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Way J.S. Bach tuned his harpsichord
A Bach Temperament refers to the way the composer Johann Sebastian Bach tuned his harpsichords and clavichords for the interpretation, among other pieces
Bach_Temperament
Musical tuning system
century quotes on J.S. Bach and temperament Dominic Eckersley: "Rosetta Revisited: Bach's Very Ordinary Temperament" Well Temperaments, based on the Werckmeister
Equal_temperament
Musical tuning system
In Western music theory, a well temperament (also good temperament, circular or circulating temperament) is a type of tempered tuning used for keyboard
Well_temperament
Musical tuning system
"18th century quotes on J.S. Bach's temperament" Dominic Eckersley: "Rosetta Revisited: Bach's Very Ordinary Temperament". Academia website. Music: a
Musical_temperament
Collection of keyboard music by J.S. Bach
(called a "circulating temperament" or a "well temperament"). One of the opposing systems in Bach's day was meantone temperament in which keys with many
The_Well-Tempered_Clavier
Proto-psychological theory
The four temperament theory is a proto-psychological theory which suggests that there are four fundamental personality types: sanguine, choleric, melancholic
Four_temperaments
German composer (1685–1750)
scale of C minor. The major development in Bach's time to which he was a significant contributor was a temperament for keyboard instruments that allowed their
Johann_Sebastian_Bach
Three irregular temperaments developed by Johann Kirnberger
Sebastian Bach who greatly admired his teacher; he was one of Bach's principal proponents. Kirnberger's tuning systems, or well temperaments, are a way
Kirnberger_temperament
Musical tuning system with constant ratios between notes
An equal temperament is a musical temperament or tuning system that approximates just intervals by dividing an octave (or other interval) into steps such
Varieties of equal temperament
Varieties_of_equal_temperament
Musical tuning system
Meantone temperament is a musical tuning system. In meantone temperament the size of perfect fifths is reduced in order to improve the intonation of thirds
Meantone_temperament
Tuning system described by Andreas Werckmeister
Werckmeister temperaments are the tuning systems described by Andreas Werckmeister in his writings. The tuning systems are numbered in two different ways:
Werckmeister_temperament
Relationship among tones of the chromatic scale
pitch class. Such tuning systems include historical well temperaments, and 12-tone equal temperament, which is the standard tuning system for Western music
Circle_of_fifths
German organist, music theorist, and composer
well temperament (in which all keys are playable, as in J. S. Bach's later work The Well-Tempered Clavier) now known as Werckmeister temperament. The
Andreas_Werckmeister
German composer (1721–1783)
Music, Theatre & Dance "18th Century Quotations Relating to J.S. Bach's Temperament" by Willem Kroesbergen and Andrew J. Cruickshank, Cape Town, October
Johann_Kirnberger
Musical interval
evidenced proposal of the equally-tempered quarter tone scale, or 24 equal temperament, was made by 19th-century music theorists Heinrich Richter in 1823 and
Quarter_tone
Terms for tuning an instrument and a systems of pitches
Sound 19 equal temperament 22 equal temperament 31 equal temperament 53 equal temperament Schismatic temperament Miracle temperament Hexany Music portal
Musical_tuning
Dutch harpsichord builder
edu/5210832/18th_Century_Quotes_on_J.S._Bachs_Temperament http://www.huygens-fokker.org/docs/Kroesbergen_Bach_Temperament.pdf https://www.academia
Willem_Kroesbergen
Keyboard composition by Johann Sebastian Bach
C major, BWV 846, is a keyboard composition written by Johann Sebastian Bach. It is the first prelude and fugue in the first book of The Well-Tempered
Prelude and Fugue in C major, BWV 846
Prelude_and_Fugue_in_C_major,_BWV_846
help. The phrase temperament ordinaire (French tempérament ordinaire, meaning literally "ordinary temperament" or "usual temperament") is a term for musical
Temperament_ordinaire
German music theorist (1703–1778)
