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Logical fallacy in which the conclusion provides the premise
Circular reasoning (Latin: circulus in probando, "circle in proving"; also known as circular logic) is a fallacy in which the reasoner begins with what
Circular_reasoning
Logic founded on unproven premises
the conclusion without supporting it. This makes it an example of circular reasoning. Some examples are: “Wool sweaters are better than nylon jackets as
Begging_the_question
Logical fallacy
encompasses forms of logical fallacy, such as tu quoque and circular reasoning. Specious reasoning often presents a sanitised or beautified view of an issue
Specious_reasoning
Self-referential description of meaning
Circular definitions are related to circular reasoning in that they both involve a self-referential approach. Circular definitions may be unhelpful if the
Circular_definition
A fallacy is an error in reasoning that undermines an argument's support for its conclusion. In academic usage, the term usually applies to arguments
List_of_fallacies
Topics referred to by the same term
Vega Circular letter (disambiguation), a document addressed to many destinations Circulaire Circular reasoning, a type of logical fallacy Circular reference
Circular
Argument that uses faulty reasoning
A fallacy is the use of invalid or otherwise faulty reasoning in the construction of an argument that may appear to be well-reasoned if unnoticed. The
Fallacy
Attributing events to improbable causes
against them or a lack of evidence for them. They are reinforced by circular reasoning: both evidence against the conspiracy and absence of evidence for
Conspiracy_theory
Parable by French economist Frédéric Bastiat
Semantic argument Reification Map–territory relation Question-begging Circular reasoning / Begging the question Loaded language Leading question Compound question
Parable_of_the_broken_window
Apparently multiple sources for single-source data
media later used as citations. Circular reasoning – Logical fallacy in which the conclusion provides the premise Circular reference – Series of references
Circular_reporting
Scientific practice
to identify circular reasoning (Rubin & Donkin, 2024, p. 2025). Circular reasoning can be identified by analysing the logic of the reasoning per se without
Preregistration_(science)
Form of incorrect argument in natural language
Nicaragua will be nice to me". Begging the question is a form of circular reasoning in which the conclusion is already assumed in the premises. Because
Informal_fallacy
Disputed medical condition
18-25% of hospitalised cases. This figure has been criticized for circular reasoning and selection bias.[by whom?][citation needed] Systematic case reviews
Shaken_baby_syndrome
Attacking the person rather than their argument
that the recipient of the insult is a human being. Fallacious ad hominem reasoning is categorized among informal fallacies, more precisely as a genetic fallacy
Ad_hominem
2006 film by Mike Judge
causing dust storms. Despite opposition to his plan in the form of circular reasoning from the Cabinet, Joe convinces Camacho to use water instead of Brawndo
Idiocracy
Form of incorrect argument and informal fallacy
proposition Y, as though an argument against Y were an argument against X. This reasoning is a fallacy of relevance: it fails to address the proposition in question
Straw_man
Internet rage incitement technique
Semantic argument Reification Map–territory relation Question-begging Circular reasoning / Begging the question Loaded language Leading question Compound question
Rage-baiting
Formal fallacy
"6: Fallacies that Violate the Relevance Criterion". Attacking Faulty Reasoning: A Practical Guide to Fallacy-Free Arguments (6th ed.). Cengage Learning
Association_fallacy
Fallacy regarding hypocrisy
their argument, so that the opponent appears hypocritical. This specious reasoning is a special type of ad hominem attack. The Oxford English Dictionary
Tu_quoque
Psychological defense mechanism
Legitimating ideology Might makes right Minimisation (psychology) Motivated reasoning Narcissistic defenses Omission bias Psychological projection Psychological
Rationalization_(psychology)
Management attitude for innovation or development
Semantic argument Reification Map–territory relation Question-begging Circular reasoning / Begging the question Loaded language Leading question Compound question
Not_invented_here
Logical fallacy of inconsistency
equivalence is drawn between two subjects based on flawed, faulty, or false reasoning. This fallacy is categorized as a fallacy of inconsistency. Colloquially
