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Process of fatty acid breakdown
In biochemistry and metabolism, beta oxidation (also β-oxidation) is the catabolic process by which fatty acid molecules are broken down in the cytosol
Beta_oxidation
Group of coenzymes that metabolize fatty acids
converted to ATP. Beta oxidation, as well as alpha-oxidation, also occurs in the peroxisome. The peroxisome handles beta oxidation of fatty acids that
Acyl-CoA
Energy-carrying molecule in living cells
eukaryotes are (1) glycolysis, (2) the citric acid cycle/oxidative phosphorylation, and (3) beta-oxidation. The overall process of oxidizing glucose to carbon
Adenosine_triphosphate
Metabolic pathway
applied to fatty acids resistant to beta-oxidation, the other process for fatty acid breakdown. In humans, alpha-oxidation is used: In peroxisomes to break
Alpha_oxidation
Set of biological processes
beta oxidative cut of the acyl-CoA molecule eventually yields 5 ATP molecules in oxidative phosphorylation. The acetyl-CoA produced by beta oxidation
Fatty_acid_metabolism
Interconnected biochemical reactions releasing energy
cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation equals about 30 ATP molecules, in eukaryotes. The number of ATP molecules derived from the beta oxidation of a 6 carbon
Citric_acid_cycle
Biological synthesis and degradation of lipids
mitochondrial membrane to enter the process of beta oxidation. The main products of the beta oxidation pathway are acetyl-CoA (which is used in the citric
Lipid_metabolism
Chemical compound
acyl-CoA molecules into mitochondria), and once inside, can participate in beta-oxidation. Alternatively, palmitoyl-CoA is used as a substrate in the biosynthesis
Palmitoyl-CoA
Set of chemical reactions in organisms
broken down by beta oxidation to release acetyl-CoA, which then is fed into the citric acid cycle. Fatty acids release more energy upon oxidation than carbohydrates
Metabolism
Series of interconnected biochemical reactions
synthesis of nucleotides. While the pentose phosphate pathway does involve oxidation of glucose, its primary role is anabolic rather than catabolic. The pathway
Pentose_phosphate_pathway
Enzyme found in humans
The carnitine palmitoyltransferase system is an essential step in the beta-oxidation of long chain fatty acids. This transfer system is necessary because
Carnitine palmitoyltransferase I
Carnitine_palmitoyltransferase_I
Ketolysis provides more energy for ATP synthesis than fatty acid oxidation (beta oxidation). Ketogenesis occurs primarily in the liver, whereas ketolysis
Ketolysis
Chemical synthesis of ketone bodies
ketones can be ineffective in people with defects in the pathway for beta-oxidation, in the genes for ketogenesis (HMGCS2 and HMGCL), or for ketolysis (OXCT1
Ketogenesis
Chemical compound
through a beta-oxidative pathway or a non-beta-oxidative pathway. The beta-oxidative pathway produces benzoyl-CoA while the non-beta-oxidative pathway produces
Cathinone
Metabolic pathway
Oxidative phosphorylation or electron transport-linked phosphorylation or terminal oxidation, is the metabolic pathway in which cells use enzymes to oxidize
Oxidative_phosphorylation
Inner mitochondrial membrane protein
catalyzes three out of the four steps in beta oxidation. MTP is a hetero-octamer composed of four alpha and four beta subunits: HADHA HADHB The three functions
Mitochondrial trifunctional protein
Mitochondrial_trifunctional_protein
Series of interconnected biochemical reactions
glycolysis, as it is in most other energy yielding metabolic reactions (e.g. beta-oxidation of fatty acids, and during the citric acid cycle). The NADH thus produced
Glycolysis
Biochemical process in living organisms
spontaneously. These ATPs are supplied from fatty acid catabolism via beta oxidation. Glycogenolysis refers to the breakdown of glycogen. In the liver, muscles
Carbohydrate_metabolism
Process of releasing energy from nutrients using inorganic electron acceptors
specific, low Km transporter to bring it into the mitochondrial matrix for oxidation by the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex. The phosphate carrier (PiC) mediates
Cellular_respiration
Genetic neurological disease
result of fatty acid buildup caused by failure of peroxisomal fatty acid beta oxidation which results in the accumulation of very long chain fatty acids in
Adrenoleukodystrophy
Topics referred to by the same term
Oxidization may refer to: Oxidation, a chemical reaction in which electrons are lost Beta oxidation, the process by which fatty acids are broken down