edu/5210832/18th_Century_Quotations_Relating_to_J.S._Bach_s_Temperament Boyd, Malcolm. Oxford Composer Companions: J.S. Bach, Oxford University Press, 1999, p. 456
Georg_Andreas_Sorge
Musical tuning based on pure intervals
equal temperament. With its division of the octave into twelve identical steps based on a ratio of the 12th root of 2 (≈1.0595), equal temperament uses
Just_intonation
American pipe organ builder
organ literature of all periods. Since its introduction in 1978, the "Bach" temperament by Herbert Anton Kellner has become Brombaugh's standard tuning, though
John_Brombaugh
History of musical appreciation
with the completion of the publication of all of Bach's known works by the Bach Gesellschaft. The "Bach Revival" started with Felix Mendelssohn's performance
Reception of Johann Sebastian Bach's music
Reception_of_Johann_Sebastian_Bach's_music
Collection of organ compositions by Johann Sebastian Bach
that the temperament on Silbermann organs was not well suited to "today's practice". Clavier-Übung III is the third of four books of Bach's Clavier-Übung
Clavier-Übung_III
Personality model consisting of five broad dimensions
replicates early temperament research. Noticeably, FFM publications never compare their findings to temperament models even though temperament and mental disorders
Big_Five_personality_traits
Basic musical interval
whole tone, or major second. The modern tuning system of 12-tone equal temperament divides the octave into twelve equal semitones, each with a frequency
Semitone
Austrian composer (1660–1741)
Andrew (October 2015). "18th century quotations relating to J. S. Bach's temperament" (PDF) (2nd ed.). Cape Town. Retrieved 15 November 2015. (Chapter
Johann_Joseph_Fux
Carillon designed and built by Het Molenpad Expertise. Bells tuned to 'Bach Temperament'. Gouda: Sint Janstoren. 50 bells Groningen: Academy Building, University
List_of_carillons
Musical interval
pitches per octave. Septimal sixth tone Varieties of equal temperament 72 equal temperament Septimal diesis Gann, Kyle (September 16, 2019). The Arithmetic
Sixth_tone
Use in music of microtones (intervals smaller than a semitone)
of as a note that falls "between the keys" of a piano tuned in equal temperament. Microtonal music can refer to any music containing microtones. The words
Microtonality
Musical piece by Johann Sebastian Bach
Sebastian Bach, vol. 1, New York: Oxford University Press Inc., ISBN 978-0-19-816440-1 Chi, Ben (1999). "Meantone and Temperament in Bach's Time". www
Prelude (Toccata) and Fugue in E major, BWV 566
Prelude_(Toccata)_and_Fugue_in_E_major,_BWV_566
English scientist and music theorist
source of a two-centuries misunderstanding that J. S. Bach would have been using the equal temperament for the performance of "Das Wohltemperierte Clavier"
Robert Holford Macdowall Bosanquet
Robert_Holford_Macdowall_Bosanquet
Musical interval unit
logarithmic unit of measure used for musical intervals. Twelve-tone equal temperament divides the octave into 12 semitones of 100 cents each. Typically, cents
Cent_(music)
Scale in which each note is separated from its neighbors by a whole tone
its neighbors by the interval of a whole tone. In twelve-tone equal temperament, there are only two complementary whole-tone scales, both six-note or
Whole-tone_scale
Profession
temperament allowed fixed-pitch instruments to play reasonably well in all of the keys. The famous "Well-Tempered Clavier" by Johann Sebastian Bach took
Piano_tuning
German musician and instrument maker (1699–1762)
Kroesbergen, Willem; Cruickshank, Andrew J. "18th Century Quotes on J.S. Bach's Temperament". Retrieved 9 November 2014. George J. Buelow/Quentin Faulkner: 'Adlung
Jakob_Adlung
American composer (1943–2020)
composer and music-theorist from Chicago. He was the discoverer of miracle temperament and eponym of the secor. As an inventor, Secor and Hermann Pedtke's Motorola
George_Secor
Minor scale based on A-sharp
sharps, is equivalent to B-flat minor in 12-tone equal temperament, but in 19-tone equal temperament, it is equivalent to B-double flat minor instead, with
A-sharp_minor
German composer (1809–1847)
