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Recurrent layer of air pollution covering South Asia
The Indian Ocean brown cloud or Asian brown cloud is a layer of air pollution that recurrently covers parts of South Asia, namely the northern Indian Ocean
Asian_brown_cloud
Dry particulates obscuring clarity of the sky
Pollution Asian brown cloud Asian Dust Coefficient of haze Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution Fog Mist Saharan Air Layer Southeast Asian haze
Haze
Hard, compact variety of coal
tar Coke (fuel) Coking Metallurgical coal Externalities Ash pond Asian brown cloud Asthma Blackdamp Black lung disease Coal dust Coal mining disasters
Anthracite
1952 air pollution event
coal Bituminous coal Anthracite Graphite2 Coal combustion Ash pond Asian brown cloud Asthma Black coal equivalent Char Charcoal Coal combustion products
Great_Smog_of_London
Fine-powdered form of coal
tar Coke (fuel) Coking Metallurgical coal Externalities Ash pond Asian brown cloud Asthma Blackdamp Black lung disease Coal dust Coal mining disasters
Coal_dust
Flammable gas found in coal mines
coal Bituminous coal Anthracite Graphite2 Coal combustion Ash pond Asian brown cloud Asthma Black coal equivalent Char Charcoal Coal combustion products
Firedamp
Product of coal preparation
tar Coke (fuel) Coking Metallurgical coal Externalities Ash pond Asian brown cloud Asthma Blackdamp Black lung disease Coal dust Coal mining disasters
Coal_slurry
Coal product used in the process of making steel
saw "long rows of beehive ovens from which flame is bursting and dense clouds of smoke issuing, making the sky dark. By night, the scene is rendered indescribably
Coke_(fuel)
Lower grade of coal that contains 35–45% carbon
steam-electric power generation. Sub-bituminous coals may be dull, dark brown to black, soft and crumbly at the lower end of the range, to bright jet-black
Sub-bituminous_coal
Heating of coal in the absence of oxygen
tar Coke (fuel) Coking Metallurgical coal Externalities Ash pond Asian brown cloud Asthma Blackdamp Black lung disease Coal dust Coal mining disasters
Coking
Process of mixing coal to reduce variance
coal Bituminous coal Anthracite Graphite2 Coal combustion Ash pond Asian brown cloud Asthma Black coal equivalent Char Charcoal Coal combustion products
Coal_homogenization
The population of sharks has sharply decreased in recent years. The Asian brown cloud hovering in the atmosphere over the northern Indian Ocean is also
Economy_of_the_Maldives
Oil derived from coal
coal Bituminous coal Anthracite Graphite2 Coal combustion Ash pond Asian brown cloud Asthma Black coal equivalent Char Charcoal Coal combustion products
Coal_oil
coal Bituminous coal Anthracite Graphite2 Coal combustion Ash pond Asian brown cloud Asthma Black coal equivalent Char Charcoal Coal combustion products
Energy_value_of_coal
Soft, brown, combustible, sedimentary rock
Lignite (from Latin lignum 'wood'), often called brown coal, is a soft, brown, combustible sedimentary rock formed from naturally compressed peat. It has
Lignite
Monsoon in Indian subcontinent
Sri Lanka portal East Asian Monsoon Monsoon (photographs) of India, 1960 Climate of India (section Monsoon) Asian brown cloud Tropical monsoon climate
Monsoon_of_South_Asia
Accumulation of partially decayed vegetation
and Boost Global Warming". Scientific American. Retrieved 2019-08-16. "Asian peat fires add to warming". BBC News. 2005-09-03. Retrieved 2010-05-22.
