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Type of argument
In argumentation theory, an argumentation scheme or argument scheme is a template that represents a common type of argument used in ordinary conversation
Argumentation_scheme
Use of reason to decide how to act
into account, and value-based practical reasoning. The following argumentation scheme for instrumental practical reasoning is given in Walton, Reed & Macagno
Practical_reason
Attempt to persuade or to determine the truth of a conclusion
ISBN 0-534-60516-8 Charles Arthur Willard, A Theory of Argumentation. 1989. Charles Arthur Willard, Argumentation and the Social Grounds of Knowledge. 1982. Salmon
Argument
Academic field of logic and rhetoric
There are four main components: argumentation schemes, dialogue structures, argument mapping tools, and formal argumentation systems. The method uses the
Argumentation_theory
Argument that uses faulty reasoning
For an argument to be a slippery slope type of argument, it must meet the requirements of that argumentation scheme. A slippery slope argument originates
Fallacy
Research area
Argument mining, or argumentation mining, is a research area within the natural language processing field. The goal of argument mining is the automatic
Argument_mining
Type of informal fallacy
disagreements more carefully and respectfully. Argumentation scheme – Type of argument Argumentation theory – Academic field of logic and rhetoric Bait-and-switch –
Motte-and-bailey_fallacy
Statement supporting a conclusion
Legal Argumentation and Evidence. Pennsylvania State University. ISBN 0-271-02177-2. Walton, D.; Reed, C. A. (2005). "Argumentation Schemes and Enthymemes"
Premise
Dialect of Lisp
Scheme is a dialect of the Lisp family of programming languages. Scheme was created during the 1970s at the MIT Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence
Scheme_(programming_language)
Visual representation of the structure of an argument
documents into argument maps. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Argument maps. Argument technology Argumentation framework Argumentation scheme Bayesian
Argument_map
Type of argument
various types of semantic arguments, there are also various argumentation schemes to this argument. The term of semantic argument was introduced by Teresa
Semantic_argument
Standardized method of treating a theme in literature
pseudobiblion (e.g. The Betrothed or The Lord of the Rings). Hybris Argumentation scheme Trope (literature) Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Commonplace" . Encyclopædia
Literary_topos
Attacking the person rather than their argument
(1998). Ad Hominem Arguments. University of Alabama Press. ISBN 978-0-8173-0922-0. Walton, Douglas N. (2001). "Argumentation Schemes and Historical Origins
Ad_hominem
Argumentation scheme
a program called Author's Argumentation Assistant (AAA) combined the PHIBIS model with the Toulmin model of argumentation in "a hypertext-based authoring
Issue-based information system
Issue-based_information_system
Knowledge management and note-taking method
pen and paper personal organizer Issue-based information system – Argumentation scheme Kanban – Japanese business method Memex – Hypothetical proto-hypertext
Zettelkasten
Branch of argumentation theory
of an appropriate argumentation scheme that is correctly applied. Validity rule A party may only use arguments in its argumentation that are logically
Pragma-dialectics
Social science computer program
critical thinking can be used to create argument maps using the argumentation schemes developed by argumentation theory scholars such as Douglas N. Walton
Compendium_(software)
Canadian academic and author (1942–2020)
on argumentation, logical fallacies and informal logic. He was a Distinguished Research Fellow of the Centre for Research in Reasoning, Argumentation, and
Douglas_N._Walton
Knowledge management software
that supports business decisions Issue-based information system – Argumentation scheme Lifelog – Personal record of one's daily life Notetaking – Practice
Personal_knowledge_base
Method of deriving conclusions
statement. Deductive rules of inference differ from defeasible argumentation schemes, which describe patterns of reasoning that provide some support
Rule_of_inference
Processing of natural language by a computer