teacher by his aunt Sarah Levy, who had been a pupil of W. F. Bach and a patron of C. P. E. Bach. Sarah Levy displayed some talent as a keyboard player, and
Felix_Mendelssohn
Musical instrument
chamber music), and a clearer, more direct sound. Among the disadvantages: temperament could not be re-set without bending the tangents; and playing required
Clavichord
Dresden church, bombed 1945, razed 1962
only 50 organs he completed, known for their clear meantone temperament. Johann Sebastian Bach is known to have played concerts on the instrument in 1725
Sophienkirche
Categorizations of simultaneous or successive sounds
played simultaneously) would be considered dissonant if it occurred in a J.S. Bach prelude from the 1700s; however, the same interval may sound consonant in
Consonance_and_dissonance
Musical interval
fifth respectively. The perfect fifth spans seven semitones in equal temperament. For example, the interval from C to G is a perfect fifth, as it spans
Perfect_fifth
Musical interval
different number of semitones (seven and ten respectively). In 12-tone equal temperament (12-ET), the minor sixth is enharmonically equivalent to the augmented
Minor_sixth
Topics referred to by the same term
a 2019 novel by Layne Fargo Tempering (music), adjusting the musical temperament of an instrument Tempered distribution, in mathematics Tempered representation
Temper
Musical interval
scale degrees (of a major scale) are called major. Major seventh (equal temperament) The file plays middle C, followed by B (a tone 1100 cents sharper than
Major_seventh
Musical interval
step and the sixth scale step in the octave above. In 12-tone equal temperament, a diminished seventh is equal to nine semitones, a ratio of 29/12:1
Diminished_seventh
Icelandic pianist (born 1984)
"breathtakingly brilliant pianist" by Gramophone; Le Monde heralded his "volcanic temperament, great virtuosity, taste for challenges". Víkingur grew up in Reykjavík
Víkingur_Ólafsson
Musical interval
into the three adjacent whole tones F–G, G–A, and A–B. In 12-tone-equal temperament, the tritone divides the octave (which is 12 semitones or 1200 cents)
Tritone
Mechanical stringed musical instrument
organistrum. The pitches on the organistrum were set according to Pythagorean temperament and the instrument was primarily used in monastic and church settings
Hurdy-gurdy
Minor key and scale based on F
eight sharps, is equivalent to F minor in 12-tone equal temperament, but in 19-tone equal temperament, it is equivalent to F-flat minor instead, with 11 flats
F_minor
Dissonant musical interval
the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries: the quarter-comma meantone temperament. More broadly, it is also used to refer to similar intervals (of close
Wolf_interval
Reference point for tuning musical instruments
28 Hz), which places the A above it at approximately 430.54 Hz in equal temperament tuning. The appeal of this system is its mathematical idealism (the frequencies
Concert_pitch
American harpsichordist and pianist (1919–2014)
performance in his previous Wildboar release of Bach's Italian Concerto in Werckmeister temperament." American Record Guide, January/February 1986, p
Martha_Goldstein
Personality disorder
of the disorder; these include early childhood experiences, genetics, temperament, and environment. The significance of these factors relative to each
Avoidant_personality_disorder
Musical input device
the same musical temperament. All isomorphic keyboards derive their invariance from their relationship to rank-2 regular temperaments of just intonation
Isomorphic_keyboard
Keyboard instrument
Bosendörfer and Stuart & Sons pianos—and tuned to a chromatic scale in equal temperament. A musician who specializes in piano is called a pianist. There are two
Piano
Musical interval
dissonance. The blossoming of tonality and the establishment of well temperament in Bach's time both had a continuing influence up to the late romantic period
Perfect_fourth
Musical interval
matches both intervals closely and is also the smallest widely used equal temperament that uniquely matches both intervals. Tuning systems that temper out
Neutral_interval
Musical interval