Peat
Basin with coal deposits
to the Department of Energy. Russia is divided into European Russia and Asian Russia. This article talks about both. Russia is currently the fifth largest
Coal-mining_region
Fire-related air pollution issue
fire management. ASEAN Agreement on Transboundary Haze Pollution Asian Brown Cloud Chemical Equator Peat swamp forest Air pollution in Malaysia Environmental
Southeast_Asian_haze
Combustible sedimentary rock composed primarily of carbon
the maximum pressure and temperature reached, with lignite (also called "brown coal") produced under relatively mild conditions, and sub-bituminous coal
Coal
coal Bituminous coal Anthracite Graphite2 Coal combustion Ash pond Asian brown cloud Asthma Black coal equivalent Char Charcoal Coal combustion products
List_of_coalfields
and traffic congestion. Air pollution is also the main cause of the Asian brown cloud, which has been causing the monsoon season to be delayed. India is
Environmental_issues_in_India
Residue from burning
coal Bituminous coal Anthracite Graphite2 Coal combustion Ash pond Asian brown cloud Asthma Black coal equivalent Char Charcoal Coal combustion products
Char_(chemistry)
Coal processing stage
coal Bituminous coal Anthracite Graphite2 Coal combustion Ash pond Asian brown cloud Asthma Black coal equivalent Char Charcoal Coal combustion products
Coal_preparation_plant
it became more cost-competitive and new export markets emerged in other Asian countries. In 2016, "mining, processing, and related services from thermal
Coal_in_Canada
Northeastern part of the Indian Ocean
increasing tourism.[citation needed] The Asian brown cloud, a layer of air pollution that covers much of South Asia and the Indian Ocean every year between
Bay_of_Bengal
Waste product generated by the mining of lignite
coal Bituminous coal Anthracite Graphite2 Coal combustion Ash pond Asian brown cloud Asthma Black coal equivalent Char Charcoal Coal combustion products
Xylit
Smoke-like, fog-like air pollutions
it was at its worst. Smog tower Asian brown cloud 1997 Southeast Asian haze 2005 Malaysian haze 2006 Southeast Asian haze 2013 Eastern China smog 2013
Smog
November 2018. "Japan says no to high-emission coal power plants". Nikkei Asian Review. 26 July 2018. "IGCC Project Examples - Kemper County IGCC Project"
Coal_pollution_mitigation
Residential towns for employed miners and their families
the Coal Miners of the United States (1903) online. Sheppard, Muriel E. Cloud by Day: The Story of Coal and Coke and People. (U of Pittsburgh Press, 1991)
Coal_town
Coal plant disposal structure
coal Bituminous coal Anthracite Graphite2 Coal combustion Ash pond Asian brown cloud Asthma Black coal equivalent Char Charcoal Coal combustion products
Ash_pond
Crystalline form of carbon
that predate the Solar System and have also been detected in molecular clouds. These minerals were formed in the ejecta when supernovae exploded or low
Graphite
Waste from coal mining
coal Bituminous coal Anthracite Graphite2 Coal combustion Ash pond Asian brown cloud Asthma Black coal equivalent Char Charcoal Coal combustion products
Coal_refuse
tar Coke (fuel) Coking Metallurgical coal Externalities Ash pond Asian brown cloud Asthma Blackdamp Black lung disease Coal dust Coal mining disasters
Health_effects_of_coal_ash
Oceanic division
and biomass burning in South and Southeast Asia caused air pollution (also known as the Asian brown cloud) that reached as far as the Intertropical Convergence
Indian_Ocean
Gas exiting to the atmosphere via a flue
'smoke' seen pouring from flue gas stacks is this water vapor, forming a cloud as it contacts cool air. A typical flue gas from the combustion of fossil
Flue_gas
Process of getting coal to the surface
increase over the 20 years since 1999. In 2018, the world production of brown coal (lignite) was 803.2 Mt, with Germany the world's largest producer at
Coal_mining
Environmental issue in Malaysia
and Malaysian health authorities. 1997 Southeast Asian haze 2006 Southeast Asian haze Asian brown cloud Vijay Josh (2005-08-11). "Indonesian forest fires
Air_pollution_in_Malaysia
Club, Sierra; SFOC; Network, Kiko; Europe, C. a. N.; Groups, Bangladesh; Asia, Trend; ACJCE; Sustentable, Chile; POLEN; ICM; Arayara (April 10, 2024).