Oxidization
Biosynthesis of glucose molecules
spontaneously. These ATPs are supplied from fatty acid catabolism via beta oxidation. In humans the main gluconeogenic precursors are lactate, glycerol (which
Gluconeogenesis
Biochemical shuttle reaction
out to shuttle more LCFAs, and the newly separated LCFAs undergoing beta oxidation to release their energy. The carnitine shuttle is an example of an antiporter
Carnitine_shuttle
Mammalian protein found in Homo sapiens
Droplet-binding Protein, Protects Heart from Oxidative Burden by Sequestering Fatty Acid from Excessive Oxidation". Journal of Biological Chemistry. 287 (28):
Perilipin-5
Biological process to convert light into chemical energy
reduction of carbon dioxide to carbohydrates, cellular respiration is the oxidation of carbohydrates or other nutrients to carbon dioxide. Nutrients used
Photosynthesis
Enzymes
that have key roles in many vital biochemical pathways, including the beta oxidation pathway of fatty acid degradation and various biosynthetic pathways
Thiolase
Respiration using electron acceptors other than oxygen
example, in homofermentative lactic acid bacteria, NADH formed during the oxidation of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate is oxidized back to NAD+ by the reduction
Anaerobic_respiration
Amino acid with a branched carbon chain
which encode for enzymes in the metabolic pathway. Oxidation of BCAAs may increase fatty acid oxidation and play a role in obesity[citation needed]. Physiologically
Branched-chain_amino_acid
Metabolic process in some animals
Omega oxidation (ω-oxidation) is a process of fatty acid metabolism in some species of animals. It is an alternative pathway to beta oxidation that, instead
Omega_oxidation
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
data. This gene encodes the beta subunit of the mitochondrial trifunctional protein, a catalyst of mitochondrial beta-oxidation of long chain fatty acids
HADHB
Space within the inner membrane of the mitochondrion
of ATP, such as the citric acid cycle, oxidative phosphorylation, oxidation of pyruvate, and the beta oxidation of fatty acids. The composition of the
Mitochondrial_matrix
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
where it catalyzes the first step of the mitochondrial fatty acid beta-oxidation pathway. This acyl-Coenzyme A dehydrogenase is specific to long-chain
ACADVL
Metabolism involving breakdown of lipids
journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of April 2026 (link) King, Michael W. "Oxidation of Fatty Acids". Archived from the original on 14 January 2016. Retrieved
Lipolysis
Protein-coding gene in humans
flavoenzymes that transfer electrons to ETF are involved in fatty acid beta oxidation, amino acid catabolism, choline metabolism, and special metabolic pathways
ETFB
Medical condition
lengths between 6 and 12 carbons as they undergo beta-oxidation in the mitochondria. Fatty acid beta-oxidation provides energy after the body has used up its
Medium-chain acyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase deficiency
Medium-chain_acyl-coenzyme_A_dehydrogenase_deficiency
Series of interconnected biochemical reactions
Urea cycle Fatty acid synthesis Fatty acid elongation Beta oxidation Peroxisomal beta oxidation Glyco- genolysis Glyco- genesis Glyco- lysis Gluconeo-
Lactic_acid_fermentation
Polymerisation of glucose molecules into glycogen
Urea cycle Fatty acid synthesis Fatty acid elongation Beta oxidation Peroxisomal beta oxidation Glyco- genolysis Glyco- genesis Glyco- lysis Gluconeo-
Glycogenesis
Series of interconnected biochemical reactions
Urea cycle Fatty acid synthesis Fatty acid elongation Beta oxidation Peroxisomal beta oxidation Glyco- genolysis Glyco- genesis Glyco- lysis Gluconeo-
Mevalonate_pathway
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
protein encoded by this gene is the first enzyme of the fatty acid beta-oxidation pathway, which catalyzes the desaturation of acyl-CoAs to 2-trans-enoyl-CoAs
ACOX1
Set of biochemical reactions
Urea cycle Fatty acid synthesis Fatty acid elongation Beta oxidation Peroxisomal beta oxidation Glyco- genolysis Glyco- genesis Glyco- lysis Gluconeo-
Urea_cycle
Biochemical process in which fatty acids are derived from acetyl-CoA and NADPH
of this enzyme, inhibiting lipogenesis in favor of fatty acid oxidation via beta-oxidation. Many bacteria use the anaerobic pathway for synthesizing unsaturated
Fatty_acid_synthesis
Mammalian protein found in humans
composed of 421 amino acids. The LCAD enzyme catalyzes most of fatty acid beta-oxidation by forming a C2-C3 trans-double bond in the fatty acid. MCAD works on
