguistics. Retrieved 12 November 2024.
Kungarakany_language
Australian Aboriginal language
preverb). As are many of the surviving Indigenous Australian languages, the Warumungu language is undergoing rapid change. The morphology used by younger
Warumungu_language
Australian Aboriginal language
Yir-Yoront Lexicon: Sketch and Dictionary of an Australian Language. p. 3. Kendon, A. (1988) Sign Languages of Aboriginal Australia: Cultural, Semiotic and Communicative
Yir-Yoront_language
Extinct Pama–Nyungan language of Australia
Kite & Wurm 2004, p. 16. E28 Wakka Wakka at the Australian Indigenous Languages Database, Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander
Wakka_Wakka_language
Australian Aboriginal language of the Sydney area
Languages Database, Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies Troy (1994): p. 5. Troy, Jakelin. 2019. The Sydney language
Dharug_language
Dialect cluster of Pama–Nyungan languages
The Western Desert language, or Wati, is a dialect cluster of Australian Aboriginal languages in the Pama–Nyungan family. The name Wati tends to be used
Western_Desert_language
Extinct Australian Aboriginal language
Australian Indigenous Languages Database, Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies C9 Wanggamala language at the Australian Indigenous
Wanggamala_language
Extinct Australian aboriginal language spoken in Cape York
Australian Aboriginal language once spoken in Cape York in Queensland. Y34 Aritinngithigh at the Australian Indigenous Languages Database, Australian Institute
Arritinngithigh_language
Australian Aboriginal language
intense contact with other languages, in particular Kokatha. Like most Aboriginal Australian languages, the two languages share a common ancestor in the
Wirangu_language
Pama–Nyungan language family of Australia
aboriginal man in the two languages. In 2004 it was demonstrated that Ngarrkic is related to the neighbouring Ngumpin languages. McConvell, Patrick; Laughren
Ngarrkic_languages
Australian Aboriginal language
closely related language. The name Gamilaraay means 'gamil-having', with gamil being the word for 'no'. Other dialects and languages are similarly named
Gamilaraay_language
Extinct Pama–Nyungan language of Australia
school in Bermagui, has taught local Aboriginal languages including Djiringanj and the Dhurga language, along with the associated cultures, since 2019
Dyirringany_language
Australian Aboriginal language
Australian Aboriginal language, of Queensland, Australia. It is one of several geographically transitional "Karna–Mari fringe" languages that have not been
Kalali_language
Pama–Nyungan language spoken in Australia
Victorian Aboriginal Corporation for Languages. 2011. ISBN 9780987133717. Blake, Barry (1979). Handbook of Australian languages. Canberra: Australian National
Woiwurrung–Taungurung language
Woiwurrung–Taungurung_language
Australian Aboriginal language of northern Australia
the benefactive applicative affix common to all three languages (as opposed to the bak languages to the east, e.g. Rembarrnga, Ngandi and Wubuy/Nunggubuyu)
Gunbarlang_language
Pama–Nyungan language of Australia
dedicated languages team teaches the Dhurga language. Bermagui Public School, a primary school in Bermagui, has taught local Aboriginal languages including
Dhurga_language
Extinct Australian Aboriginal language
vowel within consonant positions. G28 Kukatj at the Australian Indigenous Languages Database, Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander
Kukatj_language
Traditional language of the Wiradjuri people of Australia
book is also available. A Grammar of Wiradjuri language was published in 2014. In most Pama-Nyungan languages, sounds represented by 'k' or 'g' are interchangeable
Wiradjuri_language
Australian Aboriginal language of the Crocodile Islands
Islands. Yan-nhaŋu phonology is typical of Yolŋu languages, Pama–Nyungan languages, and Australian languages in general. There are six places of articulation
Nhangu_language
Indigenous Australian language of the Northern Territory
International Year of Indigenous Languages which features 14 different words for 'money' from Australian Indigenous languages including awarnda for Anindilyakwa
Anindilyakwa_language
Western Desert dialect of Central Australia
Aboriginal languages (as well as in some other languages, such as Fijian and Māori) are borrowed from "motorcar". Like in many Indigenous languages, code-switching
Pitjantjatjara_dialect
Pama–Nyungan language group of Australia
The Kulin languages are a group of closely related languages of the Kulin people, part of the Kulinic branch of Pama–Nyungan. Woiwurrung (Woy-wur-rung):
Kulin_languages
Language
doi:10.15144/PL-C116.29. L11 Pirlatapa at the Australian Indigenous Languages Database, Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander
Pirlatapa_language
Extinct Australian Aboriginal language
to a language. Yalgawarra is a clan name. Bowern, Claire. 2011. "How Many Languages Were Spoken in Australia?", Anggarrgoon: Australian languages on the
Flinders_Island_language
Extinct Paman language of Australia
at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022) Y29 Yinwum at the Australian Indigenous Languages Database, Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander
Yinwum_dialect
Family of Australian Aboriginal languages
The Southwestern Paman languages are a family of the Paman languages spoken on the western part of the Cape York Peninsula of Queensland, Australia. Alpher
Southwestern_Paman_languages
Extinct Pama–Nyungan language of New South Wales and the ACT, Australia
Ngunnawal/Ngunawal and Gundungurra are Australian Aboriginal languages, and the traditional languages of the Ngunnawal and Gandangara. Ngunnawal and Gundungurra