https://tac.nist.gov//2011/RTE/ Lippi, Marco; Torroni, Paolo (2016-04-20). "Argumentation Mining: State of the Art and Emerging Trends". ACM Transactions on Internet
Natural_language_processing
Unsuccessful attempt by Scotland to colonize Panama
The Darien scheme or the Darien venture was an unsuccessful attempt, backed largely by investors of the Kingdom of Scotland, to gain wealth and influence
Darien_scheme
Works by Aristotle
its final section appears to form an epilogue to both treatises. Argumentation scheme Predicables These "commonly held opinions" are not merely popular
Topics_(Aristotle)
Method of identifying the fundamental causes of faults or problems
diagrams created by Kaoru Ishikawa Issue-based information system – Argumentation scheme Issue tree – Graphical breakdown for problem solving Multiple regression –
Root-cause_analysis
Araucaria is an argument mapping software tool developed in 2001 by Chris Reed and Glenn Rowe, in the Argumentation Research Group at the School of Computing
Araucaria_(software)
Unlawful automated debt recovery scheme employed by the Australian government
The Robodebt scheme was an unlawful method of automated debt assessment and recovery implemented in Australia under the Liberal-National Coalition governments
Robodebt_scheme
Programming language family
Guile (an implementation of Scheme) uses define* to create functions which can have default arguments and/or keyword arguments, neither of which are standardized
Lisp_(programming_language)
Generalization of algebraic variety
In mathematics, specifically algebraic geometry, a scheme is a structure that enlarges the notion of an algebraic variety in several ways, such as taking
Scheme_(mathematics)
Namespace identifier assigned by IANA
article lists common URI schemes. A Uniform Resource Identifier helps identify a source without ambiguity. Many URI schemes are registered with the IANA;
List_of_URI_schemes
Proof in set theory
— i.e., does not satisfy the axiom scheme. On the other hand, we might try to create a modified diagonal argument by noticing that { s ∈ S: s ∉ f({s})
Cantor's_diagonal_argument
Indian military recruitment program
Agnipath Scheme (also spelled Agneepath Scheme) (Hindi: Agnīpath Yojanā, transl. Agnipath [Fireway] Scheme) is a tour of duty style scheme approved by
Agnipath_Scheme
Threat of force to make a conclusion accepted
2013). Argumentation Schemes for Presumptive Reasoning. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-136-68706-8. Walton, Douglas (29 June 2013). Scare Tactics: Arguments that
Argumentum_ad_baculum
Capacity for consciously making sense of things
"Argumentation Schemes for Argument from Analogy". In Ribeiro, Henrique Jales (ed.). Systematic Approaches to Argument by Analogy. Argumentation library
Reason
Online debate platform
research on argumentation The platform has gained attention in computational research on argumentation because of its high-quality arguments and elaborate
Kialo
String used to identify a name of a web or internet resource
URL schemes obsolete; RFC 1738 continues to govern such schemes except where otherwise superseded. IETF RFC 2616 for example, refines the http scheme. Simultaneously
Uniform_Resource_Identifier
Programming language standard
an argument—which is also a common occurrence, as in the sort example above. CL also differs from Scheme in its handling of Boolean values. Scheme uses
Common_Lisp
Lisp dialect
language. The Racket language is a modern dialect of Lisp and a descendant of Scheme. It is designed as a platform for programming language design and implementation
Racket_(programming_language)
Branch of logic
publish articles on informal logic include Argumentation (founded in 1986), Philosophy and Rhetoric, Argumentation and Advocacy (the journal of the American
Informal_logic
English philosopher (1922–2009)
analyzing rhetorical arguments. The Toulmin model of argumentation, a diagram containing six interrelated components used for analyzing arguments, and published
Stephen_Toulmin
Australian disability insurance scheme
The National Disability Insurance Scheme (NDIS) is a scheme of the Australian Government that funds reasonable and necessary supports associated with
National Disability Insurance Scheme
National_Disability_Insurance_Scheme
Cryptographic scheme
