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Body variation
Cephalopods, which include squids and octopuses, vary enormously in size. The smallest are only about 1 centimetre (0.39 in) long and weigh less than 1
Cephalopod_size
Class of mollusks
A cephalopod /ˈsɛfələpɒd/ is any member of the molluscan class Cephalopoda /sɛfəˈlɒpədə/ (Greek plural κεφαλόποδες, kephalópodes; "head-feet") such as
Cephalopod
Body part of cephalopods
All extant cephalopods have a two-part beak, or rostrum, situated in the buccal mass (mouthparts) and surrounded by the muscular head appendages. The
Cephalopod_beak
Dark pigment released by cephalopods
Cephalopod ink is a dark-coloured or luminous ink released into water by most species of cephalopod, usually as an escape mechanism. All cephalopods, with
Cephalopod_ink
Measure of cognitive ability of cephalopods
Cephalopod intelligence is a measure of the cognitive ability of the cephalopod class of molluscs. Intelligence is generally defined as the process of
Cephalopod_intelligence
Superorder of cephalopod molluscs
called squid despite not strictly fitting these criteria). Like all other cephalopods, squid have a distinct head, bilateral symmetry, and a mantle. They are
Squid
Family of molluscs
(nautílos) 'seaman, sailor') is any of the various species within the cephalopod family Nautilidae. This is the sole extant family of the superfamily Nautilaceae
Nautilus
Origin and diversification of cephalopods through geologic time
cephalopod genera are known to have survived into the Ordovician. Cambrian cephalopods differ from their descendants by account of their small size (a
Evolution_of_cephalopods
Genus (Magnapinna) of Cephalopoda
Bigfin squids are a group of rarely seen cephalopods found in deep-sea zones with a distinctive morphology. They are placed in the genus Magnapinna and
Bigfin_squid
Deep-ocean dwelling squid in the family Architeuthidae
in other cephalopods.[citation needed] Giant squid have small fins at the rear of their mantles used for locomotion. Like other cephalopods, they move
Giant_squid
Tendency for deep-sea species to be larger than their shallower-water relatives
which can reach up to 2.7 m × 1.5 m (8 ft 10 in × 4 ft 11 in) in size Cephalopod size Dwarfing Island gigantism Insular dwarfism Largest organisms Megafauna
Deep-sea_gigantism
Extinct subclass of cephalopod molluscs
Ammonoids are extinct, typically coiled-shelled cephalopods composing the subclass Ammonoidea. They are more closely related to living octopuses, squid
Ammonoidea
Extinct species of ammonite
the heaviest cephalopods. Paleontology portal Wikimedia Commons has media related to Parapuzosia seppenradensis fossils. Cephalopod size Payne, J.L.,
Parapuzosia_seppenradensis
Species of cephalopod
cannibalistic pack hunting was captured on film for the first time. Cephalopod size Colossal squid Giant squid Thysanoteuthis rhombus Squid as food William
Humboldt_squid
Family of demersal cephalopod
other if there is inadequate tank space for multiple individuals. Cephalopod size Whiteaves, J.F. 1897. On some remains of a Sepia-like cuttle-fish from
Cuttlefish
Overview of attacks by cephalopods on humans
tentacle hooks; these hooks have been compared in size to the claws of a tiger.[citation needed] The cephalopod beak resembles that of a parrot. It is a tough
Cephalopod_attack
Genus of extinct, giant cephalopods
Asia). Cameroceras exhibited a broad range of sizes, and some species were fairly large by extinct cephalopod standards. One species, C. turrisoides from
Cameroceras
Fossil order of cephalopods
related to endocerids within Endoceratoidea. Cephalopod size Kröger, Björn; Yun-Bai, Zhang (2008). "Pulsed cephalopod diversification during the Ordovician"
Endocerida
possibly reached up to 3.11 metres (10.2 ft) long. Paleontology portal Cephalopod size List of belemnites Weis, R.; Mariotti, N. (2007). "A belemnite fauna
Megateuthis
Genus of cephalopods known as the "giant octopuses"
media related to Enteroctopus. Giant squid Colossal squid Cephalopod size Kraken Lusca The size record is held by an E. dofleini specimen that was 9 meters
