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Mass spectrometer
A calutron is a mass spectrometer originally designed and used for separating the isotopes of uranium. It was developed by Ernest Lawrence during the Manhattan
Calutron
Women working on the Manhattan Project
The Calutron Girls were a group of young women—mostly high school graduates—who had joined the Manhattan Project at the Y-12 National Security Complex
Calutron_Girls
this instrument to verify the equivalence of mass and energy, E = mc2. A Calutron is a sector mass spectrometer that was used for separating the isotopes
History_of_mass_spectrometry
US Department of Energy facility in Oak Ridge, Tennessee, US
uranium-235 from natural uranium, which is 99.3% uranium-238, by using calutrons to perform electromagnetic isotope separation. Y-12 separated the uranium-235
Y-12 National Security Complex
Y-12_National_Security_Complex
American physicist (1901–1958)
isotope separation at the Radiation Laboratory. It used devices known as calutrons, a hybrid of the standard laboratory mass spectrometer and cyclotron.
Ernest_Lawrence
Town in Salah al-Din Governorate, Iraq
included both 1200 mm and 600 mm separators. Tarmiya was the location of 20 calutrons used to enrich uranium to 35%, situated in two buildings on the site.
Al_Tarmia
American theoretical physicist (1918–1988)
uranium-238. This was done in a quite different manner from that used by the calutron that was under development by a team under Wilson's former mentor, Ernest
Richard_Feynman
Uranium processed to increase the percentage of uranium-235
respective collection targets. A production-scale mass spectrometer named the calutron was developed during World War II that provided some of the 235U used for
Enriched_uranium
U.S. state
Calutron operators at the Y-12 Plant in Oak Ridge during the Manhattan Project
Tennessee
Chemical element with atomic number 79 (Au)
atomic experiments, but large high-current silver wires were used in the calutron isotope separator magnets in the project. It is estimated that 16% of the
Gold
electromagnetic separation methods which resulted in the invention of Calutron. Compton puts the case for plutonium before Bush and Conant. December 7:
Timeline of the Manhattan Project
Timeline_of_the_Manhattan_Project
World War II Allied nuclear weapons program
to manage Y-12. The calutrons were turned over to trained Tennessee Eastman operators known as the Calutron Girls. The calutrons initially enriched the
Manhattan_Project
British physicist (1908–1985)
the 1930s. During World War II he assisted with the development of the calutron as part of the Manhattan Project. He returned to Berkeley in 1945 to lead
Robert_Lyster_Thornton
Chemical element with atomic number 47 (Ag)
II in the US, 13540 tons of silver were used for the electromagnets in calutrons for enriching uranium, mainly because of the wartime shortage of copper
Silver
Object or material which allows the flow of electric charge with little energy loss
on loan from the United States Treasury were used in the making of the calutron magnets during World War II due to wartime shortages of copper. Aluminum
Electrical_conductor
American particle physicist and science educator (1912–1985)
Oppenheimer (center) with part of a calutron at Berkeley (date unknown)
Frank_Oppenheimer
Concentrating specific isotopes of a chemical element
used in the first atomic bombs. Devices using his principle are named calutrons. After the war the method was largely abandoned as impractical. It had
Isotope_separation
Analytical technique based on determining mass to charge ratio of ions
known as calutrons were developed by Ernest O. Lawrence and used for separating the isotopes of uranium during the Manhattan Project. Calutron mass spectrometers
Mass_spectrometry
Indian-American astrophysicist (1910–1995)
contributing to the project. It has been rumoured that he visited the Calutron project. He wrote that his scientific research was motivated by his desire
Subrahmanyan_Chandrasekhar
The Y-12 plant in Oak Ridge, Tennessee, where mass spectrometers called calutrons had enriched uranium for the Manhattan Project, was redesigned to make
Nuclear_weapon_design
Type of particle accelerator
Radiation Laboratory's 60-inch cyclotron. Furthermore Lawrence invented the calutron (California University cyclotron), which was industrially developed at
Cyclotron
Secret laboratory established by the Manhattan Project
Project on 23 September 1942. He visited Berkeley to look at Lawrence's calutrons, and met with Oppenheimer, who gave him a report on bomb design on 8 October
Project_Y
Old method of enriching uranium
product of which was around 23% 235U. Finally, this material was fed into calutrons at the Y-12. These machines (a type of mass spectrometer) employed electromagnetic
Gaseous_diffusion
American engineer and inventor
switch and fuse design at Westinghouse. 1942–45 - Roman was manager of calutron uranium isotope separator design for the Manhattan Project under a contract
Walter_G._Roman
American physicist (1914–2000)
an alternative approach to electromagnetic separation from Lawrence's calutron method, used for the purpose of separating the fissile uranium-235 isotope
Robert_R._Wilson
for commercial use.[citation needed] Australian Atomic Energy Commission Calutron Nuclear fuel cycle Nuclear power Makarov, Grigorii N. (2015-07-01). "Low
Molecular laser isotope separation
Molecular_laser_isotope_separation
Laboratory Berkeley, California, and Oakland, California, US
electromagnetic enrichment of uranium using their experience with cyclotrons. The calutrons (named after the university) became the basic unit of the massive Y-12
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
Lawrence_Berkeley_National_Laboratory
Manhattan project hires the Calutron Girls, a group of about 10,000 young women, to monitor dials and watch meters for calutrons, mass spectrometers adapted
Women_in_physics
Manhattan Project uranium enrichment facility
California Radiation Laboratory. This method employed devices known as calutrons, a hybrid of the standard laboratory mass spectrometer and cyclotron.