Coal power in the United States
Coal_power_in_the_United_States
Capacity". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2 July 2024. "Asian coal boom: climate threat or mirage?". Energy and Climate Intelligence Unit
Coal_power_in_China
Human disease caused by long-term exposure to coal dust
tar Coke (fuel) Coking Metallurgical coal Externalities Ash pond Asian brown cloud Asthma Blackdamp Black lung disease Coal dust Coal mining disasters
Black_lung_disease
Presence of dangerous substances in the air
and decreasing growth. Further oxidation of SO2, mostly taking place in cloud droplets, forms sulfuric acid (H2SO4), which is one of the components of
Air_pollution
Organic component of coal used to assess the thermal maturity of sedimentary rocks
coal Bituminous coal Anthracite Graphite2 Coal combustion Ash pond Asian brown cloud Asthma Black coal equivalent Char Charcoal Coal combustion products
Vitrinite
Haze over the Southeast Asia region in mid-1997
quality index Asian brown cloud Borneo peat swamp forests Deforestation in Borneo Haze Pollutant Standards Index Slash and burn Southeast Asian haze Garuda
1997_Southeast_Asian_haze
Peak consumption or production of coal
Mtoe, or about 4% lower. Australia has substantial coal resources, mostly brown coal. It is responsible for almost 40% of global coal exports worldwide
Peak_coal
Process of converting coal into liquid hydrocarbons
Process; the Liquid Solvent Extraction Process by British Coal; and the Brown Coal Liquefaction Process of Japan have been developed. Shenhua, a Chinese
Coal_liquefaction
East Asian meteorological phenomenon
records referring to Asian Dust events in Korea also exist from the Baekje, Goguryeo, and Joseon periods. An analysis of Asian Dust clouds conducted in China
Asian_Dust
tar Coke (fuel) Coking Metallurgical coal Externalities Ash pond Asian brown cloud Asthma Blackdamp Black lung disease Coal dust Coal mining disasters
Coal_in_Europe
Chemical mixture
generating fractions of various applications. Coal tar is a black or dark brown liquid or a high-viscosity semi-solid. Coal tars have the following major
Coal_tar
musclemen are mostly Rajputs of Bhojpur and Rohtas districts." Ajeet N. Mathur, Asian Regional Team for Employment Promotion, World Employment Programme, Industrial
Coal_in_India
protection. On May 10, 2019, the third largest U.S. coal company by production, Cloud Peak Energy, filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection. On October 29,
Coal mining in the United States
Coal_mining_in_the_United_States
By-products of coal combustion
Association A web site providing further information on the applications for PFA. Asian Coal Ash Association A web site providing further information on technologies
Coal_combustion_products
Type of bituminous coal or oil shale
terrestrial origin, and boghead coal to lacustrine environments. Cannel coal is brown to black oil shale. It comes from resins, spores, waxes, and cutaneous and
Cannel_coal
Seasonally-varying ocean current regime in the northern Indian Ocean
reproduced in dynamical models of the ocean-atmosphere system. Asian brown cloud Monsoon of South Asia Ocean current Ocean gyre Physical oceanography Shankar
Indian_Monsoon_Current
Underground smouldering of a coal deposit
Some coals may self-ignite at temperatures as low as 40 °C (104 °F) for brown coal in the right conditions of moisture and grain size. The fire usually
Coal-seam_fire
Wealthy and influential owner of coal mines
The phenomenon exists in North America, South America, Europe, Africa, Asia, and Australia. Coal barons reached their peak influence between the 1880s
Coal_baron
coal exports fell to about 13% in 2024), and shipments to China and other Asian markets are having trouble with tariffs and logistics. In early 2025, the
Coal_in_Russia
coal Bituminous coal Anthracite Graphite2 Coal combustion Ash pond Asian brown cloud Asthma Black coal equivalent Char Charcoal Coal combustion products
Coal_mining_in_Chile
Collective term for higher-quality coal
called bitumen or asphalt. Its coloration can be black or sometimes dark brown; often there are well-defined bands of bright and dull material within the
Bituminous_coal
Waters Pollution Prevention Act Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty Asian brown cloud Atmospheric dispersion modeling Atmospheric Model Intercomparison