Enteroctopus
Unusually long straight shell of a nautiloid cephalopod
belonging to several species of ancient nautiloid cephalopod—the prehistoric ancestors of today's marine cephalopod mollusks, including the cuttlefishes, nautiluses
Orthocone
Species of cephalopod
cuttlebones for calcium and enrichment.[citation needed] Cuttlebone Cephalopod size European squid Barratt, I.; Allcock, L. (2012). "Sepia officinalis"
Common_cuttlefish
Carcass found in Florida, US in 1896
1995. Timeline of the St. Augustine Monster Cephalopod size, an overview of the largest known cephalopod species Drift whale, a cetacean mammal that has
St._Augustine_Monster
Species of cephalopod
North Atlantic and another from the South Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. Cephalopod size Allcock, L. (2014). "Haliphron atlanticus". IUCN Red List of Threatened
Seven-arm_octopus
Mythical sea cryptid
/ˈkrɑː.kən/) is a legendary cryptid of enormous size, per its etymology something akin to a cephalopod, said to appear in the Norwegian Sea off the coast
Kraken
Subclass of cephalopods
Coleoidea or Dibranchiata is one of the two subclasses of cephalopod molluscs containing all the various taxa popularly thought of as "soft-bodied" or
Coleoidea
Species of cephalopod known as the robust clubhook squid
true live giant squid in the wild were taken, on September 30, 2004. Cephalopod size Barratt, I.; Allcock, L. (2014). "Onykia robusta". IUCN Red List of
Onykia_robusta
Genus of Cretaceous cephalopods
Tusoteuthis is an extinct genus of large enchoteuthine cephalopod that lived during the Cretaceous. Although often called a squid, it is now thought to
Tusoteuthis
informally referred to as 'Aust Colossus', may have exceeded Ichthyotitan in size, potentially making it the largest known marine reptile. It has been estimated
Largest_and_heaviest_animals
Organ in cephalopods used to squirt ink in defense
found in many cephalopod mollusks used to produce the defensive cephalopod ink. With the exception of nocturnal and very deep water cephalopods, all Coleoidea
Ink_sac
Species of cephalopods
has now been mostly supplanted by artificial dyes.[citation needed] Cephalopod size Common cuttlefish Chromatophore Barratt, I.; Allcock, L. (2012). "Sepia
Pharaoh_cuttlefish
Species of squid
other high trophic level prey as other crustaceans and lanternfish. Cephalopod size Barratt, I. & Allcock, L. (2014). "Kondakovia longimana". IUCN Red
Moroteuthopsis_longimana
Extinct genus of molluscs
Kenneth; Hoffmann, René; Ware, David; Ward, Peter D. (2025-08-21). "Cephalopod body size and macroecology through deep time". Scientific Reports. 15 (1):
Endoceras
Species of cephalopod
inspired the development of a retro computer game called Cuttle Scuttle. Cephalopod size Barratt, I.; Allcock, L. (2012). "Sepia apama". IUCN Red List of Threatened
Giant_cuttlefish
Species of squid
west Pacific. Syntype (86 cm ML) Closeup of the mantle scales Gladius Cephalopod size Barratt, I.; Allcock, L. (2014). "Lepidoteuthis grimaldii". IUCN Red
Lepidoteuthis
Examples of cephalopds Pain in cephalopods is a contentious issue. Pain is a complex mental state, with a distinct perceptual quality but also associated
Pain_in_cephalopods
Part of the anatomy of molluscs
chamber, and in cephalopods and some bivalves such as scallops, it is a locomotory organ. The mantle is highly muscular. In cephalopods the contraction
Mantle_(mollusc)
Species of squid
species. Studies measuring the δ15N content of the chitinous beaks of cephalopods to determine trophic ecology levels have demonstrated that the colossal
Colossal_squid
Soft-bodied eight-limbed order of molluscs
class Cephalopoda with squids, cuttlefish, and nautiloids. Like other cephalopods, an octopus is bilaterally symmetric with two eyes and a beaked mouth
Octopus
Species of squid
abyssicola, in which case M. fisheri would become a junior synonym. Cephalopod size Allcock, L.; Barratt, I. (2014). "Megalocranchia fisheri". IUCN Red
Megalocranchia_fisheri
Species of mollusc