A commitment scheme is a cryptographic primitive that allows one to commit to a chosen value (or chosen statement) while keeping it hidden to others, with
Commitment_scheme
Pension scheme in India
Old Pension Scheme (OPS) in India was abolished as a part of pension reforms by Union Government. Repealed from 1 January 2004, it had a defined-benefit
Old_Pension_Scheme
Scheme-based programming language implementation
interpreter which implement a dialect of the programming language Scheme, and which compiles Scheme source code to standard C. It is mostly R5RS compliant and
Chicken (Scheme implementation)
Chicken_(Scheme_implementation)
Conflict-solving technique
by Anatol Rapoport—to rhetoric and argumentation, producing Rogerian argument. A key principle of Rogerian argument is that, instead of advocating one's
Rogerian_argument
Belgian philosopher (1912–1984)
rhetoric and argumentation provided the core of Perelman's philosophy, his regressive approach also shaped his treatise on non-formal argumentation. In the
Chaïm_Perelman
Precisely specified semantic version of a statement
the schemata or inferential structure of the argument. In argumentation theory or informal logic, an argument form is sometimes seen as a broader notion
Logical_form
Process of thoughtfully weighing options, usually prior to voting
pad rule – American legal doctrine and metaphor Dialogue mapping – Argumentation schemePages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets Low-information
Deliberation
Besides using the language Scheme, Java object fields and methods can be accessed using code such as: (invoke object 'method argument ...). This will invoke
Kawa_(Scheme_implementation)
American philosopher (1917–2003)
article for an explanation of his argument as well as objections. In his 1974 essay "On the Very Idea of a Conceptual Scheme", Davidson critiques what he calls
Donald_Davidson_(philosopher)
scheme, one might expect that a natural tax rate T can be determined: the median income (plus 1). However, a (possibly fallacious) political argument
Political_argument
Form of reasoning
Argument (logic) – Attempt to persuade or to determine the truth of a conclusionPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets Argumentation
Deductive_reasoning
Argumentation for the sake of winning the argument instead of reaching or seeking truth
its selfish aim and purpose. Argumentation theory is a field of study that asks critical questions about eristic arguments and the other types of dialogue
Eristic
German philosopher (born 1944)
on non-deductive argumentation schemes. In: Argumentation 12 (1998), S. 341-350 Some remarks on non-deductive argument. In: Argument in a time of change
Harald_Wohlrapp
Programming style in which control is passed explicitly
the phrase in AI Memo 349 (1975), which sets out the first version of the Scheme programming language. John C. Reynolds gives a detailed account of the many
Continuation-passing_style
Religious discipline of systematic defence of a position
defense') is the defense of religious doctrines through systematic argumentation and discourse. Some sources identify apologetics as a separate branch
Apologetics
Method of deduction
syllogistic argumentation methods of Aristotelian two-valued logic. The syllogistic style of argumentation is illustrated by the oft-quoted argument "All men
Plausible_reasoning
Figure of speech that relies on the structure and syntax of sentences
In rhetoric, a scheme is a type of literary device that relies on the structure of a whole sentence, unlike a "trope", figurative wording that plays with
Scheme_(rhetoric)
Type of rhetorical deductive argument
"Aristotle's Classical Enthymeme and the Visual Argumentation of the Twenty First Century". Argumentation and Advocacy. 43 (3–4): 114–123. doi:10.1080/00028533
Enthymeme
Concept in algebraic geometry
In algebraic geometry, a Noetherian scheme is a scheme that admits a finite covering by open affine subsets Spec A i {\displaystyle \operatorname {Spec}
Noetherian_scheme
Romanization scheme for Standard Chinese
January 1956 by Ye Laishi, Lu Zhiwei and Zhou Youguang. A revised Pinyin scheme was proposed by Wang Li, Lu Zhiwei and Li Jinxi, and became the main focus
Pinyin
Internal URI scheme