False_equivalence
Rhetorical tactic and potential fallacy
conciliatory relationship with formal logic. Its attempt to understand informal reasoning is usually (but not always) couched in natural language, but research
Appeal_to_nature
Type of fallacious argument (logical fallacy)
Condition". Attacking Faulty Reasoning (4th ed.). Wadsworth. p. 150. ISBN 0-534-60516-8. Kelley, David (1998), The Art of Reasoning (3rd edition). Norton, pp
Affirming_the_consequent
Informal logical fallacy
Semantic argument Reification Map–territory relation Question-begging Circular reasoning / Begging the question Loaded language Leading question Compound question
No_true_Scotsman
Evidence relying on personal testimony
the courtroom of what they observed Fallacy – Argument that uses faulty reasoning Faulty generalization – Conclusion made on the basis of one or few instances
Anecdotal_evidence
Misleading use of a term with multiple meanings
or structure of the sentence. Equivocation in a syllogism (a chain of reasoning) produces a fallacy of four terms (quaternio terminorum). Below is an
Equivocation
Type of trolling or harassment
harassment in which a victim is relentlessly asked to provide evidence and reasoning by someone who is hiding behind the excuse 'I'm just trying to have a
Sealioning
Fallacy of treating an abstraction as if it were a real thing
and actually understood as such. But the use of reification in logical reasoning or rhetoric is misleading and usually regarded as a fallacy. A potential
Reification_(fallacy)
Topics referred to by the same term
Look up circularity in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Circularity may refer to: Circular definition Circular economy Circular reasoning, also known
Circularity
Fallacious approach to mislead an audience
Semantic argument Reification Map–territory relation Question-begging Circular reasoning / Begging the question Loaded language Leading question Compound question
Red_herring
Refutation of a logical fallacy
data were seen Testing hypotheses suggested by the data – Problem of circular reasoning in statistics Bradford Hill criteria – Criteria for measuring cause
Correlation does not imply causation
Correlation_does_not_imply_causation
Type of informal fallacy
Semantic argument Reification Map–territory relation Question-begging Circular reasoning / Begging the question Loaded language Leading question Compound question
Motte-and-bailey_fallacy
Internet adage about Nazi comparisons
Semantic argument Reification Map–territory relation Question-begging Circular reasoning / Begging the question Loaded language Leading question Compound question
Godwin's_law
Discussion that has continued to the point of nausea
Semantic argument Reification Map–territory relation Question-begging Circular reasoning / Begging the question Loaded language Leading question Compound question
Ad_nauseam
Overused, unoriginal phrase or opinion
Semantic argument Reification Map–territory relation Question-begging Circular reasoning / Begging the question Loaded language Leading question Compound question
Cliché
Fallacy of claiming the majority is always correct
August 1, 2021. Conway, David; Munson, Ronald (1997). The Elements of Reasoning (2nd ed.). Wadsworth Publishing Company. pp. 127–128. ISBN 0-534-51672-6
Argumentum_ad_populum
Process of drawing correct inferences
Logical reasoning is a form of thinking or information processing that aims to arrive at a conclusion in a rigorous way. It happens in the form of inferences
Logical_reasoning
Logical fallacy
Carolina at Chapel Hill. Cummings, Louise (2015). "Argument from Authority". Reasoning and Public Health: New Ways of Coping with Uncertainty. Springer. pp. 67–92
Argument_from_authority
Mistakenly drawing statistical inference from independent events
tosses of any length continuing for one more toss is always 0.5. The reasoning that a fifth toss is more likely to be tails because the previous four
Gambler's_fallacy
Statistical fallacy
Semantic argument Reification Map–territory relation Question-begging Circular reasoning / Begging the question Loaded language Leading question Compound question
Texas_sharpshooter_fallacy
Logical paradox from vague predicates
an apparently unacceptable conclusion derived by apparently acceptable reasoning from apparently acceptable premises. Bunnin, Nicholas; Yu, Jiyuan (2009-01-27)
Sorites_paradox
Statement supporting a conclusion
Begging the question, another fallacy of presumption, is a form of circular reasoning in which the premises already assume that the conclusion is true.