Index of environmental articles
Index_of_environmental_articles
Solid fossil fuel
certain pollutants from lower-rank coals such as sub-bituminous and lignite (brown) coals, raising their calorific values. Coal refining or upgrading technologies
Refined_coal
Calendar year
2002 caused significant flooding in eastern Asia and in central Europe. The effects of the Asian brown cloud were documented in August by the United Nations
2002
Natural disasters in China
drought the following year 2007 Asian heat wave 2010 Khyber Pakhtunkhwa floods 2010 Russian wildfires Asian brown cloud China water crisis Climate change
2010 China drought and dust storms
2010_China_drought_and_dust_storms
Disused coal mine in Chell, Staffordshire, England
coal Bituminous coal Anthracite Graphite2 Coal combustion Ash pond Asian brown cloud Asthma Black coal equivalent Char Charcoal Coal combustion products
Chatterley_Whitfield
Manufactured gaseous fuel
coal Bituminous coal Anthracite Graphite2 Coal combustion Ash pond Asian brown cloud Asthma Black coal equivalent Char Charcoal Coal combustion products
Coal_gas
Phrase in American political rhetoric
coal Bituminous coal Anthracite Graphite2 Coal combustion Ash pond Asian brown cloud Asthma Black coal equivalent Char Charcoal Coal combustion products
War_on_coal
downstream cultivated river basins located in China, India, Egypt, Pakistan, west Asia, Australia, western US, etc. Pollutant discharges from ash ponds to surface
Health and environmental impact of the coal industry
Health_and_environmental_impact_of_the_coal_industry
coal Bituminous coal Anthracite Graphite2 Coal combustion Ash pond Asian brown cloud Asthma Black coal equivalent Char Charcoal Coal combustion products
Coal mining in the United Kingdom
Coal_mining_in_the_United_Kingdom
Long-term inflammatory disease of the airways of the lungs
50% decrease in PEF. Life-threatening exacerbations cause lethargy and clouding of consciousness. Brittle asthma is a kind of asthma distinguishable by
Asthma
Coal mineral based on fossilized fungi
coal Bituminous coal Anthracite Graphite2 Coal combustion Ash pond Asian brown cloud Asthma Black coal equivalent Char Charcoal Coal combustion products
Funginite
Coalfield in northern Somerset, England
evidence remaining of the previous mining activities around Clutton, Temple Cloud, High Littleton and Timsbury. However, there is a very large Batch almost
Somerset_Coalfield
coal Bituminous coal Anthracite Graphite2 Coal combustion Ash pond Asian brown cloud Asthma Black coal equivalent Char Charcoal Coal combustion products
Problems_in_coal_mining
Heating system using biomass
1164857. PMID 19164746. S2CID 44712883. Biomass burning leads to Asian brown cloud, Chemical & Engineering News, 87, 4, 31 Nussbaumer, Thomas (April
Biomass_heating_system
but northeast and tribal areas lose". Retrieved 3 June 2020. "The Asian Brown Cloud: Climate and Other Environmental Impacts" (PDF). United Nations Environmental
Forestry_in_India
Hypothesized economic bubble involving fossil-fuel energy producers
coal Bituminous coal Anthracite Graphite2 Coal combustion Ash pond Asian brown cloud Asthma Black coal equivalent Char Charcoal Coal combustion products
Carbon_bubble
Coal and natural gas power plant in Washington state
coal Bituminous coal Anthracite Graphite2 Coal combustion Ash pond Asian brown cloud Asthma Black coal equivalent Char Charcoal Coal combustion products
Centralia_Power_Plant
Mine in Washington (state), US
coal Bituminous coal Anthracite Graphite2 Coal combustion Ash pond Asian brown cloud Asthma Black coal equivalent Char Charcoal Coal combustion products
Centralia_Coal_Mine
liquefied petroleum gas. Air pollution is also the main cause of the Asian brown cloud, which is delaying the start of the monsoon. The Burning of biomass
Air_pollution_in_India
other coal mining regions include the Lviv-Volhynian basin and the Dnieper brown coal mining basin. The Donets basin is Ukraine's most developed and largest
Coal_in_Ukraine
Paleolithic excavation high on the French Larzac plateau had evidence of brown (lignite) coal use by Neanderthals as a speculated supplement to extend
History_of_coal_mining
Component of fine particulate matter