Ngunnawal–Gundungurra language
Ngunnawal–Gundungurra_language
Extinct Australian Aboriginal language
Mam dialects. The Ndrangith and Ndra'ngith languages have been confused with Ntrwa'ngayth. Ndra'ngith language, identified in Donohue (1991) as being the
Awngthim_language
Australian Aboriginal language
350 ethnic Thaayorre spoke the language. It is in a robust position compared to many indigenous Australian languages, as it is still being acquired by
Kuuk_Thaayorre_language
Revived Aboriginal language of South Australia
Australia's Indigenous languages". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 21 September 2025. L6 Barngarla at the Australian Indigenous Languages Database, Australian Institute
Barngarla_language
Extinct Aboriginal Australian language of southern Queensland
Aboriginal Australian language once spoken by the Badjiri people of southern Queensland. D31 Badjiri at the Australian Indigenous Languages Database, Australian
Badjiri_language
Extinct Australian Aboriginal language
Australian Indigenous Languages Database, Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies National Indigenous Languages Survey Report 2005
Darkinyung_language
Australian Aboriginal language of Western Australia
spoken Aboriginal language in the town of Port Hedland. Nyangumarta is a member of the Marrngu branch of the Pama–Nyungan languages. The other members
Nyangumarta_language
Indigenous Australian language
Indigenous Languages Database, Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies Dixon, R. M. W. (2002). Australian Languages: Their Nature
Djinba_language
Australian Aboriginal language
Retrieved 30 October 2017. E29 Gubbi Gubbi at the Australian Indigenous Languages Database, Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander
Gubbi_Gubbi_language
Australian Aboriginal language of the Pilbara region in Western Australia
Indigenous Languages Database, Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies W26 Thalanyji at the Australian Indigenous Languages Database
Thalanyji_language
ARANDIC LANGUAGES
ARANDIC LANGUAGES
Surname or Lastname
French
French : from a diminutive of Grand. See also Grant.Italian : from a derivative of Grande.English : possibly a variant of Crandon or Craden (see Grandon).
Girl/Female
Indian
Always Happy woman
Girl/Female
British, English, Latin
Admirable; Wonderful; Wolf Shield
Girl/Female
English
beverage brandy used as a given name.
Boy/Male
English American
Beacon on the hill' or 'gorse-covered hill.
Boy/Male
American, Australian, British, English
Beacon on the Hill; Gorse-covered Hill
Girl/Female
American, Australian, British, Chinese, English
Combination of Brandi and Candice; Variant of the Beverage Brandy Used as a Given Name
Girl/Female
English American Italian
beverage brandy used as a given name.
Girl/Female
Indian, Tamil
Goddess Amman
Girl/Female
American, Australian, British, Chinese, Christian, English
Beverage Brandy; Sweet Nectar; Name of a Liquor
Girl/Female
Gujarati, Hindu, Indian, Kannada, Malayalam, Marathi, Punjabi, Sanskrit, Sikh, Tamil, Telugu
Always Happy; Joyful; Unending
Girl/Female
Hindu, Indian
One who Brings Happiness
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian
Flower
Boy/Male
Arabic, Muslim
Lord; Noble; Master
Female
English
Variant spelling of English Randy, RANDI means "worthy of admiration."
Boy/Male
Indian, Sanskrit
Blissful; Happy; Cheerful
Girl/Female
English American
beverage brandy used as a given name.
Female
English
Variant spelling of English Brandy, BRANDIE means simply "brandy."
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian
Light of Peace
Female
English
Variant spelling of English Brandy, BRANDI means simply "brandy."
ARANDIC LANGUAGES
ARANDIC LANGUAGES
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian, Sanskrit
Bestower of Dharma
Boy/Male
German
Wealthy
Boy/Male
English German
He who holds Christ in his heart. Famous Bearers: actors Christopher Plummer and Christopher...
Girl/Female
Muslim
Helper
Boy/Male
Muslim
Prize, Reward
Surname or Lastname
English
English : from the Middle English personal name Loverun, Old English Lēofrūn, composed of the elements lēof ‘dear’ + rūn ‘rune’.
Girl/Female
Tamil
Rudra Priya | à®°à¯à®¤à¯à®°à®ªà¯à®°à®¿à®¯à®¾
Goddess Durga
Boy/Male
Indian
Girl/Female
Gujarati, Hindu, Indian, Modern
Reason for Happiness
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian
Born of Love
ARANDIC LANGUAGES
ARANDIC LANGUAGES
ARANDIC LANGUAGES
ARANDIC LANGUAGES
ARANDIC LANGUAGES
a.
Frenetic; frantic; frenzied.
a.
Rendered fierce or frantic.
a.
Of or pertaining to Michael Faraday, the distinguished electrician; -- applied especially to induced currents of electricity, as produced by certain forms of inductive apparatus, on account of Faraday's investigations of their laws.
a.
Frantic.
a.
Madly enthusiastic; frantic.
a.
Of or pertaining to Arcadia; pastoral; ideally rural; as, Arcadian simplicity or scenery.
p. p. & a.
Affected with frenzy; frantic; maddened.
n.
The Aramaic language.
a.
Mad; frantic.
a.
Alt. of Arcadic
n.
An idiom of the Aramaic.
a.
Relating to Arabia; Arabic.
a.
Pertaining to the Franks, or their language; Frankish.
a.
Mad; raving; furious; violent; wild and disorderly; distracted.
a.
Pertaining to Aram, or to the territory, inhabitants, language, or literature of Syria and Mesopotamia; Aramaean; -- specifically applied to the northern branch of the Semitic family of languages, including Syriac and Chaldee.
a.
Distracted; mad; frantic; phrenetic.
n.
A frantic or frenzied woman.
a.
Of or pertaining to scandium; derived from, or containing, scandium.
n.
Gum arabic.
v. t.
To render frantic.