Clinton_Engineer_Works
Canadian punk rock band
Dead To Me (2011) Southwards/Meanwhile In Hell 7" Split w/ ASTPAI (2012) Calutron Girls/Dagger 7" split w/ Make Do and Mend, Rise Records (2013) Compilation
The_Flatliners
Trading. Iraq used an overlooked method, electromagnetic separation (calutrons), to enrich uranium. Its interest in electromagnetic separation started
Iraq and weapons of mass destruction
Iraq_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction
High vacuum pump
Diffusion pumps used on the Calutron mass spectrometers during the Manhattan Project, visible as black cylinders in the upper half of the image
Diffusion_pump
Thompson-Houston Amtrak, from American and track Bapes, from bathing and ape Calutron, from California University Cyclotron Citizendium, from Citizens' Compendium
List_of_portmanteaus
Electromagnet used to generate a magnetic field in an electro-magnetic machine
to build the first atomic bomb used electromagnetic devices known as calutrons to enrich uranium. Thousands of tons of silver were borrowed from the
Field_coil
Canadian-American physicist (1912–1997)
isotope separation for the Manhattan Project in Berkeley and Oak Ridge (calutron). In 1946, after the discovery of the phase stability and the synchrotron
John_Reginald_Richardson
1994 novel by Frederick Forsyth
Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory in California identifies the discs as Calutrons (California Cyclotrons), a low-tech solution to refining uranium. Mike
The_Fist_of_God
Manhattan Project uranium enrichment facility
atomic bomb, but it could provide slightly enriched feed for the Y-12 calutrons and the K-25 gaseous diffusion plants. It was estimated that the S-50
S-50_(Manhattan_Project)
American-Brazilian-British scientist (1917–1992)
completed the research. Bohm later performed theoretical calculations for the Calutrons at the Y-12 facility in Oak Ridge, Tennessee. These calculations were
David_Bohm
American photographer (1922–2019)
by National Archives with the title "Tulip Town Market, Grove Center" Calutron operators at the Y-12 plant in Oak Ridge. This photo motivated Denise Kiernan
Ed_Westcott
First industrial-scale nuclear reactor
tons of silver loaned by the Treasury Department for the windings in its calutrons, employed 22,000 people and consumed more electrical power than most states
B_Reactor
American women participating in WWII
more women, including the "Calutron Girls", who worked at Y-12 at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory operating the Calutrons. More than 60,000 Army nurses
American women in World War II
American_women_in_World_War_II
clone), and convince him to go to Falcon's Edge, supposedly to photograph a calutron left over from the Soviet era, over fears that Drake is trying to activate
List_of_Alex_Rider_characters
and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observations Calligraphic projection Calutron Carbon dioxide laser Carrier generation and recombination Catastrophic
List_of_laser_articles
American born Soviet intelligence officer and scientist (1913 – 2006)
Oak Ridge workers operating calutrons. Koval's job as a health officer meant he had his own car and access to many sensitive areas of the facility.