about is an internal URI scheme also known as a "URL scheme" (or, erroneously, "protocol") implemented in various web browsers to reveal internal state
About_URI_scheme
Indian activist
Captain to have declared ₹160 Million in the Voluntary Disclosure of Income Scheme (VDIS) in 1997. He suspected abuse of the VDIS by criminals. "Protests against
Vishwa_Bandhu_Gupta
Theory of text organization
system (IBIS). Similarly, RST has been used in representation schemes for argumentation. Argument mining Parse tree Mann, William C.; Thompson, Sandra A. (1988)
Rhetorical_structure_theory
Financial assistance to buy a house
biggest government intervention in the housing market since the Right to Buy scheme" of the 1980s. It is an extension of a previous programme called FirstBuy
Help_to_Buy
Company in Trivandrum, Kerala, India
insurance policies will be available under this scheme. Farmers of Dairy Unions can become members of the scheme by approaching the Dairy Union Secretary and
Kerala Co-operative Milk Marketing Federation
Kerala_Co-operative_Milk_Marketing_Federation
Type of real estate fraud in Russia
more suspicious of sellers. The scheme often employs pensioners (hence another nickname for the scam, "granny scheme", бабушкина схема), so trust in elderly
Dolina_effect
Scottish title peerage
Lord, regardless of the status of Margaret Abernethy. As such there is argument that the traditional numbering should remain in use due to legal technicality
Lord_Saltoun
Extension language
programming language Scheme. Its first version was released in 1993. In addition to large parts of Scheme standards, Guile Scheme includes modularized
GNU_Guile
Type of mathematical object
group scheme is a type of object from algebraic geometry equipped with a composition law. Group schemes arise naturally as symmetries of schemes, and they
Group_scheme
Practice of obtaining money or goods through coercion
trick (also known as a bunko, con, flim flam, gaffle, grift, hustle, scam, scheme, swindle, bamboozle or finesse): an attempt to defraud a person or group
Extortion
Cryptographic primitives that involve lattices
post-quantum cryptography. Unlike more widely used and known public-key schemes such as the RSA, Diffie-Hellman or elliptic-curve cryptosystems—which could
Lattice-based_cryptography
2026 United States Supreme Court case
Company Accounting Oversight Board (2010), the Court invalidated a statutory scheme that subjected Board members to two layers of for-cause protection, finding
Trump_v._Slaughter
Contentious rhetoric
the opposing position. The practice of such argumentation is called polemics, which are seen in arguments on controversial topics. A person who writes
Polemic
Control flow operator in functional programming
In the Scheme computer programming language, the procedure call-with-current-continuation, abbreviated call/cc, is used as a control flow operator. It
Call-with-current-continuation
Call-with-current-continuation
Anti-government conspiracy movement
fraud schemes. In 2021, the District Court of Queensland dismissed an application that relied on the strawman theory, commenting that this argument "may
Sovereign_citizen_movement
Literary technique used to persuade
as narrative devices, poetic devices, argumentative devices, linguistic schemes or templates, or other techniques distinct to certain forms of language
Literary_device
First large greenhouse gas emissions trading scheme in the world
trading scheme (or cap and trade scheme) that began in 2005 and is intended to lower greenhouse gas emissions in the EU. Cap and trade schemes limit emissions
European Union Emissions Trading System
European_Union_Emissions_Trading_System
Strategies of rhetoric
logic, and evidence is known as logos. Instead of working alone, these arguments are frequently most effective when combined. Keith and Lundberg also stress
Modes_of_persuasion
Determination of the dynamic scope of pointers
called subroutines. If a language supports first-class continuations (as do Scheme and Standard ML of New Jersey), portions of the call stack may also escape
Escape_analysis
Former migration scheme in Western Australia
The Group Settlement Scheme was an assisted migration scheme which operated in Western Australia from the early 1920s. It was engineered by Premier James
Group_Settlement_Scheme
Proof that a number is prime