Minor seventh Inverse Major second Name Abbreviation m7 Tuning 12 equal temperament 10 semitones (1000 cents) Pythagorean tuning 16:9 (~996.09 cents) 5-limit
Minor_seventh
German instrument builder (1683–1753)
example of an opponent being Johann Sebastian Bach, who, unlike Silbermann who tuned in meantone temperament, preferred a more flexible tuning.[citation
Gottfried_Silbermann
Musical interval
size 36/35 flatter than a 6/5 just minor third. In 24 tone equal temperament five quarter tones approximate the septimal minor third at 250 cents
Septimal_minor_third
German music critic, theorist, and composer (1718–1795)
source of a two-centuries misunderstanding that J. S. Bach would have been using the equal temperament for the performance of "Das Wohltemperirte Clavier"
Friedrich_Wilhelm_Marpurg
Musical interval
equal temperament may be obtained by flattening the fifth by a schisma rather than a grad, a fact first noted by Johann Kirnberger, a pupil of Bach. Twelve
Schisma
Musical interval
harmonic in relation to the fourth) or 386.31 cents; in 12 tone equal temperament, a major third is equal to four semitones, a ratio of 21/3:1 (about 1
Major_third
third. In a meantone temperament, each fifth is narrowed ("tempered") by the same small amount. The most common of meantone temperaments is the quarter-comma
List_of_pitch_intervals
Approach to the performance of classical music
the original composition, and which usually have different timbre and temperament from their modern equivalents. A further area of study, that of changing
Historically informed performance
Historically_informed_performance
equal temperament and 31 equal temperament, but not in 22 equal temperament, 34 equal temperament, 41 equal temperament, or 53 equal temperament. Comma
Septimal_semicomma
comma. It may also be the ratio 36:35, or 48.77 cents. Play In 12 equal temperament this interval is not tempered out; the septimal whole tone and septimal
Septimal_diesis
Interval in music
the word "ditone" to describe the interval of a major third in equal temperament. For example, "In modern acoustics, the equal-tempered semitone has 100
Ditone
Personality disorder
NPD were described as having easily hurt feelings, an oversensitive temperament, and persistent feelings of shame. In the study Disorders of Personality:
Narcissistic personality disorder
Narcissistic_personality_disorder
Musical interval
and 72-ET. Conversely, in twelve-tone equal temperament, Pythagorean tuning, and meantone temperament (including 19-ET and 31-ET) all major seconds
Major_second
Thomas Adès Asyla calls for an upright piano tuned a quarter-tone flat. Jan Bach Concert Variations for solo euphonium; "each variation is based on different
List_of_quarter_tone_pieces
Musical interval
standard equal temperament it is identical to the perfect octave (Play), because both semitones have the same size. In 19 equal temperament, on the other
Augmented_seventh
Musical interval
narrowing a minor second by one chromatic semitone. In twelve-tone equal temperament, it is enharmonically equivalent to a perfect unison; therefore, it is
Diminished_second
German organist and theorist
organist, composer and theorist of the Baroque period and a contemporary of Bach. He is primarily known for his music theory treatise Treulicher Unterricht
David_Kellner
Musical interval
semitones and enharmonically equivalent to a minor third in 12-tone equal temperament. For instance, the interval from C to D is a major second, two semitones
Augmented_second
Musical interval
19 equal temperament it is in fact enharmonically equal to an augmented second, both having a value of 252.6 cents. In 31 equal temperament it has a more
Diminished_third
Musical interval encompassing three half steps
19 equal temperament it is very nearly the 6:5 ratio of just intonation; in more complex schismatic temperaments, such as 53 equal temperament, the "minor
Minor_third
Personality disorder involving excessive emotionality and attention-seeking
Matthew M.; Hopwood, Christopher J.; Zanarini, Mary C. (2015), "Hyperbolic Temperament as a Distinguishing Feature Between Borderline Personality Disorder and
Histrionic personality disorder