ACADM
Energy expenditure for processing food
Urea cycle Fatty acid synthesis Fatty acid elongation Beta oxidation Peroxisomal beta oxidation Glyco- genolysis Glyco- genesis Glyco- lysis Gluconeo-
Specific_dynamic_action
Type of enzyme
NADPH-dependent and NADPH-independent pathways of beta-oxidation. The double bond serves as the target of oxidation and carbon-to-carbon bond cleavage, thereby
Enoyl-CoA_isomerase
Medical condition
deficiency) The term fatty acid oxidation disorder (FAOD) is sometimes used, especially when there is an emphasis on the oxidation of the fatty acid. In addition
Fatty-acid metabolism disorder
Fatty-acid_metabolism_disorder
thiolase) inhibitors directly inhibits fatty acid beta-oxidation. pFOX directly inhibits fatty acid beta-oxidation. Liepinsh, E; Vilskersts, R; Loca, D; et al
Fatty acid oxidation inhibitors
Fatty_acid_oxidation_inhibitors
Biosynthetic pathway
Claisen rearrangement of chorismate by chorismate mutase. Prephenate is oxidatively decarboxylated with retention of the hydroxyl group to give p-hydroxyphenylpyruvate
Shikimate_pathway
Breakdown of glycogen
Urea cycle Fatty acid synthesis Fatty acid elongation Beta oxidation Peroxisomal beta oxidation Glyco- genolysis Glyco- genesis Glyco- lysis Gluconeo-
Glycogenolysis
Class of enzymes
2-trans/cis-enoyl-CoA: ECH is essential to metabolizing fatty acids in beta oxidation to produce both acetyl CoA and energy in the form of ATP. ECH of rats
Enoyl-CoA_hydratase
Wastewater from the laundry process
carbon in the alkyl chain as omega-oxidation, which can start from one or both ends, then is followed by beta-oxidation. After the first step the residual
Laundry_wastewater
Metabolic redox process producing energy in the absence of oxygen
other anaerobic microorganisms can convert the pyruvate produced from the oxidation of glucose by a glycolysis pathway to ethanol and CO2. In ethanol fermentation
Fermentation
Medical condition
produce methylenecyclopropylacetic acid (MCPA). MCPA acts to inhibit the beta-oxidation of fatty acids in two ways. First, it interferes with the transport
Jamaican_vomiting_sickness
Series of interconnected biochemical reactions
an energy source by vertebrates as fatty acids are degraded through beta oxidation into acetate molecules. This acetate, bound to the active thiol group
Glyoxylate_cycle
Organic compound that is soluble in nonpolar solvents
metabolism of fatty acids in and out of mitochondria, where they undergo beta oxidation. Polyprenols and their phosphorylated derivatives also play important
Lipid
Chemical energy animals derive from food
Urea cycle Fatty acid synthesis Fatty acid elongation Beta oxidation Peroxisomal beta oxidation Glyco- genolysis Glyco- genesis Glyco- lysis Gluconeo-
Food_energy
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
trifunctional protein, which catalyzes the last three steps of mitochondrial beta-oxidation of long chain fatty acids. The enzyme converts medium- and long-chain
HADHA
Series of interconnected biochemical reactions
photoautotrophs (which use sunlight) and lithoautotrophs (which use inorganic oxidation). Heterotrophs, such as animals and fungi, are not capable of carbon fixation
Biological_carbon_fixation
Congenital disorder of nervous system
impaired very long chain fatty acid beta-oxidation, phytanic acid alpha-oxidation, pristanic acid alpha-oxidation, and plasmalogen biosynthesis. The nutrient
Zellweger_syndrome
Process in plant metabolism
as these can damage the metabolic functions of the cell by subsequent oxidation of membrane lipids, proteins or nucleotides. The mutants deficient in
Photorespiration
Polycyclic organic compound having sterane as a core structure
vary by the functional groups attached to this four-ring core and by the oxidation state of the rings. Sterols are forms of steroids with a hydroxy group
Steroid
22-Carbon polyunsaturated fatty acid
desaturase) in the mitochondria, then shortened to DHA (22:6 ω-3) via beta oxidation in the peroxisome. The hypothesis was accepted in the absence of an
Docosahexaenoic_acid
Amino acid having an aromatic ring
Urea cycle Fatty acid synthesis Fatty acid elongation Beta oxidation Peroxisomal beta oxidation Glyco- genolysis Glyco- genesis Glyco- lysis Gluconeo-
Aromatic_amino_acid
Biochemical process involving the production of fats
and triglyceride gene expression. Through the promotion of fatty acid oxidation and lipogenesis inhibition, leptin was found to control the release of
Lipogenesis
Class of enzymes