cost-effective way to reduce a major cause of global warming. Nuclear winter Asian brown cloud Global dimming Peat bog Environmental impact of the coal industry
Black_carbon
as well as helping to spread it. Asian brown cloud Intertropical Convergence Zone Tropical Warm Pool Southeast Asian Haze Greenhouse gas emissions Hamilton
Chemical_equator
Smoke haze over the Southeast Asia region
8,000 fire alerts – all of which occurred in 2006. Asia portal Air quality index Asian brown cloud Borneo peat swamp forests Deforestation in Borneo People's
2013_Southeast_Asian_haze
tar Coke (fuel) Coking Metallurgical coal Externalities Ash pond Asian brown cloud Asthma Blackdamp Black lung disease Coal dust Coal mining disasters
Environmental issues in Appalachia
Environmental_issues_in_Appalachia
coal Bituminous coal Anthracite Graphite2 Coal combustion Ash pond Asian brown cloud Asthma Black coal equivalent Char Charcoal Coal combustion products
Coal_in_New_Zealand
either high-quality bituminous coal (black coal) or lower-quality lignite (brown coal). Bituminous coal is mined in Queensland and New South Wales. It is
Coal_in_Australia
drug that would suppress the gene! Bob scrambles to neutralize the Asian Brown Cloud before it dumps a deadly shower of sulfuric acid on Mexico City; and
List_of_ReGenesis_episodes
Coal mining and consumption in South Africa
coal Bituminous coal Anthracite Graphite2 Coal combustion Ash pond Asian brown cloud Asthma Black coal equivalent Char Charcoal Coal combustion products
Coal_in_South_Africa
reporting is not made public. Over 90% of coal mined in Turkey is lignite (brown coal), which is more polluting than other types of coal. Turkey's energy
Coal_in_Turkey
Coal mines in Balochistan, Pakistan
the region was under British control. The mines are the second largest in Asia. Since 1974, due to a long-lasting tribal clash between the Luni and Marri
Chamalang_Coal_Mines
Coal mines in Virginia, United States
coal Bituminous coal Anthracite Graphite2 Coal combustion Ash pond Asian brown cloud Asthma Black coal equivalent Char Charcoal Coal combustion products
Clover_Hill_Pits
1999 South East Asian air pollution study
sunlight and promoting cloud formation. The amount of sunlight reaching the Earth's surface was reduced by 10%. Asian brown cloud Veerabhadran Ramanathan
Indian_Ocean_Experiment
Air pollution event in Southeast Asia
haze Air quality index Haze Pollutant Standards Index Slash and burn Asian brown cloud NASA MODIS imagery of fires Fires on Borneo, especially Kalimantan
2006_Southeast_Asian_haze
Reduction in the amount of sunlight reaching Earth's surface
darkened, and the plume can reach transcontinental scale (i.e. the Asian brown cloud.) Even so, the overall dimming from black carbon is much lower than
Global_dimming
Dutch journalist and film producer
directed by Mark Verkerk, which draws attention to the so-called Asian brown cloud phenomenon, was transmitted by the Buddhist Broadcasting Foundation
Bernice_Notenboom
Music genre
Cloud rap (also known as trillwave) is a subgenre of hip-hop that emerged from the Southern hip-hop scene in the late 2000s to early 2010s. The style
Cloud_rap
Distant planetesimals in the Solar System
The Oort cloud (pronounced /ɔːrt/ ORT or /ʊərt/ OORT), sometimes called the Öpik–Oort cloud, is theorized to be a cloud of billions of icy planetesimals
Oort_cloud
Southeast Asian haze Slash and burn Asian brown cloud 1997 Southeast Asian haze 2015 Southeast Asian haze 2026 Indonesia wildfires 2026 Southeast Asian haze
1997_Indonesian_forest_fires
ASEAN environment agreement
Malaysian haze 2006 Southeast Asian haze 2013 Southeast Asian haze 2015 Southeast Asian haze Asian brown cloud Southeast Asian haze ASEAN Secretariat. ASEAN
ASEAN Agreement on Transboundary Haze Pollution
ASEAN_Agreement_on_Transboundary_Haze_Pollution
Species of rodent
giant cloud rat (P. cumingi), has a more southerly distribution, is generally smaller (although with some overlap), and is entirely dark brown. However
Northern Luzon giant cloud rat
Northern_Luzon_giant_cloud_rat
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ASIAN BROWN-CLOUD
ASIAN BROWN-CLOUD
ASIAN BROWN-CLOUD
ASIAN BROWN-CLOUD
ASIAN BROWN-CLOUD
ASIAN BROWN-CLOUD
ASIAN BROWN-CLOUD
ASIAN BROWN-CLOUD
ASIAN BROWN-CLOUD
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