Histrionic_personality_disorder
Major key signature
notably in the Prelude and Fugue in C-sharp major from Johann Sebastian Bach's The Well-Tempered Clavier, Book 1. The G-sharp minor prelude (and the fugue)
G-sharp_major
American composer (1901–1974)
that Western music began to suffer from the time of Bach, after which twelve-tone equal temperament was adopted to the exclusion of other tuning systems
Harry_Partch
Musical interval
positions an octave apart, whose alterations cause them, in ordinary equal temperament, to be thirteen semitones apart. In other words, it is a perfect octave
Augmented_octave
German composer and organist (1653–1706)
Saxe-Eisenach. He met members of the Bach family in Eisenach (which was the home city of J. S. Bach's father, Johann Ambrosius Bach), and became a close friend
Johann_Pachelbel
Musical interval
approximated by 9 quarter tones, or 450 cents (play). Both 24 and 19 equal temperament map the septimal major third and the septimal narrow fourth (21:16) to
Septimal_major_third
Danish-German organist and composer (1637–1707)
Buxtehude's style greatly influenced other composers, such as Johann Sebastian Bach and George Frideric Handel. Buxtehude is considered one of the most important
Dieterich_Buxtehude
Musical interval
frequencies. It is about 231 cents wide in just intonation. 24 equal temperament does not match this interval particularly well, its nearest representation
Septimal_whole_tone
Musical interval
a major third play. It is called the neutral third in 24-Tone Equal Temperament, and the submajor third, or the superminor third, in Just Intonation
Neutral_third
Musical chord
temperament tempers out the septimal kleisma, some other temperaments, for example miracle temperament, do so also, and in all of these temperaments the
Augmented_triad
Plucked-string keyboard instrument
new compositions, and in certain styles of popular music. Johann Sebastian Bach – Prelude in C major, BWV 846 Performed by Robert Schröter on a French harpsichord
Harpsichord
Organ manufacturer and restorer
With Two Temperaments (2007) Schnurr, Stephen J., Northway, Dennis Edward. Pipe organs of Chicago, Volume 2. (Chauncey Park Press, 2009) Bach, Improvisation
Pasi_Organ_Builders
Dutch conductor and harpsichordist (b. 1944)
Orchestra in 1984. Koopman concentrates on Baroque music, especially that of Bach and is a leading figure in the "authentic performance" movement. While a
Ton_Koopman
Pipe organ built around windows
state. The pedal range was extended from C-g to C-d' and the unequal temperament was 'defused' to make possible a broader repertory. The seven sections
Organ of the Basilica of St. Martin (Weingarten)
Organ_of_the_Basilica_of_St._Martin_(Weingarten)
Musical interval
a more stable and consonant sound, than a minor seventh in 12 equal temperament. It is about 49 cents narrower than and is, "particularly sweet", "sweeter
Harmonic_seventh
Symphony by Gustav Mahler
disposition, aided by the dance rhythms. This sudden change in the musical temperament exposes the "schizophrenic character" of the symphony, since the tragic
Symphony_No._5_(Mahler)
Musical interval
consonant harmonic seventh in some tuning systems: In septimal meantone temperament, an augmented sixth is specifically assigned to the harmonic seventh
Augmented_sixth
Musical interval
semitones, and they are physically the same pitch in twelve-tone equal temperament. For example, B–D♯ is a major third; but if the same pitches are spelled
Diminished_fourth
Musical interval
to a diaschismic temperament. The diaschisma is tempered out in the usual system of 12 equal temperament; in fact, 12 equal temperament can be characterized
Diaschisma
Brass instrument
this pitch is close to the note shown, it is flat relative to equal temperament, and use of those fingerings is generally avoided. The fingering schema
Trumpet
French musicologist, writer, lecturer and music educator
l'iconographie du XVIIIe Bach, Ars oratoria, Bach Pilgrimage (London, 2000) Unter dem Zeichen des Wassers, Triangel (Leipzig, 2000) Tempérament, Tonalités, Affects
Gilles_Cantagrel
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