enzyme catalyzes the following reactions DECR1 participates in the beta oxidation and metabolism of polyunsaturated fatty enoyl-CoA esters. Specifically
2,4_Dienoyl-CoA_reductase
Chemical reaction involving changes in oxidation state
reduction–oxidation or oxidation–reduction) is a type of chemical reaction in which the oxidation states of the reactants change. Oxidation is the loss
Redox
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
regulate the response to oxidative stress by binding to CatR, the catalase A regulator, thereby linking oxidative stress to beta-oxidation regulation. GRCh38:
PIR_(gene)
Chemical compound
intermediate in beta oxidation of even-numbered, straight chain, and saturated fatty acids. Crotonyl-coenzyme A Acetoacetyl CoA Beta-hydroxybutyryl-CoA
Β-Hydroxybutyryl-CoA
bifunctional enzyme and is one of the four enzymes of the peroxisomal beta-oxidation pathway. Mutations of the gene are a cause of peroxisomal disorders
Peroxisomal bifunctional enzyme
Peroxisomal_bifunctional_enzyme
Set of biological pathways
further broken down to N-carbamoyl-β-alanine, and then to beta-alanine, CO2, and ammonia by beta-ureidopropionase. Thymine is broken down into β-aminoisobutyrate
Pyrimidine_metabolism
Metabolic pathway
Urea cycle Fatty acid synthesis Fatty acid elongation Beta oxidation Peroxisomal beta oxidation Glyco- genolysis Glyco- genesis Glyco- lysis Gluconeo-
Glyceroneogenesis
Protein-coding gene in humans
fatty acid beta-oxidation using acyl-CoA oxidase transmembrane transport very long-chain fatty acid catabolic process fatty acid beta-oxidation transport
ABCD1
Chemical compound
Octanoyl-coenzyme A is the endpoint of beta oxidation in peroxisomes. It is produced alongside acetyl-CoA and transferred to the mitochondria to be further
Octanoyl-CoA
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
carnitine octanoyltransferase: evidence for its role in the peroxisomal beta-oxidation of branched-chain fatty acids". Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 263 (1):
CROT_(gene)
Protein-coding gene in humans
This enzyme catalyzes the initial step of the mitochondrial fatty acid beta-oxidation pathway. The ACADS gene is associated with short-chain acyl-coenzyme
ACADS
System of communication
Labelle-Dumais C, Kuroda K, Clarke HJ, Dufort D (June 2005). "Uterine Wnt/beta-catenin signaling is required for implantation". Proceedings of the National
Cell_signaling
Process
for reuse as nucleotide components. Cytosine and uracil are converted into beta-alanine, which is further processed into malonyl-CoA, a key precursor for
Nucleic_acid_metabolism
Metabolic pathway
Urea cycle Fatty acid synthesis Fatty acid elongation Beta oxidation Peroxisomal beta oxidation Glyco- genolysis Glyco- genesis Glyco- lysis Gluconeo-
Non-mevalonate_pathway
Group of enzymes hydroxylating fatty acids
and transferred to mitochondria for complete oxidized by beta oxidation (see also omega oxidation). 2) A member of the CYP4A subfamily, CYP4A11, preferentially
Cytochrome P450 omega hydroxylase
Cytochrome_P450_omega_hydroxylase
Protein-coding gene in humans
flavoenzymes that transfer electrons to ETF are involved in fatty acid beta oxidation, amino acid catabolism, choline metabolism, and special metabolic pathways
ETFA
Enzyme that regulates the metabolism of fatty acids
fatty acid synthesis whereas ACC2 mainly regulates fatty acid oxidation (beta oxidation). A mitochondrial isoform of ACC1 (mtACC1) plays a partially redundant
Acetyl-CoA_carboxylase
Group of vitamins
chain, the citric acid cycle, as well as the catabolism of fatty acids (beta oxidation). Vitamin B3 Niacin Niacin is composed of two structures: nicotinic
B_vitamins
Medical condition
re-enter the maternal circulation through the placenta, and overwhelm the beta-oxidation enzymes of the mother. The gene responsible for LCHAD has been isolated
Acute fatty liver of pregnancy
Acute_fatty_liver_of_pregnancy
Chemicals produced during fat metabolism
acetyl-CoA units by a sequence of reactions known as β-oxidation. The acetyl-CoA produced by β-oxidation enters the citric acid cycle in the mitochondrion
Ketone_bodies
Drug for angina pectoris sold under many brand names
of the fatty acid oxidation inhibitor class; it shifts cardiac energy metabolism from fatty acid utilization toward glucose oxidation, thereby improving
Trimetazidine
Changes in metabolism that occur in response to a lack of food
controls the metabolic flux of beta oxidation. The resulting acetyl-CoA enters the TCA cycle and undergoes oxidative phosphorylation to produce ATP.