information on many aspects of the cephalopod species life cycle. The statolith is also found in cuttlefish. Cephalopod size Allcock, L.; Barratt, I. (2012)
Sepietta_oweniana
Genus of Cretaceous cephalopods
Enchoteuthis (meaning "spear squid") is an extinct genus of large enchoteuthine cephalopod that lived during the Cretaceous. Although it and its relative Tusoteuthis
Enchoteuthis
Species of cephalopod
dofleini), also known as the North Pacific giant octopus, is a large marine cephalopod belonging to the genus Enteroctopus and Enteroctopodidae family. Its spatial
Giant_Pacific_octopus
Order of reptiles (fossil)
hard shells of this prey type. Fossil specimens have been found with cephalopod shells still in their stomach. The bony fish (Osteichthyes), which further
Plesiosaur
Shell morphology in gastropod mollusks
term is also sometimes used in a similar way to describe the shell of a cephalopod mollusk. In gastropods, the body whorl, or last whorl, is the last or
Body_whorl
Extinct order of flying reptiles
steroid biomarkers from an anhanguerid fossil consistent with a fish- and cephalopod-based diet. Dsungaripterus was corroborated as a durophage, with Thalassodromeus
Pterosaur
Extinct genus of molluscs
Paleontology portal Cephalopod size Fuchs, D.; Reitano, A.; Insacco, G.; Iba, Y. (2016). "The first coleoid cephalopods from the Upper Cenomanian of Sicily
Niobrarateuthis
Species of cephalopods known as the broadclub cuttlefish
offers a wide horizontal body shape with vertical stripe movements. Cephalopod size Barratt, I.; Allcock, L. (2012). "Sepia latimanus". IUCN Red List of
Ascarosepion_latimanus
Extinct, squid-like, Mesozoic cephalopods
Belemnitida (or belemnites) is an extinct order of squid-like cephalopods that existed from the Late Triassic to Late Cretaceous (and possibly the Eocene)
Belemnitida
Species of cuttlefish
usually in association with sea cucumbers and sea stars. Like other cephalopods, the dwarf cuttlefish can rapidly change its skin pattern for camouflage
Dwarf_cuttlefish
Genus of molluscs (fossil)
Exhibit in the National Museum of Nature and Science, Tokyo, Japan. Cephalopod size Sepkoski, Jack Sepkoski's Online Genus Database – Cephalopodes Archived
Pachydesmoceras
Fossil order of cephalopods
Bactritida are a small order of more or less straight-shelled (orthoconic) cephalopods that first appeared during the Emsian stage of the Devonian period (407
Bactritida
Genus of cephalopods
argonaut, but belongs to a different cephalopod order, Nautilida. Argonauts exhibit extreme sexual dimorphism in size and lifespan. Females grow up to 10 cm
Argonaut_(animal)
Large animals
availability. Larger size, as in sperm and beaked whales, facilitates deeper diving to access relatively easily-caught, large cephalopod prey in a less competitive
Megafauna
Short story by H. G. Wells
squid in popular culture Kraken in popular culture Cephalopods in popular culture Cephalopod size Beast (Benchley novel) Toilers of the Sea by Victor
The_Sea_Raiders
Species of cephalopod
(Vampyroteuthis infernalis, lit. 'vampire squid from hell') is a small cephalopod found throughout temperate and tropical oceans in extreme deep sea conditions
Vampire_squid
Strand of tissue passing longitudinally through the shell of a cephalopod mollusc
of tissue passing longitudinally through the shell of a cephalopod mollusc. Only cephalopods with chambered shells have siphuncles, such as the extinct
Siphuncle
Species of cephalopod known as the greater argonaut
Record Size Shells (4th ed.). Snail's Pace Productions and ConchBooks. p. 12. (in Russian) Nesis, K. N. (1982). Abridged key to the cephalopod mollusks
Argonauta_argo
Species of cephalopod
surface. This gear lead to the increase of catches of T. rhombus. Cephalopod size Humboldt squid, another large species with its own dedicated fishery
Thysanoteuthis_rhombus
Genus of molluscs (fossil)
modifications when mature; that is, once the ammonite had grown to its final size, the aperture became constricted and was bounded by one or two thickened
Hamites_(genus)
Conchological record book