George_Koval
Manhattan Project codename for a program to produce enriched uranium
producing product with a lower enrichment which could be fed into the calutrons of the Y-12 electromagnetic plant. Urey therefore began preparations to
K-25
American dramatist
Wilson M. Powell, a Harvard physicist who developed the magnets for the Calutrons in the Manhattan Project, Smashers is being developed in the new Oculus
J_Dakota_Powell
Method of mass spectrometry
674.. doi:10.1103/PhysRev.69.674.2. US 2847576, Lawrence, Ernest O., "Calutron system", published 1958-08-12, assigned to US, Atomic Energy Commission
Time-of-flight mass spectrometry
Time-of-flight_mass_spectrometry
Program of the Manhattan Project to convert uranium ores into feed materials
nuclear reactors. Uranium tetrachloride was produced as feed for the calutrons used in the Y-12 (electromagnetic) isotope separation process, and uranium
Manhattan Project feed materials program
Manhattan_Project_feed_materials_program
List compiling of particle accelerators used for particle physics experiments
1942–1993 Circular Various MeV to GeV Research on uranium isotope separation Calutrons Y-12 Plant, Oak Ridge, TN 1943– "Horseshoe" Uranium nuclei Used to separate
List of accelerators in particle physics
List_of_accelerators_in_particle_physics
Chemical compound
feed for the Ernest O. Lawrence's calutrons. Its major benefit was that the uranium tetrachloride used in the calutrons is not as corrosive as the uranium
Uranium_tetrachloride
American nuclear chemist (1909–1999)
atoms were buried in the walls of the stainless steel receivers by the calutrons, then recovered chemically. Larson's solution was to copper-plate the
Clarence_Larson
American physical chemist (1908–1980)
1.1% enrichment. Uranium partially enriched in K-25 was fed into the calutrons at Y-12 to complete the enrichment process. Construction of the upper
Willard_Libby
1950s Soviet isotope separation facility
trajectory difference during ion acceleration. This role was similar to the calutrons used at the Y-12 complex of the Manhattan Project. Its design team was
SU-20
Method of separating isotopes of uranium
(1984), India (1994), and Japan (1996). Australian Atomic Energy Commission Calutron Chemical reaction by isotope selective laser (CRISLA) Gaseous diffusion
Atomic vapor laser isotope separation
Atomic_vapor_laser_isotope_separation
change in priority to the design of an implosion-type nuclear weapon. The calutrons at the Y-12 uranium enrichment plant are activated. 1944 – July – Sergei
Timeline of nuclear weapons development
Timeline_of_nuclear_weapons_development
only solid uranium in future designs. On November 13, Alpha-I, the first calutron track, begins uranium enrichment operation at the Y-12 facility, the first
Timeline_of_nuclear_power
Iraqi nuclear physicist (born 1942)
wanted list is in custody, US says". the Guardian. April 14, 2003. "Iraq's calutrons: 1991 – 2001". nuclearweaponarchive.org. Erkman, Suren; Gsponer, Andre;
Jafar_Dhia_Jafar
Associate Director of the Lawrence Radiation Laboratory
Ernest O. Lawrence's Berkeley Radiation Laboratory, which was developing calutrons for electromagnetic isotope separation. As such, he was responsible for
Harold_A._Fidler
to intercept Iraqi vehicles carrying nuclear related equipment called calutrons. Iraqi soldiers fire warning shots in the air to prevent inspectors from
Iraq disarmament timeline 1990–2003
Iraq_disarmament_timeline_1990–2003
gold by fast neutrons is reported in Physical Review. December 2 – First calutron operated. May 15 – First flight of the Gloster E.28/39, the first British
1941_in_science
Subproject of the Manhattan project
cube of uranium tetrafluoride—the uranium compound being used in the calutrons—to the Metallurgical Laboratory to discuss the possibility of using it
Ames_Project
Calorimeter (particle physics) Calorimeter constant Calorimetry Caloron Calutron Calvin Souther Fuller Camassa–Holm equation Camber (aerodynamics) Camber
Index_of_physics_articles_(C)
American chemist and historian
chemistry group at the Y-12 plant, although as a chemist he never saw the calutrons there that performed the uranium enrichment until after the war. In February
William_Jenkins_Wilcox_Jr.
American physicist
He became head of the magnet group, which designed the magnets for the calutrons. Developed by Ernest O. Lawrence, these large machines were used to separate
Wilson_Marcy_Powell
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