Starvation_response
Species of plant
and II, reducing their bioavailability and consequently inhibiting beta oxidation of fatty acids. Glucose stores are consequently depleted leading to
Ackee
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
responsible for beta-oxidation of fatty acids within the mitochondria. LCAD dysfunction is associated with lowered fatty acid oxidation capacity and decreased
ACADL
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
auxiliary enzyme that catalyzes an isomerization step required for the beta-oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids.[supplied by OMIM] GRCh38: Ensembl release
ECI2
Coenzyme
exists in two common oxidation states, the fully oxidized form (FAD) and the fully reduced, dihydrogenated form, FADH2. Other oxidation states also exist
Flavin_adenine_dinucleotide
Acyl CoA with a fatty acid tail
FADH2. There are four steps the in fatty acid beta-oxidation pathway; oxidation, hydration, oxidation, and thiolysis. It requires 7 rounds of this pathway
Fatty_acyl-CoA_esters
Type of biochemical process
Urea cycle Fatty acid synthesis Fatty acid elongation Beta oxidation Peroxisomal beta oxidation Glyco- genolysis Glyco- genesis Glyco- lysis Gluconeo-
Protein_metabolism
Inflammatory bowel disease that causes ulcers in the colon
barrier). The short-chain fatty acid n-butyrate gets oxidized through the beta oxidation pathway into carbon dioxide and ketone bodies. It has been shown that
Ulcerative_colitis
Chemical compound
the circulation, it is quickly metabolised in the liver by fatty acid beta oxidation to 1,2-dinor- and 1,2,3,4-tetranor-latanoprost acid; blood plasma half
Latanoprost
Chemical compound
shift the myocardial energy metabolism from fatty acid oxidation to the more favorable oxidation of glucose, or glycolysis, under conditions where oxygen
Meldonium
Using body fats as fuel instead of carbohydrates
the bound fatty acids are used as fuel in cells predominantly through beta oxidation, which cleaves two carbons from the acyl-CoA molecule in every cycle
Ketosis
Protein-coding gene in humans
acyl-CoA dehydrogenase family of enzymes (ACADs), which participate in the beta-oxidation of fatty acids in mitochondria. The encoded enzyme contains a hydrolase
ACAD10
Natural bicyclic sesquiterpene
L.; Mazzanti, G.; Bartolini, A. (2001). "Local anaesthetic activity of beta-caryophyllene". Farmaco. 56 (5–7): 387–389. doi:10.1016/S0014-827X(01)01092-8
Caryophyllene
Medical condition
which the liver converts into acetyl-CoA through a process called beta oxidation. Acetyl-CoA is metabolised into ketone bodies under severe states of
Diabetic_ketoacidosis
interactions with the beta subunit. The 8-stranded anti-parallel beta barrel fold of this domain is particularly interesting. The beta subunit contains the
Propionyl-CoA_carboxylase
– Sustainable industries – Water cycle Alternation of generations – Beta oxidation – Bioelectricity – Biological pest control – Biological rhythm – Bipolar
List_of_cycles
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