Premise
Conclusion made on the basis of one or few instances of a phenomenon
targets Blind men and an elephant – Parable illustrating ontological reasoning Cherry picking (fallacy) – Fallacy of incomplete evidencePages displaying
Faulty_generalization
Informal fallacy
used in advertising. Philosophy portal Argumentum ad lapidem Big lie Circular reasoning Dead cat strategy Denialism Ipse dixit On Bullshit Talking point Woozle
Proof_by_assertion
Informal fallacy
parts may be true (in this case, you actually didn't get the job), the reasoning is fallacious because there are cases, even if unlikely, where you could
Argument_from_ignorance
Rhetorical argument
that only fits the causal type. He says: "Slippery Slope reasoning is a type of negative reasoning from consequences, distinguished by the presence of a
Slippery_slope
Logical fallacy
Quantitative tests of Bayesian argumentation using ad hominem" (PDF). Thinking & Reasoning. 18 (3). London: Psychology Press: 311–343. doi:10.1080/13546783.2012
Reductio_ad_Hitlerum
Informal logical fallacy
to argue that something must be supernatural in origin. This form of reasoning is fallacious because one's inability to imagine how a statement can be
Argument_from_incredulity
Fallacy of inferring on the whole from a part
Semantic argument Reification Map–territory relation Question-begging Circular reasoning / Begging the question Loaded language Leading question Compound question
Fallacy_of_composition
Fallacy of assumption of causation based on sequence of events
preceding event merely on the grounds of temporal succession. This type of reasoning is fallacious because mere temporal succession does not establish a causal
Post_hoc_ergo_propter_hoc
Question containing an unjustified assumption
Semantic argument Reification Map–territory relation Question-begging Circular reasoning / Begging the question Loaded language Leading question Compound question
Loaded_question
Logic error due to ignoring the base rate
terrorist. Although the inference seems to make sense, it is actually bad reasoning, and a calculation below will show that the probability of a terrorist
Base_rate_fallacy
Attempt to persuade or to determine the truth of a conclusion
mathematics and computer science. Logic is the study of the forms of reasoning in arguments and the development of standards and criteria to evaluate
Argument
Idea that everyone faces consequence as they deserve
Semantic argument Reification Map–territory relation Question-begging Circular reasoning / Begging the question Loaded language Leading question Compound question
Just-world_fallacy
Logical fallacy
consequent Modus ponens Modus tollens Necessity and sufficiency Plausible reasoning Matthew C. Harris. "Denying the antecedent". Khan Academy. Turing, Alan
Denying_the_antecedent
Formal fallacy about knowledge of objects
Therefore, X is not Y. Note, however, that this syllogism happens in the reasoning by the speaker "I"; Therefore, in the formal modal logic form, it would
Masked-man_fallacy
Approach to social philosophy
at odds with empirical methodologies. They also point to issues of circular reasoning and a lack of falsifiability in some critical theory arguments, as
Critical_theory
Type of informal fallacy
Semantic argument Reification Map–territory relation Question-begging Circular reasoning / Begging the question Loaded language Leading question Compound question
Poisoning_the_well
Fallacy where validity is determined by origin
as "the substitution of psychology for logic." From Attacking Faulty Reasoning by T. Edward Damer, Third Edition p. 36: You're not going to wear a wedding
Genetic_fallacy
1817 book by David Ricardo
Adam Smith's treatment of the theory of value and distribution for circular reasoning, in particular as far as concerns rent, and that Ricardo considers
On the Principles of Political Economy and Taxation
On_the_Principles_of_Political_Economy_and_Taxation
Methods of mind manipulation, often based on logical fallacies
Semantic argument Reification Map–territory relation Question-begging Circular reasoning / Begging the question Loaded language Leading question Compound question
Propaganda_techniques
Apparent, but false, correlation between causally-independent variables