non-interactive version of the Pietrzak scheme to check the result. A generalization of the Pietrzak scheme to Lucas sequences has been published, in
Primality_certificate
American computer science academic
Wayback Machine The Little Schemer's Homepage Archived 2015-04-26 at the Wayback Machine Cons should not evaluate its arguments, the technical report version
Daniel_P._Friedman
Digital signature scheme
patent 4,995,082 which expired in February 2010. All users of the signature scheme agree on a group G {\displaystyle G} of prime order q {\displaystyle q}
Schnorr_signature
Indian national identification number
welfare schemes and unemployment benefit schemes such as the domestic LPG scheme and MGNREGA. In these Direct Benefit Transfer (DBT) schemes, the subsidy
Aadhaar
Process of drawing correct inferences
Argumentation. Cambridge University Press. pp. 250–2. ISBN 9781107039308. Walton, Douglas N. (1987). Informal Fallacies: Towards a Theory of Argument
Logical_reasoning
2026 United States Supreme Court case
Department of Justice said it would prioritize investigating birth tourism schemes as a national security issue. Wang said the Court "reaffirm[ed] a fundamental
Trump_v._Barbara
Form of incorrect argument in natural language
Harvey; Biro, John (1997). "Epistemic Normativity, Argumentation, and Fallacies". Argumentation. 11 (3): 277–292. doi:10.1023/A:1007799325361. S2CID 126269789
Informal_fallacy
Development of classes and classifications
Typically, there are two parts to it: the development of an underlying scheme of classes (a taxonomy) and the allocation of things to the classes (classification)
Taxonomy
Grammatical unit
beginning in the 1950s, as the basis for their tagmemics. According to the scheme set out by Leonard Bloomfield in his book Language (1933), the tagmeme is
Tagmeme
computation scheme as a protocol between two polynomial time parties to collaborate on the computation of a function F: {0,1}n → {0,1}m. This scheme consists
Verifiable_computing
Argument for the existence of God
The trademark argument is an a priori argument for the existence of God developed by the French philosopher and mathematician René Descartes. The name
Trademark_argument
British political controversy
Court of Appeal by the Attorney General under the unduly lenient sentence scheme and is under review by the court as of July 2026[update]. Following the
2026 United Kingdom rape sentencing controversy
2026_United_Kingdom_rape_sentencing_controversy
Reed. "Implementing the argument web." Communications of the ACM 56, no. 10 (2013): 66-73. Rahwan, Iyad. "Mass argumentation and the semantic web." Web
Argument_Web
Speech attributed to Demosthenes
twentieth century. However, from the beginning of the twentieth century, arguments began to be made for the authenticity of the Funeral Speech. As early
Demosthenes's_Funeral_Oration
American mobster
Ludovico D'Ambrosio; January 1, 1898 – April 4, 1927), also known as "The Schemer", was an American mobster during Chicago's Prohibition era who was a member
Vincent_Drucci
Conservative numerical scheme
analysis and computational fluid dynamics, Godunov's scheme is a conservative numerical scheme, suggested by Sergei Godunov in 1959, for solving partial
Godunov's_scheme
Legal process
the legal process by which an arbiter or judge reviews evidence and argumentation, including legal reasoning set forth by opposing parties or litigants
Adjudication
2023 United States Supreme Court case
the court held that the Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act's comprehensive scheme governing claims of sovereign immunity in civil actions against foreign
Turkiye Halk Bankasi A.S. v. United States
Turkiye_Halk_Bankasi_A.S._v._United_States
Political stalling tactic
June 4, 2011. Retrieved February 13, 2010. "Tories accused of stalling ad scheme review". www.canada.com. Archived from the original on June 4, 2011. Retrieved
Filibuster
Ohio political bribery and racketeering scandal tied to House Bill 6 & FirstEnergy
FirstEnergy bribery scandal was a political scandal in Ohio involving a scheme in which electric utility company FirstEnergy funneled roughly $60 million
Ohio FirstEnergy bribery scandal
Ohio_FirstEnergy_bribery_scandal
ARGUMENTATION SCHEME
ARGUMENTATION SCHEME
Male
Italian
Italian form of Latin Nicomedes, NICOMEDO means "victory-scheme."