similar or slightly greater size, while the largest extinct bivalves and especially the largest extinct shelled cephalopods were much larger still (and
Registry of World Record Size Shells
Registry_of_World_Record_Size_Shells
Species of octopus
Amphioctopus fangsiao, called webfoot octopus, is a species of octopus, a cephalopod belonging to the genus Amphioctopus. It is found in the Pacific Ocean
Amphioctopus_fangsiao
Extinct Pliosaurid marine reptile
that Liopleurodon would have been an ambush predator, feeding on fish, cephalopods and other marine reptiles. Even before Liopleurodon was named, material
Liopleurodon
Exoskeleton of an animal in the phylum Mollusca
apertures upon reaching full size. Nautiluses are the only extant cephalopods which have an external shell. Extinct cephalopods with external shells include
Mollusc_shell
Fossilized cuttlefish fragment
Erfoud manuport is a fossilized fragment of a cephalopod (specifically an orthocere), that resembles a life-size, non-erect human penis. It measures 70 mm
Erfoud_manuport
Biological interaction
barnacles are predators, and in turn crustaceans are preyed on by nearly all cephalopods (including octopuses, squid and cuttlefish). Seed predation is restricted
Predation
Extinct genus of squids
ISSN 0195-6671. Mironenko, Aleksandr A. (2023-12-01). "Unusual findings of cephalopod jaws in Mesozoic shallow water sandy facies". Cretaceous Research. 152
Yezoteuthis
Species of cephalopod
also known as the coconut octopus and veined octopus, is a medium-sized cephalopod found in the tropical waters of the western Pacific Ocean and the Indian
Amphioctopus_marginatus
Species of bird
J.; Trathan, P.; Rodhouse, P. (2003). "Inter-annual variation in the cephalopod component of the diet of the wandering albatross, Diomedea exulans, breeding
Snowy_albatross
Species of octopus
Norman, Mark D.; Finn, Julian K. (2016). Cephalopods of the World: An Annotated and Illustrated Catalogue of Cephalopod Species Known to Date (PDF). Rome, Italy:
Exsuperoteuthis_depressa
Cells with a primary function of coloration found in a wide range of animals
range of animals including amphibians, fish, reptiles, crustaceans and cephalopods. Mammals and birds, in contrast, have a class of cells called melanocytes
Chromatophore
Species of cephalopod
McDaniel, Neil (2009). Super Suckers: The giant Pacific octopus and other cephalopods of the Pacific coast. Harbour Publishing. ISBN 9781550174663. Onthank
East_Pacific_red_octopus
Hard, protective outer layers created by an animal that lives in the sea
crabs and lobsters are exuviae. While most seashells are external, some cephalopods have internal shells. Seashells have been used by humans for many different
Seashell
Species of cephalopod known as the crusty nautilus or fuzzy nautilus
otherwise known as the crusty nautilus or fuzzy nautilus is a species of cephalopod. A. scrobiculatus' most recently sighting was in July 2015 by biologist
Allonautilus_scrobiculatus
Phylum of invertebrate animals
divided into 7 or 8 taxonomic classes, of which two are entirely extinct. Cephalopod molluscs, such as squid, cuttlefish, and octopuses, are among the most
Mollusca
Species of squid
whale, blue shark, silky shark, swordfish, and wandering albatross. Cephalopod size Six-foot squid found in Cayman waters Archived October 8, 2009, at
Asperoteuthis_acanthoderma
Extinct animal genus
earliest known cephalopods. However, their morphology is strongly dissimilar to confirmed early cephalopods, and thus their affinities to cephalopods and even
Nectocaris
Species of squid
(1985). E.G. Silas (ed.). "Identity of common species of cephalopods in India" (PDF). Cephalopod Bionomics, Fisheries and Resources of the Exclusive Economic
Bigfin_reef_squid
Four species of mollusk
the rings. No chromatophores are above the ring, which is unusual for cephalopods, as they typically use chromatophores to cover or spectrally modify iridescence
Blue-ringed_octopus
Species of squid
commonly found in the Caribbean Sea in small schools. As part of the Cephalopod class of Molluscs, these organisms exhibit specific characteristics to
Caribbean_reef_squid
Species of fish