pp. 70–81. ISBN 0-19-828810-7. Pearl, Judea (2000). Causality: Models, Reasoning and Inference. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521773628. https://www
Spurious_relationship
Informal fallacy in comparing actualities with ideals
Semantic argument Reification Map–territory relation Question-begging Circular reasoning / Begging the question Loaded language Leading question Compound question
Nirvana_fallacy
Exclusive reliance on quantitative observations in decision-making
Semantic argument Reification Map–territory relation Question-begging Circular reasoning / Begging the question Loaded language Leading question Compound question
McNamara_fallacy
Fallacy that since an argument contains a logical fallacy, its conclusion must be false
but without doing anything to show that the view rests on any error of reasoning". Unlike ordinary fallacy fallacies, which reason from an argument's fallaciousness
Argument_from_fallacy
Situation in which one cannot avoid a problem because of contradictory constraints
information at all. Philosophy portal Novels portal Begging the question Circular reasoning Cornelian dilemma Deadlock Double bind False dilemma Feedback loop
Catch-22_(logic)
Informal fallacy that the truth is always a compromise
lies between the two claims. Philosophy portal Dialectic – Method of reasoning via argumentation and contradiction Excluded middle – Opposite logical
Argument_to_moderation
Type of logical fallacy
ethical" Appeal to consequences Argument from authority Legal threat Circular reasoning "'Well, It's Not Illegal!' | University of Central Florida News".
Appeal_to_the_law
Distraction technique and anti-debate tactic
Semantic argument Reification Map–territory relation Question-begging Circular reasoning / Begging the question Loaded language Leading question Compound question
Tone_policing
Informal fallacy and propaganda strategy
(1986) saw the Soviet Union's whataboutism as an attempt to use moral reasoning to present themselves as a legitimate superpower on an equal footing with
Whataboutism
Behavioral profile
for its methodological limitations, particularly its reliance on circular reasoning. PDA research often lacks methodological rigor, with many studies
Pathological_demand_avoidance
Error in reasoning attributed to René Descartes
circle (also known as Arnauld's circle) is an example of fallacious circular reasoning attributed to French philosopher René Descartes. He argued that the
Cartesian_circle
Unclear communication
Semantic argument Reification Map–territory relation Question-begging Circular reasoning / Begging the question Loaded language Leading question Compound question
Obfuscation
Informal logical fallacy
Semantic argument Reification Map–territory relation Question-begging Circular reasoning / Begging the question Loaded language Leading question Compound question
Appeal_to_emotion
Certain type of mistaken proof
exist of mathematically correct results derived by incorrect lines of reasoning. Such an argument, however true the conclusion appears to be, is mathematically
Mathematical_fallacy
Assertion without proof
of one of the defendants' arguments "This is classic ipse dixit." Circular reasoning Just-so story Truthiness Whitney, William Dwight (1906). "Ipse dixit"
Ipse_dixit
Informal fallacy involving falsely limited alternatives
January 2021. Retrieved 13 March 2021. Koons, Robert (2017). "Defeasible Reasoning". The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford
False_dilemma
Awareness of facts, or competency
view is how to demonstrate that it does not involve the fallacy of circular reasoning. If two beliefs mutually support each other then a person has a reason
Knowledge
Symbolic serpent with its tail in its mouth
its tail", are proverbial Portuguese and Spanish expressions for circular reasoning and vicious circles. The Kobe, Japan-based Dragon Gate Pro-Wrestling
Ouroboros
Epistemological theory
region was solved correctly. Identifying the alternatives as either circular reasoning or infinite regress, and thus exhibiting the regress problem, Aristotle
Foundationalism
Type of informal fallacy
Semantic argument Reification Map–territory relation Question-begging Circular reasoning / Begging the question Loaded language Leading question Compound question
Irrelevant_conclusion
1961 novel by Joseph Heller