Boy/Male
Arabic, Muslim, Sindhi
Contentious; Inclined to Quarrel; Argumentative
Surname or Lastname
English
English : nickname for a schemer or trickster, from Middle English tripet(t), Old French tripot ‘malicious plot’, ‘trick’.
Boy/Male
Finnish, German, Greek
To Ponder Victory; Victorious Scheme
Surname or Lastname
English
English : nickname for an argumentative person, from Old English flītere ‘disputer’, an agent derivative of flītan ‘to wrangle’.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : from the Old Norse byname Krókr meaning ‘crook’, ‘bend’, originally possibly bestowed on a cripple or hunchback or a devious schemer, but in early medieval England used as a personal name.English : from Old Norse krókr ‘hook’, ‘bend’, borrowed into Middle English as a vocabulary word and applied as a metonymic occupational name for a maker, seller, or user of hooks or a topographic name for someone who lived by a bend in a river or road. In some instances the surname may have arisen as a habitational name from places in Cumbria and Durham named Crook from this word.
Boy/Male
Muslim
Schemer
Boy/Male
Arabic, Muslim
Schemer
Surname or Lastname
English
English : of uncertain origin, probably from the Old Norse byname Strútr (from a vocabulary word referring to a cone-like ornament on a headdress or cap). Alternatively it may be a nickname for an argumentative person, from Middle English strut(t) ‘quarrel’.German : topographic name from Middle High German struot, strūt ‘brush’, ‘thicket’, ‘swamp’, or a habitational name from any of several places named Struth with this word.
ARGUMENTATION SCHEME
ARGUMENTATION SCHEME
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian
Lord of Youth
Girl/Female
Sikh
One who remembers (God)
Boy/Male
Hindu
Boundless, Magnanimous, One who is beyond measure
Boy/Male
Muslim/Islamic
Treasurer
Male
Russian
(ИÌнна) Russian unisex name INNA means "strong water." The name was originally a male name, but became somewhat popular as a religious girl's name due to the misidentification of the sex of the Russian martyr Inna, a male student of the Apostle Andrei.
Girl/Female
Native American
Wigwam.
Boy/Male
Afghan, Arabic, Muslim, Pashtun
Iron; A Famous King
Boy/Male
Irish
Surname.
Boy/Male
Muslim/Islamic
First Ummayad Caliph
Girl/Female
Greek, Indian, Sanskrit, Tamil, Telugu
Sunset Time; Name of a God
ARGUMENTATION SCHEME
ARGUMENTATION SCHEME
ARGUMENTATION SCHEME
ARGUMENTATION SCHEME
ARGUMENTATION SCHEME
a.
Consisting of, or characterized by, argument; containing a process of reasoning; as, an argumentative discourse.
n.
The state of being augmented; enlargement.
a.
Adductive as proof; indicative; as, the adaptation of things to their uses is argumentative of infinite wisdom in the Creator.
n.
The act or process of augmenting, or making larger, by addition, expansion, or dilation; increase.
a.
Of, pertaining to, or containing, argument; argumentative.
n.
In counterpoint and fugue, a repetition of the subject in tones of twice the original length.
n.
The act of forming reasons, making inductions, drawing conclusions, and applying them to the case in discussion; the operation of inferring propositions, not known or admitted as true, from facts or principles known, admitted, or proved to be true.
n.
That which is superadded; augmentation.
a.
Argumentative; discursive; reasoning.
n.
The stage of a disease in which the symptoms go on increasing.
n.
The thing added by way of enlargement.
n.
Increase or augmentation in bulk; protuberance.
a.
Given to argument; characterized by argument; disputatious; as, an argumentative writer.
n.
Argumentation; ratiocination; discursive reasoning.
a.
Capable of augmentation.
n.
Versatility; general readiness; as, ambidexterity of argumentation.
n.
Debate; discussion.
n.
Reasoning; argumentation.
n.
A additional charge to a coat of arms, given as a mark of honor.
n.
A largess of grain bestowed upon the people, to quiet them when uneasy.