size increases. The California moray spends more time feeding as the size of the fish and cephalopods increases. However, when consuming a cephalopod
California_moray
Ability to attribute mental states to oneself and others
behavior influenced by social and emotional factors. Attribution bias Cephalopod intelligence Cetacean intelligence Eliminative materialism Empathy Folk
Theory_of_mind
Species of mollusc
a species of mollusc cephalopod in the family Sepiolidae. The hummingbird bobtail squid is a small sized bobtail squid. Its size varies according to the
Euprymna_berryi
Species of benthic octopus
640 metres (8,660 ft) deep. V. hydrothermalis are regarded as the only cephalopod endemic to this environment. The vent octopus has been observed to congregate
Vulcanoctopus
Bluffing display of an animal used to startle or scare a predator
fighting than claws of similar sizes, they are as effective at intimidation. Deimatic behaviour is found in cephalopods including the common cuttlefish
Deimatic_behaviour
Species of reptile
crustaceans, molluscs, such as large gastropods and cephalopods, birds, small to medium-sized mammals, and other reptiles, such as snakes and lizards
Saltwater_crocodile
Species of cuttlefish
from off the coasts of Japan and Vietnam, and adults can reach a maximum size of ~25 centimeters. Members of the species are gonochoric. Barratt, I.; Allcock
Sepia_lorigera
Varied organ found in many animals and used for palpation and manipulation
tentilla. Kier, William M. (February 2016). "The Musculature of Coleoid Cephalopod Arms and Tentacles". Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology. 4: 10
Tentacle
Final Series (Epoch) of the Silurian
boundary events and their influence on cephalopod evolution: evolutionary significance of cephalopod egg size during mass extinctions". Bulletin of Geosciences
Pridoli_Epoch
Species of cuttlefish
geographical location and time of year, they commonly make up a majority of all cephalopod catch. Trawlers are the main means by which cuttlefish are caught, both
Sepiella_inermis
Genus of squids
Cazarin; Muxagata, Erik; Vidal, Erica Alvez Gonzalez (April 29, 2024). "Cephalopod paralarvae from the southeast–south Brazilian outer shelf and slope".
Promachoteuthis
Species of cephalopods
Takashi; O'Dor, Ron K.; Kubodera, Tsunemi (eds.). Recent Advances in Cephalopod Fisheries Biology: Contributed Papers to 1991 CIAC International Symposium
Taningia_danae
Extinct giant shark species
Orcinus citoniensis were likely adapted for feeding on small fish and cephalopods rather than large marine mammals. As the shark preferred warmer waters
Megalodon
Species of octopus
Norman, Mark D.; Finn, Julian K. (2014). CEPHALOPODS OF THE WORLD AN ANNOTATED AND ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE OF CEPHALOPOD SPECIES KNOWN TO DATE (PDF). Rome: FOOD
Euaxoctopus_panamensis
PMC 2607246. PMID 19106296. Teichert, C. & B. Kummel 1960. Size of endoceroid cephalopods. Breviora Museum of Comparative Zoology 128: 1–7. Ifrim, Christina;
Largest_prehistoric_animals
Species of marine mammal
subantarctic or Antarctic coasts, the seals forage largely on deep-sea cephalopod species such as Psychroteuthis glacialis, Alluroteuthis antarcticus, Histioteuthis
Southern_elephant_seal
Genus of Cretaceous cephalopods
Eromangateuthis is an extinct genus of large plesioteuthidid cephalopod from the Cretaceous of Australia and possibly Canada. Eromangateuthis soniae is
Eromangateuthis
Genus of octopuses
Stauroteuthis is a genus of deepwater cirrate octopus, a cephalopod mollusk. This is the only genus in the family Stauroteuthidae, and only three species
Stauroteuthis
"Introducing Vampyroteuthis infernalis, the vampire squid from Hell". The Cephalopod Page. Retrieved 27 January 2013. Roth, Gerhard; Ursula Dicke (May 2005)
Largest_body_parts
Species of cephalopod
; Norman, Mark D.; Finn, Julian K. Cephalopods of the world. An annotated and illustrated catalogue of cephalopod species known to date. Volume 3. Octopods
California_two-spot_octopus
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