Heller's prose in Catch-22 is circular and repetitive, exemplifying in its form the structure of a Catch-22. Circular reasoning is widely used by some characters
Catch-22
American traditionalist Catholic author
critical of Jones's use of what Meyers describes as false dilemma and circular reasoning, providing as an example that Jones states "...either masturbation
E._Michael_Jones
Fallacy in which a word's history defines its meaning
Semantic argument Reification Map–territory relation Question-begging Circular reasoning / Begging the question Loaded language Leading question Compound question
Etymological_fallacy
Metaphor originating from goal sports
Semantic argument Reification Map–territory relation Question-begging Circular reasoning / Begging the question Loaded language Leading question Compound question
Moving_the_goalposts
Relationship between objects
greater state of immediate awareness. However, it can also lead to circular reasoning, preventing evolution of thought. According to Perceptual Control
Reference
Fallacy of incomplete evidence
Semantic argument Reification Map–territory relation Question-begging Circular reasoning / Begging the question Loaded language Leading question Compound question
Cherry_picking
Formation of beliefs based on what might be pleasing to imagine
their perception of the size of coins by manipulating the diameter of a circular aperture on a wooden box. Each child held the coin in their left hand at
Wishful_thinking
Logical fallacy in which a thesis is deemed correct on the basis of tradition
Argument to moderation Common sense Conservatism Herd mentality Inductive reasoning List of logical fallacies Precedent Social inertia Status quo "Logical
Appeal_to_tradition
Formal fallacy, aka Linda Problem
A conjunction effect or Linda problem is a bias or mistake in reasoning where adding extra details (an "and" statement or logical conjunction; mathematical
Conjunction_fallacy
Problem of circular reasoning in statistics
likely to be accepted even when they are not true. This is because circular reasoning (double dipping) would be involved: something seems true in the limited
Testing hypotheses suggested by the data
Testing_hypotheses_suggested_by_the_data
Formal fallacy that occurs when a syllogism has four (or more) terms
The two premises do not connect "balloons" with "dangerous", so the reasoning is invalid. Two premises are not enough to connect four different terms
Fallacy_of_four_terms
Misuse of data analysis
specified before the data were seen Post hoc theorizing – Problem of circular reasoning in statisticsPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
Data_dredging
Physical lower limit to energy consumption of computation
widely accepted as physical law, but it has been challenged for using circular reasoning and faulty assumptions. Others have defended the principle, and Sagawa
Landauer's_principle
Purported fallacy in explaining good reductively
rejected the idea that the second word (fallacy) represented an error in reasoning – a fallacy as it is usually recognized – rather than an error in semantics
Naturalistic_fallacy
Type of logical fallacy
Semantic argument Reification Map–territory relation Question-begging Circular reasoning / Begging the question Loaded language Leading question Compound question
Appeal_to_ridicule
Rhetorical device or literal parade with grotesque costumes
Semantic argument Reification Map–territory relation Question-begging Circular reasoning / Begging the question Loaded language Leading question Compound question
Parade_of_horribles
Thought experiment
future. In logical fatalism, this assumption of certainty creates circular reasoning ("a future event is certain to happen, therefore it is certain to
Newcomb's_problem
Philosophical expression
Semantic argument Reification Map–territory relation Question-begging Circular reasoning / Begging the question Loaded language Leading question Compound question
Two_wrongs_don't_make_a_right
CIRCULAR REASONING
CIRCULAR REASONING
Surname or Lastname
English
English : habitational name from Turnham in East Yorkshire or Turnham Green in West London, both of which are so named from an Old English trun ‘circular’, probably denoting a U-shaped bend in a river, + hamm ‘water meadow’ or hÄm ‘homestead’.
Girl/Female
Gujarati, Hindu, Indian, Kannada, Tamil
Trick; Power; Strategy; Solution by Logic; By Reasoning
Boy/Male
Indian
Argument, Reasoning, Proof
Surname or Lastname
English (Essex, Cambridgeshire)
English (Essex, Cambridgeshire) : possibly a variant of Trendall, a topographic name for someone who lived by a well, earhwork, stone circle, or other circular feature, from Middle English trendel, trandle ‘circle’ (Old English trendel).Possibly an altered spelling of South German Tröndle, a variant of Trendle, a nickname for a tearful person, from Träne ‘tear’ + the diminutive suffix -l.
Boy/Male
Indian, Sanskrit
Circular; Resembles a Wheel
Boy/Male
Arabic, Muslim
Argument; Proof; Reasoning
Boy/Male
Indian, Sanskrit
Circular; Resembles a Wheel
Boy/Male
Tamil
Lord vishnus weapon, Circular
Boy/Male
Muslim
Argument, Reasoning, Proof
Girl/Female
Arabic, Muslim
Reasoning; Proof; Argument
Girl/Female
Hindu
Trick, Power, Strategy, Solution by logic, By reasoning
Girl/Female
Arabic, Muslim
Argument; Reasoning; Proof
Boy/Male
Muslim/Islamic
Argument reasoning, proof
Girl/Female
Tamil
Trick, Power, Strategy, Solution by logic, By reasoning
Girl/Female
Tamil
Trick, Power, Strategy, Solution by logic, By reasoning
Boy/Male
Hindu
Lord vishnus weapon, Circular
Surname or Lastname
English, Scottish, and French
English, Scottish, and French : nickname for an intelligent person, from Middle English, Old French raison ‘reasoning’, ‘intellectual faculty’ (Latin ratio, genitive rationis).
CIRCULAR REASONING
CIRCULAR REASONING
Biblical
prince or vow of the Lord
Girl/Female
Hindu, Indian
Full of Sweetness; Courageous; Strength; Goddess Durga
Boy/Male
Sikh
Patani
Boy/Male
Arabic, Muslim
Pillar; Prop; Support
Girl/Female
British, English, German, Scottish, Teutonic
From the Old German; Gray Fighting Maid; Scottish Form of Grizelda; Gray Haired
Boy/Male
Hindu
Winter Moon
Boy/Male
Muslim
The ever-returning, Ever-relenting
Girl/Female
Indian
Sign of Wealth; Goddess Lakshmi
Boy/Male
Indian
Giving shaft, Honest, Truthful, Healer
Boy/Male
American, Australian, British, Dutch, English, Finnish, French, German, Hebrew, Hindu, Indian, Latin, Scandinavian
Rules with Good Judgement; Counsel Power; Ruler with Counsel; Exalted; On High; Form of Veronica; True Image; Wise Ruler
CIRCULAR REASONING
CIRCULAR REASONING
CIRCULAR REASONING
CIRCULAR REASONING
CIRCULAR REASONING
a.
Round; circular; spherical.
a.
Circular; suitable to rotation.
a.
A sleeveless cloak, cut in circular form.
n.
A circular projecting portion.
a.
Spherical; orbicular; orblike; circular.
v. t.
To cause to pass from place to place, or from person to person; to spread; as, to circulate a report; to circulate bills of credit.
n.
A circular dance.
n.
The quality or state of being circular; a circular form.
a.
Perfect; complete.
a.
Circular; illogical.
n.
A small circular saw.
a.
Nearly circular.
v. i.
To move circularly; to form a circle; to circulate.
a.
In the form of, or bounded by, a circle; round.
a.
Adhering to a fixed circle of legends; cyclic; hence, mean; inferior. See Cyclic poets, under Cyclic.
a.
Addressed to a circle, or to a number of persons having a common interest; circulated, or intended for circulation; as, a circular letter.
adv.
In a circular manner.
a.
A circular letter, or paper, usually printed, copies of which are addressed or given to various persons; as, a business circular.
a.
repeating itself; ending in itself; reverting to the point of beginning; hence, illogical; inconclusive; as, circular reasoning.
n.
Circular motion in a direction contrary to some other circular motion.